### Install cborg and serialise Libraries

Source: https://github.com/well-typed/cborg/blob/master/README.md

Installs the 'cborg' and 'serialise' Haskell libraries using the cabal build tool. This is the primary method for getting started with the libraries.

```bash
cabal install cborg serialise
```

--------------------------------

### Run cborg Package Tests

Source: https://github.com/well-typed/cborg/blob/master/README.md

Executes the tests for the 'cborg' package, which are included within the 'serialise' package. This command is used to verify the integrity and functionality of the installed libraries.

```bash
cabal test serialise
```

--------------------------------

### Pretty Print CBOR Encodings with cborg.Pretty

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

This snippet demonstrates the `prettyHexEnc` function from `Codec.CBOR.Pretty` for visualizing CBOR encodings in a human-readable hexadecimal format with semantic annotations. It shows examples of pretty-printing a map and a list, highlighting the structure and content of the CBOR data. Key imports include `Codec.CBOR.Pretty`, `Codec.CBOR.Encoding`, and `Data.Text`.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Pretty (prettyHexEnc)
import Codec.CBOR.Encoding
import Codec.CBOR.Term (encodeTerm, TInt, TString, TList, TMap)
import qualified Data.Text as T

main :: IO ()
main = do
    -- Create an encoding
    let enc = encodeMapLen 2
           <> encodeString (T.pack "name") <> encodeString (T.pack "Alice")
           <> encodeString (T.pack "age") <> encodeInt 30

    -- Pretty print the encoding
    putStrLn $ prettyHexEnc enc
    -- Output:
    -- a2                    # map(2)
    --    64 6e 61 6d 65     # text("name")
    --    65 41 6c 69 63 65  # text("Alice")
    --    63 61 67 65        # text("age")
    --    18 1e              # int(30)

    -- Pretty print a list
    let listEnc = encodeListLen 3 <> encodeInt 1 <> encodeInt 2 <> encodeInt 3
    putStrLn $ prettyHexEnc listEnc
    -- Output:
    -- 83        # list(3)
    --    01     # int(1)
    --    02     # int(2)
    --    03     # int(3)
```

--------------------------------

### Decode CBOR Data with Precise Control in Haskell

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Illustrates using `Codec.CBOR.Decoding` for precise CBOR data decoding. It shows how to define decoders for custom data structures like `Point`, inspect token types for flexible decoding, and handle indefinite-length structures. The example also demonstrates deserializing data from a file.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Decoding
import Codec.CBOR.Read (deserialiseFromBytes)
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
import qualified Data.Text as T
import Control.Monad (replicateM)

-- Decoder for a custom record structure
data Point = Point { x :: Int, y :: Int, label :: T.Text }
    deriving Show

decodePoint :: Decoder s Point
decodePoint = do
    -- Expect a list of 3 elements
    len <- decodeListLen
    if len /= 3
        then fail "Expected list of length 3 for Point"
        else Point <$> decodeInt <*> decodeInt <*> decodeString

-- Decoder using token type inspection
decodeFlexibleValue :: Decoder s String
decodeFlexibleValue = do
    tokenType <- peekTokenType
    case tokenType of
        TypeUInt   -> show <$> decodeWord
        TypeNInt   -> show <$> decodeInt
        TypeString -> T.unpack <$> decodeString
        TypeBool   -> show <$> decodeBool
        TypeNull   -> "null" <$ decodeNull
        _          -> fail $ "Unexpected token type: " ++ show tokenType

-- Decoder for indefinite-length structures
decodeIntList :: Decoder s [Int]
decodeIntList = do
    mn <- decodeListLenOrIndef
    case mn of
        Just n  -> replicateM n decodeInt  -- Fixed length
        Nothing -> decodeIndefList []       -- Indefinite length
  where
    decodeIndefList acc = do
        stop <- decodeBreakOr
        if stop
            then return (reverse acc) -- Indefinite length
            else do
                val <- decodeInt
                decodeIndefList (val : acc)

-- Usage with deserialiseFromBytes
main :: IO ()
main = do
    cborData <- BSL.readFile "data.cbor"
    case deserialiseFromBytes decodePoint cborData of
        Left err -> putStrLn $ "Decode error: " ++ show err
        Right (remaining, point) -> do
            print point
            putStrLn $ "Remaining bytes: " ++ show (BSL.length remaining)
```

--------------------------------

### Serializing Common Haskell Types with Codec.Serialise

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

This snippet showcases the `Serialise` instances provided by the `Codec.Serialise` module for numerous standard Haskell types. It demonstrates serializing and deserializing basic types, optionals, sums, containers (lists, maps, sets, sequences, vectors), tuples, and time types. The examples confirm that nested structures are handled automatically. Dependencies include `Codec.Serialise`, `GHC.Generics`, and various container and time modules.

```haskell
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
import Codec.Serialise
import GHC.Generics
import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
import qualified Data.Set as Set
import qualified Data.Sequence as Seq
import qualified Data.Vector as V
import qualified Data.Text as T
import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
import Data.Time (UTCTime, getCurrentTime)

-- All these types have Serialise instances
exampleTypes :: IO ()
exampleTypes = do
    -- Basic types
    let intVal :: Int = 42
    let strVal :: String = "hello"
    let textVal :: T.Text = T.pack "world"
    let bytesVal :: BS.ByteString = BS.pack [1,2,3]

    -- Optional and sum types
    let maybeVal :: Maybe Int = Just 42
    let eitherVal :: Either String Int = Right 100

    -- Container types
    let listVal :: [Int] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    let mapVal :: Map.Map String Int = Map.fromList [("a", 1), ("b", 2)]
    let setVal :: Set.Set Int = Set.fromList [1, 2, 3]
    let seqVal :: Seq.Seq Int = Seq.fromList [1, 2, 3]
    let vecVal :: V.Vector Int = V.fromList [1, 2, 3]

    -- Tuples
    let tupleVal :: (Int, String, Bool) = (42, "test", True)

    -- Time types (encoded using CBOR tag 1000)
    now <- getCurrentTime
    let timeVal :: UTCTime = now

    -- All can be serialised directly
    print $ deserialise (serialise maybeVal) == maybeVal  -- True
    print $ deserialise (serialise mapVal) == mapVal      -- True
    print $ deserialise (serialise tupleVal) == tupleVal  -- True

    -- Nested structures work automatically
    let nested :: Map.Map String [Maybe Int]
        nested = Map.fromList [("evens", [Just 2, Just 4, Nothing])]
    print $ deserialise (serialise nested) == nested  -- True
```

--------------------------------

### Clone cborg Git Repository

Source: https://github.com/well-typed/cborg/blob/master/README.md

Clones the master git repository for the cborg project. This allows developers to access the source code for development, contribution, or offline analysis.

```bash
git clone https://github.com/well-typed/cborg.git
```

--------------------------------

### Serialise Haskell Values to ByteString with cborg

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Demonstrates serializing and deserializing Haskell data types to/from CBOR ByteStrings using the `Serialise` type class. Requires `Codec.Serialise` and `GHC.Generics`. Supports automatic instance derivation and safe deserialization with error handling.

```haskell
#{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
import Codec.Serialise
import GHC.Generics
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL

-- Define a data type with Generic derivation
data Person =
    Person { name :: String
           , age  :: Int
           }
    deriving (Show, Generic)

-- Derive Serialise instance automatically
instance Serialise Person

-- Serialise to ByteString
main :: IO ()
main = do
    let alice = Person "Alice" 30

    -- Encode to CBOR ByteString
    let encoded :: BSL.ByteString
        encoded = serialise alice

    -- Decode from CBOR ByteString
    let decoded :: Person
        decoded = deserialise encoded

    print decoded
    -- Output: Person {name = "Alice", age = 30}

    -- Safe deserialisation with error handling
    case deserialiseOrFail encoded of
        Left err -> putStrLn $ "Decode failed: " ++ show err
        Right person -> print (person :: Person)
```

--------------------------------

### Convert JSON to CBOR and CBOR to JSON with cborg-json

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

This snippet demonstrates how to use the `cborg-json` package to convert between Aeson's `Value` type and CBOR byte strings. It includes functions for both JSON to CBOR and CBOR to JSON conversion, handling potential errors during deserialization. Dependencies include `Codec.CBOR.JSON`, `Codec.CBOR.Write`, `Codec.CBOR.Read`, and `Data.Aeson`.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.JSON (encodeValue, decodeValue)
import Codec.CBOR.Write (toLazyByteString)
import Codec.CBOR.Read (deserialiseFromBytes)
import Data.Aeson (Value(..), object, (.=))
import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL

-- Convert JSON to CBOR
jsonToCbor :: Value -> BSL.ByteString
jsonToCbor = toLazyByteString . encodeValue

-- Convert CBOR to JSON
cborToJson :: BSL.ByteString -> Either String Value
cborToJson bs = 
    case deserialiseFromBytes (decodeValue False) bs of
        Left err -> Left (show err)
        Right (_, value) -> Right value

main :: IO ()
main = do
    -- Create a JSON value
    let jsonValue = object
            [ "name" .= ("Alice" :: String)
            , "age" .= (30 :: Int)
            , "scores" .= ([95, 87, 92] :: [Int])
            , "active" .= True
            ]

    -- Convert to CBOR
    let cborData = jsonToCbor jsonValue
    BSL.writeFile "data.cbor" cborData
    putStrLn $ "CBOR size: " ++ show (BSL.length cborData) ++ " bytes"

    -- Read JSON file and convert to CBOR
    jsonFile <- BSL.readFile "input.json"
    case Aeson.decode jsonFile of
        Nothing -> putStrLn "Invalid JSON"
        Just val -> do
            let cbor = jsonToCbor val
            BSL.writeFile "output.cbor" cbor

    -- Convert CBOR back to JSON
    cborFile <- BSL.readFile "data.cbor"
    case cborToJson cborFile of
        Left err -> putStrLn $ "Error: " ++ err
        Right val -> BSL.putStr (Aeson.encode val)
```

--------------------------------

### Represent CBOR Data with Term in Haskell

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

The `Term` type in `Codec.CBOR.Term` provides a generic Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) for representing arbitrary CBOR values. This snippet demonstrates creating, encoding, and decoding various `Term` types like integers, strings, lists, maps, bytes, tagged values, floats, booleans, and null. It uses `Codec.CBOR.Write.toLazyByteString` for encoding and `Codec.CBOR.Read.deserialiseFromBytes` for decoding.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Term
import Codec.CBOR.Read (deserialiseFromBytes)
import Codec.CBOR.Write (toLazyByteString)
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
import qualified Data.Text as T

-- Term represents arbitrary CBOR values
exampleTerms :: IO ()
exampleTerms = do
    -- Create various Term values
    let intTerm    = TInt 42
    let stringTerm = TString (T.pack "hello")
    let listTerm   = TList [TInt 1, TInt 2, TInt 3]
    let mapTerm    = TMap [(TString (T.pack "name"), TString (T.pack "Alice")),
                           (TString (T.pack "age"), TInt 30)]
    let byteTerm   = TBytes (BS.pack [0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF])
    let taggedTerm = TTagged 32 (TString (T.pack "http://example.com"))
    let floatTerm  = TDouble 3.14159
    let boolTerm   = TBool True
    let nullTerm   = TNull

    -- Encode Term to CBOR
    let encoded = toLazyByteString (encodeTerm mapTerm)
    BSL.writeFile "term.cbor" encoded

    -- Decode arbitrary CBOR to Term
    cborData <- BSL.readFile "unknown.cbor"
    case deserialiseFromBytes decodeTerm cborData of
        Left err -> putStrLn $ "Decode error: " ++ show err
        Right (_, term) -> do
            -- Pattern match on the decoded term
            case term of
                TMap pairs -> do
                    putStrLn "Decoded a map:"
                    mapM_ (\(k, v) -> putStrLn $ "  " ++ show k ++ " -> " ++ show v) pairs
                TList items -> do
                    putStrLn "Decoded a list:"
                    mapM_ (putStrLn . ("  " ++) . show) items
                _ -> print term

```

--------------------------------

### Read/Write Serialised Haskell Values to Files with cborg

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Provides convenient functions `writeFileSerialise` and `readFileDeserialise` for direct file I/O of serialised Haskell values. This avoids manual ByteString handling. Requires `Codec.Serialise` and `GHC.Generics` for data type serialization.

```haskell
#{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
import Codec.Serialise
import GHC.Generics

data Config =
    Config { serverHost :: String
           , serverPort :: Int
           , debug      :: Bool
           }
    deriving (Show, Generic)

instance Serialise Config

main :: IO ()
main = do
    let config = Config "localhost" 8080 True

    -- Write serialised config to file
    writeFileSerialise "config.cbor" config

    -- Read config back from file
    loadedConfig <- readFileDeserialise "config.cbor" :: IO Config
    print loadedConfig
    -- Output: Config {serverHost = "localhost", serverPort = 8080, debug = True}
```

--------------------------------

### Encode CBOR Primitive Types in Haskell

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Demonstrates how to use `Codec.CBOR.Encoding` primitives to encode integers, floating-point numbers, strings, bytes, booleans, null, lists (fixed and indefinite length), maps, and tagged values. The encoded data is written to a file named 'primitives.cbor'.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Encoding
import Codec.CBOR.Write (toLazyByteString)
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
import qualified Data.Text as T

-- Encode various primitive types
primitiveEncodings :: IO ()
primitiveEncodings = do
    -- Integers
    let intEnc = encodeInt 42 <> encodeInt (-100) <> encodeInteger 12345678901234567890

    -- Floating point
    let floatEnc = encodeFloat 3.14 <> encodeDouble 2.718281828

    -- Strings and bytes
    let strEnc = encodeString (T.pack "Hello, CBOR!")
              <> encodeBytes (BSL.toStrict $ BSL.pack [0x01, 0x02, 0x03])

    -- Booleans and null
    let boolEnc = encodeBool True <> encodeBool False <> encodeNull

    -- Lists (fixed length)
    let listEnc = encodeListLen 3 <> encodeInt 1 <> encodeInt 2 <> encodeInt 3

    -- Lists (indefinite length)
    let listIndefEnc = encodeListLenIndef <> encodeInt 1 <> encodeInt 2 <> encodeBreak

    -- Maps
    let mapEnc = encodeMapLen 2
              <> encodeString (T.pack "key1") <> encodeInt 100
              <> encodeString (T.pack "key2") <> encodeInt 200

    -- Tagged values (CBOR semantic tags)
    let taggedEnc = encodeTag 0 <> encodeString (T.pack "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z")

    -- Combine all encodings
    let combined = intEnc <> floatEnc <> strEnc <> boolEnc

    -- Convert to ByteString
    BSL.writeFile "primitives.cbor" (toLazyByteString combined)
```

--------------------------------

### Encode CBOR to ByteString using Haskell

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Functions like `toLazyByteString`, `toStrictByteString`, and `toBuilder` from `Codec.CBOR.Write` convert a CBOR `Encoding` into different ByteString formats. `toLazyByteString` is suitable for large data, `toStrictByteString` for network transmission, and `toBuilder` for concatenation with other builders.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Encoding
import Codec.CBOR.Write
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
import qualified Data.ByteString.Builder as Builder

buildComplexEncoding :: Encoding
buildComplexEncoding =
    encodeMapLen 3
    <> encodeString "version" <> encodeInt 1
    <> encodeString "data" <> (encodeListLen 2 <> encodeInt 100 <> encodeInt 200)
    <> encodeString "valid" <> encodeBool True

main :: IO ()
main = do
    let encoding = buildComplexEncoding

    -- Convert to lazy ByteString (efficient for large data)
    let lazyBS :: BSL.ByteString
        lazyBS = toLazyByteString encoding
    BSL.writeFile "output.cbor" lazyBS

    -- Convert to strict ByteString (for network transmission)
    let strictBS :: BS.ByteString
        strictBS = toStrictByteString encoding
    print $ BS.length strictBS

    -- Convert to Builder (for concatenation with other data)
    let builder :: Builder.Builder
        builder = toBuilder encoding
    -- Can be combined: builder <> otherBuilder

```

--------------------------------

### Perform Incremental CBOR Decoding in Haskell

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

The `deserialiseFromBytes` function from `Codec.CBOR.Read` decodes CBOR data from a `ByteString` while returning the remaining unconsumed bytes. This is crucial for processing streams or multiple concatenated CBOR values within a single input. It handles decoding errors by returning a `DeserialiseFailure`.

```haskell
import Codec.CBOR.Read
import Codec.CBOR.Term (decodeTerm, Term)
import Codec.Serialise
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL

-- Decode multiple CBOR values from a single ByteString
decodeMultiple :: BSL.ByteString -> IO [Term]
decodeMultiple bs = go bs []
  where
    go remaining acc
        | BSL.null remaining = return (reverse acc)
        | otherwise =
            case deserialiseFromBytes decodeTerm remaining of
                Left (DeserialiseFailure offset msg) -> do
                    putStrLn $ "Error at offset " ++ show offset ++ ": " ++ msg
                    return (reverse acc)
                Right (rest, term) -> go rest (term : acc)

-- Decode with explicit Decoder
decodeWithDecoder :: Serialise a => BSL.ByteString -> Either DeserialiseFailure a
decodeWithDecoder bs = 
    case deserialiseFromBytes decode bs of
        Left err -> Left err
        Right (_, value) -> Right value

main :: IO ()
main = do
    -- Read file with multiple CBOR values
    content <- BSL.readFile "multi.cbor"
    terms <- decodeMultiple content
    putStrLn $ "Decoded " ++ show (length terms) ++ " values"
    mapM_ print terms

```

--------------------------------

### Custom CBOR Encoding/Decoding for Haskell Types with cborg

Source: https://context7.com/well-typed/cborg/llms.txt

Enables fine-grained control over CBOR representation by implementing custom `encode` and `decode` methods using primitive combinators from `Codec.CBOR.Encoding` and `Codec.CBOR.Decoding`. Useful for complex or non-standard data structures.

```haskell
#{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
import Codec.Serialise
import Codec.Serialise.Decoding
import Codec.CBOR.Encoding
import Codec.CBOR.Decoding

-- Sum type with multiple constructors
data Animal
    = HoppingAnimal { animalName :: String, hoppingHeight :: Int }
    | WalkingAnimal { animalName :: String, walkingSpeed :: Int }
    | SwimmingAnimal { numberOfFins :: Int }
    deriving (Show, Eq)

-- Custom encoding: list with tag + fields
instance Serialise Animal where
    encode (HoppingAnimal name height) =
        encodeListLen 3 <> encodeWord 0 <> encode name <> encode height
    encode (WalkingAnimal name speed) =
        encodeListLen 3 <> encodeWord 1 <> encode name <> encode speed
    encode (SwimmingAnimal fins) =
        encodeListLen 2 <> encodeWord 2 <> encode fins

    decode =
        do
            len <- decodeListLen
            tag <- decodeWord
            case (len, tag) of
                (3, 0) -> HoppingAnimal <$> decode <*> decode
                (3, 1) -> WalkingAnimal <$> decode <*> decode
                (2, 2) -> SwimmingAnimal <$> decode
                _      -> fail "invalid Animal encoding"

main :: IO ()
main = do
    let frog = HoppingAnimal "Fred" 4
    let fish = SwimmingAnimal 2

    -- Round-trip test
    print (deserialise (serialise frog) :: Animal)
    -- Output: HoppingAnimal {animalName = "Fred", hoppingHeight = 4}

    print (deserialise (serialise fish) :: Animal)
    -- Output: SwimmingAnimal {numberOfFins = 2}
```

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