### Loading and Initializing MuJoCo in Browser with JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This snippet initializes the MuJoCo WebAssembly module, sets up a virtual filesystem using Emscripten, loads an XML model from a file, and creates model and data instances. It requires the mujoco-js library and fetches XML models via HTTP. Outputs include model statistics like number of bodies and DOFs; limitations include manual cleanup of resources to prevent memory leaks.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

// Load the MuJoCo WebAssembly module
const mujoco = await load_mujoco();

// Set up Emscripten's Virtual File System
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

// Fetch and write XML model to virtual filesystem
const modelXML = await (await fetch('./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml')).text();
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/humanoid.xml', modelXML);

// Load model from virtual filesystem
const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/humanoid.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

console.log(`Model loaded: ${model.nbody} bodies, ${model.nq} DOFs`);
// Output: Model loaded: 14 bodies, 28 DOFs

// Clean up when done
data.delete();
model.delete();
```

--------------------------------

### Load and Interact with MuJoCo WASM Model using JavaScript

Source: https://github.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/blob/main/README.md

This snippet demonstrates how to load a MuJoCo model from an XML file into the browser using the MuJoCo WASM bindings. It covers setting up the virtual file system, loading the model and data, accessing model and data properties, stepping the simulation, running forward kinematics, resetting the simulation, applying forces, and cleaning up resources.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from "./dist/mujoco_wasm.js";

// Load the MuJoCo Module
const mujoco = await load_mujoco();

// Set up Emscripten's Virtual File System
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');
mujoco.FS.writeFile("/working/humanoid.xml", await (await fetch("./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml")).text());

// Load model and create data
let model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML("/working/humanoid.xml");
let data  = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Access model properties directly
let timestep = model.opt.timestep;
let nbody = model.nbody;

// Access data buffers (typed arrays)
let qpos = data.qpos;  // Joint positions
let qvel = data.qvel;  // Joint velocities
let ctrl = data.ctrl;  // Control inputs
let xpos = data.xpos;  // Body positions

// Step the simulation
mujoco.mj_step(model, data);

// Run forward kinematics
mujoco.mj_forward(model, data);

// Reset simulation
mujoco.mj_resetData(model, data);

// Apply forces (force, torque, point, body, qfrc_target)
mujoco.mj_applyFT(model, data, [fx, fy, fz], [tx, ty, tz], [px, py, pz], bodyId, data.qfrc_applied);

// Clean up
data.delete();
model.delete();

```

--------------------------------

### Load Multiple Assets to Virtual Filesystem with MuJoCo WASM

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This Javascript function asynchronously downloads a list of scene files and assets, then writes them to Emscripten's virtual filesystem (MEMFS) under the '/working/' directory. It handles directory creation and determines whether to write files as text (XML) or binary (images, meshes).

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco_js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

async function downloadExampleScenesFolder(mujoco) {
  const allFiles = [
    'humanoid.xml',
    'car.xml',
    'agility_cassie/cassie.xml',
    'agility_cassie/scene.xml',
    'agility_cassie/assets/pelvis.obj',
    'agility_cassie/assets/cassie-texture.png',
    'shadow_hand/scene_right.xml',
    'shadow_hand/assets/palm.obj',
    'mug.xml',
    'mug.obj',
    'mug.png'
  ];

  // Fetch all files in parallel
  const requests = allFiles.map(url => fetch('./assets/scenes/' + url));
  const responses = await Promise.all(requests);

  // Write files to virtual filesystem
  for (let i = 0; i < responses.length; i++) {
    const filePath = allFiles[i];
    const split = filePath.split('/');

    // Create directories if needed
    let working = '/working/';
    for (let f = 0; f < split.length - 1; f++) {
      working += split[f];
      if (!mujoco.FS.analyzePath(working).exists) {
        mujoco.FS.mkdir(working);
      }
      working += '/';
    }

    // Write file (binary for images/meshes, text for XML)
    if (filePath.endsWith('.png') || filePath.endsWith('.obj') || filePath.endsWith('.stl')) {
      mujoco.FS.writeFile(
        '/working/' + filePath,
        new Uint8Array(await responses[i].arrayBuffer())
      );
    } else {
      mujoco.FS.writeFile(
        '/working/' + filePath,
        await responses[i].text()
      );
    }
  }

  console.log(`Loaded ${allFiles.length} files to virtual filesystem`);
}

// Usage
const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

await downloadExampleScenesFolder(mujoco);

// Now can load any scene
const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/agility_cassie/scene.xml');

```

--------------------------------

### Stepping the Physics Simulation with MuJoCo JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This code loads a simple MuJoCo model, runs multiple simulation steps using mj_step, accesses post-simulation state like joint positions and velocities, and demonstrates resetting and forward kinematics. It depends on mujoco-js for WebAssembly integration and uses in-memory XML for the model. Inputs are simulation steps count; outputs include state arrays like qpos and qvel; note that timestep is model-defined and integration occurs during steps.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

const modelXML = '<mujoco><worldbody><body><geom size="0.1"/></body></worldbody></mujoco>';
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/simple.xml', modelXML);

const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/simple.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Access simulation parameters
const timestep = model.opt.timestep;
console.log(`Timestep: ${timestep} seconds`);
// Output: Timestep: 0.002 seconds

// Run 1000 simulation steps
for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
  mujoco.mj_step(model, data);
}

// Access state after simulation
const qpos = data.qpos; // Joint positions (Float64Array)
const qvel = data.qvel; // Joint velocities (Float64Array)
const xpos = data.xpos; // Cartesian body positions (Float64Array)

console.log(`Position after 1000 steps: [${qpos[0]}, ${qpos[1]}, ${qpos[2]}]`);

// Reset simulation to initial state
mujoco.mj_resetData(model, data);

// Run forward kinematics only (no integration)
mujoco.mj_forward(model, data);

data.delete();
model.delete();
```

--------------------------------

### Control MuJoCo Actuators with Noise in JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This snippet demonstrates how to set control inputs for actuators in a MuJoCo model using the mujoco-wasm library. It includes setting control values to mid-range and adding Gaussian noise to the control signals before stepping the simulation. Dependencies include the mujoco-wasm library and a MuJoCo model file.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

const modelXML = await (await fetch('./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml')).text();
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/humanoid.xml', modelXML);

const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/humanoid.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Get actuator control ranges
const numActuators = model.nu;
const ctrlRange = model.actuator_ctrlrange; // [min0, max0, min1, max1, ...]

console.log(`Model has ${numActuators} actuators`);

// Set control values for each actuator
for (let i = 0; i < numActuators; i++) {
  if (model.actuator_ctrllimited[i]) {
    const minCtrl = ctrlRange[2 * i];
    const maxCtrl = ctrlRange[2 * i + 1];

    // Set to mid-range value
    data.ctrl[i] = (minCtrl + maxCtrl) / 2.0;
  } else {
    data.ctrl[i] = 0.0;
  }
}

// Add gaussian noise to control signals
const noiseRate = 0.1;
const noiseStd = 0.05;
const timestep = model.opt.timestep;
const rate = Math.exp(-timestep / Math.max(1e-10, noiseRate));
const scale = noiseStd * Math.sqrt(1 - rate * rate);

for (let i = 0; i < numActuators; i++) {
  const noise = scale * (Math.sqrt(-2.0 * Math.log(Math.random())) * Math.cos(2.0 * Math.PI * Math.random()));
  data.ctrl[i] = rate * data.ctrl[i] + noise;
}

// Step simulation with control inputs
mujoco.mj_step(model, data);

data.delete();
model.delete();

```

--------------------------------

### Create Three.js Visualization from MuJoCo Model in JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This JavaScript code loads a MuJoCo model using the mujoco-js library, creates a Three.js scene, and builds geometries for each MuJoCo geom based on type, size, and color. It groups meshes by body ID and applies materials for realistic rendering, skipping invisible groups. Dependencies include Three.js and mujoco-js; inputs are the model XML, outputs are the populated Three.js scene and bodies object.

```javascript
import * as THREE from 'three';
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

const modelXML = await (await fetch('./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml')).text();
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/humanoid.xml', modelXML);

const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/humanoid.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Create Three.js scene
const scene = new THREE.Scene();
const mujocoRoot = new THREE.Group();
mujocoRoot.name = "MuJoCo Root";
scene.add(mujocoRoot);

// Storage for body meshes
const bodies = {};

// Decode model names
const textDecoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
const names = textDecoder.decode(model.names).split('\0');

// Create Three.js geometries for each MuJoCo geom
for (let g = 0; g < model.ngeom; g++) {
  if (model.geom_group[g] >= 3) continue; // Skip invisible groups

  const bodyId = model.geom_bodyid[g];
  const geomType = model.geom_type[g];
  const size = [
    model.geom_size[g * 3 + 0],
    model.geom_size[g * 3 + 1],
    model.geom_size[g * 3 + 2]
  ];

  // Create body group if needed
  if (!bodies[bodyId]) {
    bodies[bodyId] = new THREE.Group();
    bodies[bodyId].bodyID = bodyId;
    mujocoRoot.add(bodies[bodyId]);
  }

  // Create geometry based on type
  let geometry;
  if (geomType === mujoco.mjtGeom.mjGEOM_SPHERE.value) {
    geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(size[0], 20, 20);
  } else if (geomType === mujoco.mjtGeom.mjGEOM_BOX.value) {
    geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(size[0] * 2, size[2] * 2, size[1] * 2);
  } else if (geomType === mujoco.mjtGeom.mjGEOM_CAPSULE.value) {
    geometry = new THREE.CapsuleGeometry(size[0], size[1] * 2, 20, 20);
  } else if (geomType === mujoco.mjtGeom.mjGEOM_CYLINDER.value) {
    geometry = new THREE.CylinderGeometry(size[0], size[0], size[1] * 2);
  } else {
    geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(size[0]);
  }

  // Get color from model
  const color = new THREE.Color(
    model.geom_rgba[g * 4 + 0],
    model.geom_rgba[g * 4 + 1],
    model.geom_rgba[g * 4 + 2]
  );

  const material = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
    color: color,
    transparent: model.geom_rgba[g * 4 + 3] < 1.0,
    opacity: model.geom_rgba[g * 4 + 3]
  });

  const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
  mesh.castShadow = true;
  mesh.receiveShadow = true;
  mesh.bodyID = bodyId;
  bodies[bodyId].add(mesh);
}

console.log(`Created visualization for ${model.ngeom} geometries across ${Object.keys(bodies).length} bodies`);

data.delete();
model.delete();
```

--------------------------------

### Load MuJoCo Keyframes in JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This snippet shows how to load predefined keyframe positions from a MuJoCo model into the current simulation state using the mujoco-wasm library. It retrieves the number of keyframes, copies the position data for a specified keyframe, and then updates the simulation's derived quantities. Dependencies include the mujoco-wasm library and a MuJoCo model file.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

const modelXML = await (await fetch('./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml')).text();
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/humanoid.xml', modelXML);

const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/humanoid.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Check number of keyframes
const numKeyframes = model.nkey;
const nq = model.nq; // Number of position coordinates

console.log(`Model contains ${numKeyframes} keyframes`);

if (numKeyframes > 0) {
  // Load keyframe 0
  const keyframeIndex = 0;
  const keyframeStart = keyframeIndex * nq;
  const keyframeEnd = (keyframeIndex + 1) * nq;

  // Copy keyframe positions to current state
  data.qpos.set(model.key_qpos.slice(keyframeStart, keyframeEnd));

  // Update derived quantities
  mujoco.mj_forward(model, data);

  console.log(`Loaded keyframe ${keyframeIndex}`);
  console.log(`Root position: [${data.qpos[0]}, ${data.qpos[1]}, ${data.qpos[2]}]`);
}

data.delete();
model.delete();

```

--------------------------------

### Applying Forces and Torques to Bodies in MuJoCo JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This snippet applies external forces and torques to a specific body using mj_applyFT, clears prior forces, and steps the simulation to update positions. It relies on a loaded MuJoCo model from XML and mujoco-js bindings. Inputs include force/torque vectors, application point, and body ID; outputs are updated generalized forces in qfrc_applied and body positions; limitations involve local coordinate application and manual force clearing.

```javascript
import load_mujoco from './node_modules/mujoco-js/dist/mujoco_wasm.js';

const mujoco = await load_mujoco();
mujoco.FS.mkdir('/working');
mujoco.FS.mount(mujoco.MEMFS, { root: '.' }, '/working');

const modelXML = await (await fetch('./assets/scenes/humanoid.xml')).text();
mujoco.FS.writeFile('/working/humanoid.xml', modelXML);

const model = mujoco.MjModel.loadFromXML('/working/humanoid.xml');
const data = new mujoco.MjData(model);

// Define force/torque parameters
const force = [0.0, 0.0, 100.0];  // 100N upward force
const torque = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0];    // No torque
const point = [0.0, 0.5, 0.0];     // Application point (local coordinates)
const bodyId = 1;                   // Body index to apply force to

// Clear previous applied forces
for (let i = 0; i < data.qfrc_applied.length; i++) {
  data.qfrc_applied[i] = 0.0;
}

// Apply force/torque to body
mujoco.mj_applyFT(
  model,
  data,
  force,           // Force vector [fx, fy, fz]
  torque,          // Torque vector [tx, ty, tz]
  point,           // Application point [px, py, pz]
  bodyId,          // Body ID
  data.qfrc_applied // Output: generalized forces
);

// Step simulation with applied forces
mujoco.mj_step(model, data);

console.log(`Body ${bodyId} position: [${data.xpos[bodyId*3]}, ${data.xpos[bodyId*3+1]}, ${data.xpos[bodyId*3+2]}]`);

data.delete();
model.delete();
```

--------------------------------

### Interactive Body Dragging with Raycasting (JavaScript)

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This code snippet implements a drag and manipulate functionality for 3D bodies using raycasting. It leverages Three.js for the visual components and raycasting, integrating with MuJoCo for the physics simulation.  The drag manager class handles the mouse interactions and applies forces to the selected object in the MuJoCo environment.

```javascript
import * as THREE from 'three';
import { toMujocoPos } from './mujocoUtils.js';

class DragStateManager {
  constructor(scene, renderer, camera, controls) {
    this.scene = scene;
    this.camera = camera;
    this.renderer = renderer;
    this.controls = controls;
    this.raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
    this.mousePos = new THREE.Vector2();
    this.physicsObject = null;
    this.active = false;
    this.grabDistance = 0.0;
    this.localHit = new THREE.Vector3();
    this.worldHit = new THREE.Vector3();
    this.currentWorld = new THREE.Vector3();
  }

  updateRaycaster(x, y) {
    const rect = this.renderer.domElement.getBoundingClientRect();
    this.mousePos.x = ((x - rect.left) / rect.width) * 2 - 1;
    this.mousePos.y = -((y - rect.top) / rect.height) * 2 + 1;
    this.raycaster.setFromCamera(this.mousePos, this.camera);
  }

  start(x, y) {
    this.updateRaycaster(x, y);
    const intersects = this.raycaster.intersectObjects(this.scene.children, true);

    for (let i = 0; i < intersects.length; i++) {
      const obj = intersects[i].object;
      if (obj.bodyID && obj.bodyID > 0) {
        this.physicsObject = obj;
        this.grabDistance = intersects[0].distance;

        const hit = this.raycaster.ray.origin.clone();
        hit.addScaledVector(this.raycaster.ray.direction, this.grabDistance);

        this.localHit = obj.worldToLocal(hit.clone());
        this.worldHit.copy(hit);
        this.currentWorld.copy(hit);
        this.active = true;
        this.controls.enabled = false;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  move(x, y) {
    if (this.active) {
      this.updateRaycaster(x, y);
      const hit = this.raycaster.ray.origin.clone();
      hit.addScaledVector(this.raycaster.ray.direction, this.grabDistance);
      this.currentWorld.copy(hit);
    }
  }

  applyDragForce(model, data) {
    if (!this.physicsObject || !this.physicsObject.bodyID) return;

    const bodyID = this.physicsObject.bodyID;
    this.worldHit.copy(this.localHit);
    this.physicsObject.localToWorld(this.worldHit);

    // Calculate force proportional to displacement
    const forceVec = this.currentWorld.clone()
      .sub(this.worldHit)
      .multiplyScalar(model.body_mass[bodyID] * 250);

    const force = toMujocoPos(forceVec);
    const point = toMujocoPos(this.worldHit.clone());

    mujoco.mj_applyFT(
      model, data,
      [force.x, force.y, force.z],
      [0, 0, 0],
      [point.x, point.y, point.z],
      bodyID,
      data.qfrc_applied
    );
  }

  end() {
    this.physicsObject = null;
    this.active = false;
    this.controls.enabled = true;
  }
}

// Usage
const dragManager = new DragStateManager(scene, renderer, camera, controls);

container.addEventListener('pointerdown', (evt) => dragManager.start(evt.clientX, evt.clientY));
document.addEventListener('pointermove', (evt) => dragManager.move(evt.clientX, evt.clientY));
document.addEventListener('pointerup', (evt) => dragManager.end());

// In animation loop
function animate() {
  for (let i = 0; i < data.qfrc_applied.length; i++) {
    data.qfrc_applied[i] = 0.0;
  }

  dragManager.applyDragForce(model, data);
  mujoco.mj_step(model, data);

  renderer.render(scene, camera);
  requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Synchronize Three.js Scene with MuJoCo Simulation in JavaScript

Source: https://context7.com/zalo/mujoco_wasm/llms.txt

This JavaScript code updates Three.js object positions and orientations using MuJoCo simulation data, with helper functions for coordinate system conversion. It assumes a pre-initialized model, data, bodies, and scene. Dependencies include Three.js and mujoco-js; it reads from simulation buffers and writes to Three.js objects, suitable for real-time animation loops. Limitations include potential performance overhead in large models.

```javascript
import * as THREE from 'three';
import { getPosition, getQuaternion } from './mujocoUtils.js';

// Assume model, data, bodies, and scene are already initialized

function updateVisualization(model, data, bodies) {
  // Update body transforms from simulation
  for (let b = 0; b < model.nbody; b++) {
    if (bodies[b]) {
      // Extract position from xpos (Cartesian positions)
      getPosition(data.xpos, b, bodies[b].position);

      // Extract quaternion from xquat (orientations)
      getQuaternion(data.xquat, b, bodies[b].quaternion);

      // Update world matrix
      bodies[b].updateWorldMatrix();
    }
  }
}

// Helper functions (from mujocoUtils.js)
function getPosition(buffer, index, target, swizzle = true) {
  if (swizzle) {
    // Convert from MuJoCo to Three.js coordinate system
    return target.set(
      buffer[index * 3 + 0],
      buffer[index * 3 + 2],
      -buffer[index * 3 + 1]
    );
  } else {
    return target.set(
      buffer[index * 3 + 0],
      buffer[index * 3 + 1],
      buffer[index * 3 + 2]
    );
  }
}

function getQuaternion(buffer, index, target, swizzle = true) {
  if (swizzle) {
    // Convert from MuJoCo to Three.js coordinate system
    return target.set(
      -buffer[index * 4 + 1],
      -buffer[index * 4 + 3],
      buffer[index * 4 + 2],
      -buffer[index * 4 + 0]
    );
  } else {
    return target.set(
      buffer[index * 4 + 0],
      buffer[index * 4 + 1],
      buffer[index * 4 + 2],
      buffer[index * 4 + 3]
    );
  }
}

// Animation loop
function animate() {
  // Step physics
  mujoco.mj_step(model, data);

  // Update visualization
  updateVisualization(model, data, bodies);

  // Render
  renderer.render(scene, camera);

  requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}

animate();
```

=== COMPLETE CONTENT === This response contains all available snippets from this library. No additional content exists. Do not make further requests.