### Rust Pub/Sub Event Client: Starting and Aborting

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/event_client

This code provides methods to start the PubSubEventClient and abort its operation. The `start` method uses `tokio::select!` to concurrently listen for cancellation signals or the completion of the `start_pubsub` task. The `abort` method triggers the cancellation token.

```rust
impl PubSubEventClientWithHandlers {
    pub fn abort(self) {
        self.cancellation_token.cancel();
    }

    pub async fn start(self) {
        let cancellation_token = self.cancellation_token.clone();
        tokio::select! {
            _ = cancellation_token.cancelled() => {
                // Perform cleanup
                log::info!("pubsub token cancelled");
            },
            _ = self.start_pubsub() => {
                // Perform cleanup
                log::info!("start_pubsub returned unexpectedly");
            }
        }
    }
// ... other methods
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'and' Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Demonstrates the behavior of the Result::and method, which returns the second Result if the first is Ok, otherwise returns the first Result's Err. It shows scenarios with both Ok and Err values.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("late error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("early error");
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Ok("foo");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("early error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("not a 2");
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("not a 2"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Ok("different result type");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Ok("different result type"));
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result Product Implementation: product

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Shows the implementation of the Product trait for Rust's Result type. This allows for computing the product of an iterator of Results, short-circuiting on the first Err encountered. The example demonstrates parsing strings to numbers and calculating their product.

```rust
impl<T, U, E> Product<Result<U, E>> for Result<T, E>
where T: Product<U>,
{
    fn product<I>(iter: I) -> Result<T, E>
    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<U, E>>;
}

// Example Usage:
let nums = vec!["5", "10", "1", "2"];
let total: Result<usize, _> = nums.iter().map(|w| w.parse::<usize>()).product();
assert_eq!(total, Ok(100));
let nums = vec!["5", "10", "one", "2"];
let total: Result<usize, _> = nums.iter().map(|w| w.parse::<usize>()).product();
assert!(total.is_err());
```

--------------------------------

### Get Transaction Instructions (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Returns a vector of all instructions associated with the transaction. If no instructions are found, it returns an error indicating that the instructions are empty. This method is crucial for retrieving the instructions to be processed or signed.

```rust
pub fn ixs(&self) -> Result<Vec<Instruction>, OnDemandError> {
        if self.ixs.len() == 0 {
            return Err(OnDemandError::SolanaInstructionsEmpty);
        }

        let mut pre_ixs = vec![];

        if let Some(compute_units) = self.compute_units {
            pre_ixs.push(ComputeBudgetInstruction::set_compute_unit_limit(

```

--------------------------------

### Build Transaction with ArcSwap Payer

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Shows how to construct a transaction using a payer managed by `ArcSwap`. This example verifies that the transaction's payer is correctly set to the public key of the `Keypair` loaded from the `ArcSwap`.

```rust
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_transaction_builder_with_arcswap_payer() {
        let payer = arc_swap::ArcSwap::new(Arc::new(Keypair::new()));
        let payer_arc = payer.load();

        let tx = TransactionBuilder::new_with_payer(payer_arc.clone())
            .add_ix(Instruction::new_with_borsh(
                Pubkey::new_unique(),
                &vec![1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8],
                vec![
                    AccountMeta::new(payer_arc.signer_pubkey(), true),
                    AccountMeta::new_readonly(Pubkey::new_unique(), false),
                ],
            ))
            .set_compute_units(750_000);

        assert_eq!(tx.payer, payer_arc.pubkey());
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'or' Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Shows the Result::or method, which returns the second Result if the first is Err, otherwise returns the first Result's Ok value. This method eagerly evaluates its argument.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("early error");
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("not a 2");
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Err("late error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(100);
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));
```

--------------------------------

### Client<C> Implementations in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/type

Details various implementation methods for the generic Client<C> struct, where C must implement Clone and Deref to a Signer. These methods include constructors and a method to get a Program instance.

```rust
impl<C> Client<C>
where C: Clone + Deref<Target = impl Signer> {
    pub fn new(cluster: Cluster, payer: C) -> Client<C>
    pub fn new_with_options(
        cluster: Cluster,
        payer: C,
        options: CommitmentConfig,
    ) -> Client<C>
    pub fn program(&self, program_id: Pubkey) -> Result<Program<C>, ClientError>
}

```

--------------------------------

### Get Payer Keypair with RwLock and OnceCell

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Shows an asynchronous function `get_payer_keypair` that initializes and retrieves a payer `Keypair` wrapped in `Arc<RwLock<Arc<Keypair>>>` using `OnceCell`. This ensures thread-safe, lazy initialization of the payer.

```rust
    pub static PAYER_KEYPAIR: OnceCell<Arc<RwLock<Arc<Keypair>>>> = OnceCell::const_new();

    async fn get_payer_keypair() -> &'static Arc<RwLock<Arc<Keypair>>> {
        PAYER_KEYPAIR
            .get_or_init(|| async { Arc::new(RwLock::new(Arc::new(Keypair::new()))) })
            .await
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Basic Usage of unwrap for Ok Result in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Shows the basic usage of the `unwrap` method on a `Result` to get the `Ok` value. This method panics if the `Result` is an `Err`, so it's generally discouraged in favor of explicit error handling.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 2);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get Reference to Ok or Err Value

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Demonstrates the `as_ref()` method, which converts a reference to a `Result` into a `Result` containing references to the inner values. This allows inspecting the `Ok` or `Err` content without taking ownership.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Ok(&2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Error");
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Err(&"Error"));
```

--------------------------------

### Fetch Lookup Table Account (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/oracle

This function fetches an Address Lookup Table (LUT) account associated with a given Oracle public key. It first retrieves the Oracle's data to determine the LUT slot and then uses a helper function `address_lookup_table::fetch` to get the actual LUT account. Dependencies include `solana_client` and custom error handling.

```rust
pub async fn fetch_lut(
    &self,
    oracle_pubkey: &Pubkey,
    client: &solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient,
) -> std::result::Result<AddressLookupTableAccount, crate::OnDemandError> {
    let oracle = Self::fetch_async(client, *oracle_pubkey).await?;
    let lut_slot = oracle.lut_slot;
    let lut = find_lut_of(oracle_pubkey, lut_slot);
    Ok(address_lookup_table::fetch(client, &lut).await?)
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get Switchboard Program ID by Cluster (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/program_id

A utility function that returns the appropriate Switchboard program ID based on the provided cluster string. It defaults to the devnet program ID if the cluster string does not start with 'mainnet'.

```rust
pub fn get_sb_program_id(cluster: &str) -> Pubkey {
    if !cluster.starts_with("mainnet") {
        ON_DEMAND_DEVNET_PID
    } else {
        ON_DEMAND_MAINNET_PID
    }
}

```

--------------------------------

### Build Oracle Heartbeat Instruction (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/instructions/oracle_heartbeat

This Rust code snippet constructs an oracle heartbeat instruction for the Switchboard On-Demand system. It reads the cluster environment variable, retrieves the program ID, and then builds the instruction with provided accounts and parameters. It also iterates through pending paid accounts and escrow accounts, adding them to the instruction's account list. Dependencies include the `std::env` module and custom `crate::utils` and state structures.

```rust
let cluster = std::env::var("CLUSTER").unwrap_or("mainnet".to_string());
        let pid = get_sb_program_id(&cluster);
        let mut ix = crate::utils::build_ix(
            &pid,
            &OracleHeartbeatAccounts {
                oracle: args.oracle,
                oracle_signer: args.oracle_signer,
                queue: args.queue,
                queue_authority: args.queue_authority,
                gc_node: args.gc_node,
                payer: args.payer,
                stake_program: state.stake_program,
                delegation_pool: delegation_pool,
                delegation_group: delegation_group,
                switch_mint: state.switch_mint,
            },
            &OracleHeartbeatParams { uri: args.uri },
        );
        for ppa in args.pending_paid_accounts {
            ix.accounts.push(AccountMeta::new_readonly(ppa, false));
        }
        for escrow in args.escrows {
            ix.accounts.push(AccountMeta::new(escrow, false));
        }
        Ok(ix)
    }
}
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Build QueueGarbageCollect Instruction

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/instructions/queue_garbage_collect

This Rust code defines the necessary structures and methods to build a `QueueGarbageCollect` instruction for the Switchboard On-Demand program. It includes account metadata and argument handling. Dependencies include the `solana_program` crate and custom `anchor_traits`, `prelude`, and `utils` modules.

```rust
use crate::anchor_traits::*
use crate::prelude::*
use borsh::BorshSerialize;
use solana_program::pubkey::Pubkey;
use crate::get_sb_program_id;

pub struct QueueGarbageCollect {}

#[derive(Clone, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
pub struct QueueGarbageCollectParams {
    pub idx: u32,
}

impl InstructionData for QueueGarbageCollectParams {}
impl Discriminator for QueueGarbageCollect {
    const DISCRIMINATOR: [u8; 8] = [187, 208, 104, 247, 16, 91, 96, 98];
}
impl Discriminator for QueueGarbageCollectParams {
    const DISCRIMINATOR: [u8; 8] = QueueGarbageCollect::DISCRIMINATOR;
}

pub struct QueueGarbageCollectArgs {
    pub queue: Pubkey,
    pub oracle: Pubkey,
    pub idx: u32,
}
pub struct QueueGarbageCollectAccounts {
    pub queue: Pubkey,
    pub oracle: Pubkey,
}
impl ToAccountMetas for QueueGarbageCollectAccounts {
    fn to_account_metas(&self, _: Option<bool>) -> Vec<AccountMeta> {
        vec![
            AccountMeta::new(self.queue, false),
            AccountMeta::new(self.oracle, false),
        ]
    }
}

impl QueueGarbageCollect {
    pub fn build_ix(args: QueueGarbageCollectArgs) -> Result<Instruction, OnDemandError> {
        let cluster = std::env::var("CLUSTER").unwrap_or("mainnet".to_string());
        let pid = get_sb_program_id(&cluster);
        Ok(crate::utils::build_ix(
            &pid,
            &QueueGarbageCollectAccounts {
                queue: args.queue,
                oracle: args.oracle,
            },
            &QueueGarbageCollectParams { idx: args.idx },
        ))
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Build OracleHeartbeat Instruction Client-Side

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/instructions/oracle_heartbeat

Asynchronously builds an OracleHeartbeat instruction using a Solana RPC client. It fetches state data and calculates Program Derived Addresses (PDAs) for delegation pools and groups based on provided arguments and current state. Requires `solana-client` and custom crate modules.

```rust
cfg_client! {
use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;

impl OracleHeartbeat {
    pub async fn build_ix(client: &RpcClient, args: OracleHeartbeatArgs) -> Result<Instruction, OnDemandError> {
        let state_key = State::get_pda();
        let state = State::fetch_async(client).await?;
        let (delegation_pool, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[
                b"Delegation",
                &state_key.to_bytes(),
                &OracleAccountData::stats_key(&args.oracle).to_bytes(),
                &state.stake_pool.to_bytes(),
            ],
            &state.stake_program,
        );
        let (delegation_group, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[
                b"Group",
                &state_key.to_bytes(),
                &state.stake_pool.to_bytes(),
                &args.queue.to_bytes(),
            ],
            &state.stake_program,
        );

```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get TypeId of self

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/pull_feed/struct

This function retrieves the `TypeId` of the current object. It is part of the `Any` trait implementation.

```rust
fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get Discriminator Value

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/queue/struct

Retrieves the 8-byte discriminator for QueueAccountData. This function is part of the Owner implementation for QueueAccountData.

```rust
fn discriminator() -> [u8; 8]
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get Owned Data

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/queue/struct

Creates owned data from borrowed data, typically by cloning. This is part of the ToOwned trait.

```rust
fn to_owned(&self) -> T
```

--------------------------------

### TransactionBuilder Constructor Methods

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Provides multiple ways to initialize a `TransactionBuilder`. Methods include `new` (with just a payer), `new_with_payer` (accepting an `AsSigner` for the payer and adding it to signers), `new_with_ixs` (with payer and initial instructions), and `new_with_payer_and_ixs` (combining `AsSigner` payer with initial instructions). These constructors streamline the process of setting up a transaction.

```rust
impl TransactionBuilder {
    pub fn new(payer: Pubkey) -> Self {
        Self {
            payer,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
    pub fn new_with_payer(payer: Arc<dyn AsSigner>) -> Self {
        Self {
            payer: payer.as_signer().pubkey(),
            signers: vec![Arc::clone(&payer)],
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    pub fn new_with_ixs(payer: Pubkey, ixs: impl IntoIterator<Item = Instruction>) -> Self {
        Self {
            payer,
            ixs: ixs.into_iter().collect::<Vec<Instruction>>(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }
    pub fn new_with_payer_and_ixs(
        payer: Arc<dyn AsSigner>,
        ixs: impl IntoIterator<Item = Instruction>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            payer: payer.as_signer().pubkey(),
            signers: vec![Arc::clone(&payer)],
            ixs: ixs.into_iter().collect::<Vec<Instruction>>(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    // Builder methods, consumes self and returns self
    pub fn set_compute_units(mut self, compute_units: u32) -> Self {
        self.compute_units = Some(compute_units);
        self
    }
    pub fn set_priority_fees(mut self, priority_fees: u64) -> Self {
        self.priority_fees = Some(priority_fees);
        self
    }
    pub fn add_ix(mut self, ix: Instruction) -> Self {
        self.ixs.push(ix);
        self
    }
    pub fn has_signer(&self, signer: Pubkey) -> bool {
        self.signers
            .iter()
            .find(|s| s.as_signer().pubkey() == signer)
            .is_some()
    }
    pub fn has_payer(&self) -> bool {
        self.has_signer(self.payer)
    }
    pub fn add_signer(mut self, signer: Arc<dyn AsSigner>) -> TransactionBuilder {
        let signer_key = signer.as_signer().pubkey();
        if let None = self
            .signers

```

--------------------------------

### Build Solana Instruction (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/utils

Constructs a Solana `Instruction` object given a program ID, accounts, and instruction data. This is a fundamental utility for creating on-chain calls.

```rust
use solana_program::instruction::Instruction;
use solana_program::pubkey::Pubkey;
use crate::anchor_traits::{ToAccountMetas, InstructionData, Discriminator};

pub fn build_ix<A: ToAccountMetas, I: InstructionData + Discriminator + std::fmt::Debug>(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &A,
    params: &I,
) -> Instruction {
    Instruction {
        program_id: *program_id,
        accounts: accounts.to_account_metas(None),
        data: params.data(),
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Dereference Pointer

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/queue/struct

Dereferences a raw pointer to get an immutable reference to the value. This is an unsafe function from the Pointable trait.

```rust
unsafe fn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a T
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Mutably Dereference Pointer

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/queue/struct

Dereferences a raw pointer to get a mutable reference to the value. This is an unsafe function from the Pointable trait.

```rust
unsafe fn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mut T
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get Owner Public Key

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/queue/struct

Returns the public key associated with the owner of QueueAccountData. This function is part of the Owner implementation.

```rust
fn owner() -> Pubkey
```

--------------------------------

### Add Compute Budget Instructions to Transaction

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Demonstrates how to add instructions to a transaction builder and set compute units and priority fees. It shows that setting compute units adds one instruction, setting priority fees adds another, and setting both adds a third instruction.

```rust
    #[test]
    fn test_add_compute_budget_ixs() {
        let payer = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
        let payer_pubkey = payer.pubkey();

        let tx = TransactionBuilder::new_with_payer(payer.clone())
            .add_ix(Instruction::new_with_borsh(
                Pubkey::new_unique(),
                &vec![1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8],
                vec![
                    AccountMeta::new(payer_pubkey, true),
                    AccountMeta::new_readonly(Pubkey::new_unique(), false),
                ],
            ))
            .set_compute_units(750_000);
        assert_eq!(tx.ixs().unwrap_or_default().len(), 2);

        let tx = TransactionBuilder::new_with_payer(payer.clone())
            .add_ix(Instruction::new_with_borsh(
                Pubkey::new_unique(),
                &vec![1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8],
                vec![
                    AccountMeta::new(payer_pubkey, true),
                    AccountMeta::new_readonly(Pubkey::new_unique(), false),
                ],
            ))
            .set_priority_fees(500);
        assert_eq!(tx.ixs().unwrap_or_default().len(), 2);

        let tx = TransactionBuilder::new_with_payer(payer.clone())
            .add_ix(Instruction::new_with_borsh(
                Pubkey::new_unique(),
                &vec![1u8, 2u8, 3u8, 4u8],
                vec![
                    AccountMeta::new(payer_pubkey, true),
                    AccountMeta::new_readonly(Pubkey::new_unique(), false),
                ],
            ))
            .set_compute_units(750_000)
            .set_priority_fees(500);
        assert_eq!(tx.ixs().unwrap_or_default().len(), 3);
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Get All Oracle Keys in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/queue

Returns a vector containing all active oracle public keys. It slices the `oracle_keys` array up to the `oracle_keys_len` and converts it into a new `Vec<Pubkey>`.

```rust
pub fn oracle_keys(&self) -> Vec<Pubkey> {
        self.oracle_keys[..self.oracle_keys_len as usize].to_vec()
    }
```

--------------------------------

### IpfsManager IPFS Get Methods in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/ipfs/struct

Asynchronous methods for retrieving data from IPFS. `get_bytes` fetches raw bytes, while `get_object` deserializes IPFS content into a specified type `T`.

```rust
pub async fn get_bytes(&self, cid: String) -> Result<Vec<u8>, SbError>
```

```rust
pub async fn get_object<T>(&self, cid: String) -> Result<T, SbError>
where T: for<'a> Deserialize<'a> + Default
```

--------------------------------

### Import Switchboard On-Demand Core and Common Types (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/prelude

This snippet imports essential modules and types from the Switchboard On-Demand crate, including account definitions, configuration client, decimal types, instruction builders, and common utility types like timestamps and result structures. It also imports the necessary Anchor client and Solana program modules.

```rust
pub use crate::accounts::*;
use crate::cfg_client;
pub use crate::decimal::*;
pub use crate::instructions::*;
pub use crate::types::*;
pub use crate::{SWITCHBOARD_ON_DEMAND_PROGRAM_ID, SWITCHBOARD_PROGRAM_ID};
pub use rust_decimal;
pub use switchboard_common::{
    unix_timestamp,
    ChainResultInfo,
    FunctionResult,
    FunctionResultV0,
    FunctionResultV1,
    LegacyChainResultInfo,
    LegacySolanaFunctionResult,
    SolanaFunctionRequestType,
    SolanaFunctionResult,
    SolanaFunctionResultV0,
    SolanaFunctionResultV1,
    FUNCTION_RESULT_PREFIX,
};
cfg_client! {
    pub use crate::client::*;
    use anchor_client;
    use anchor_client::anchor_lang::solana_program;
}

pub use solana_program::entrypoint::ProgramResult;
pub use solana_program::instruction::{AccountMeta, Instruction};
pub use solana_program::program::{invoke, invoke_signed};
pub use std::result::Result;

```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'unwrap_or' Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Shows the Result::unwrap_or method, which returns the contained Ok value or a provided default if the Result is Err. The default value is eagerly evaluated.

```rust
let default = 2;
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(9);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_or(default), 9);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("error");
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_or(default), default);
```

--------------------------------

### Create Solana Transaction from Instructions

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/utils

Constructs a Solana `Transaction` from a list of `Instruction`s, signers, and a recent blockhash. It handles signing the transaction with the provided signers. Dependencies include Solana SDK crates.

```rust
use crate::prelude::*;
use solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction;
use solana_sdk::message::Message;
use solana_program::hash::Hash;

pub fn ix_to_tx(
    ixs: &[Instruction],
    signers: &[&Keypair],
    blockhash: Hash,
) -> Result<Transaction, OnDemandError> {
    let msg = Message::new(ixs, Some(&signers[0].pubkey()));
    let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(msg);
    tx.try_sign(&signers.to_vec(), blockhash)
        .map_err(|_e| OnDemandError::SolanaSignError)?;
    Ok(tx)
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Traits for POD and NoUninit Types

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/state/struct

These traits, `AnyBitPattern` and `NoUninit`, are marker traits for types that satisfy specific memory layout and initialization requirements, typically associated with the `Pod` trait.

```rust
impl<T> AnyBitPattern for T where T: Pod
```

```rust
impl<T> NoUninit for T where T: Pod
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Get Mutable Reference to Ok or Err Value

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Explains the `as_mut()` method, which provides mutable references to the contained values within a `Result`. This is useful for modifying the `Ok` or `Err` value in place.

```rust
fn mutate(r: &mut Result<i32, i32>) {
    match r.as_mut() {
        Ok(v) => *v = 42,
        Err(e) => *e = 0,
    }
}

let mut x: Result<i32, i32> = Ok(2);
mutate(&mut x);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 42);

let mut x: Result<i32, i32> = Err(13);
mutate(&mut x);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_err(), 0);
```

--------------------------------

### Build V0 Solana Transaction

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Initiates the construction of a v0 Solana transaction. This function signature suggests it will take a payer, a vector of instructions, and a vector of signers. The implementation would then use these parameters to create a `Transaction` object suitable for v0 transaction standards. Dependencies would include `solana_sdk` components.

```rust
pub fn build_v0_tx(
        payer: Pubkey,
        ixs: Vec<Instruction>,
        signers: Vec<&dyn Signer>,

```

--------------------------------

### Get Secp256k1 Authority Key in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/oracle

Retrieves the Secp256k1 authority key from an Oracle account. Returns `None` if the key is the default value (64 zero bytes), indicating no Secp256k1 authority is set.

```rust
pub fn secp_authority(&self) -> Option<[u8; 64]> {
        let key = self.secp_authority;
        if key == [0u8; 64] {
            return None;
        }
        Some(key)
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'or_else' Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Demonstrates the Result::or_else method, which calls a closure only if the Result is Err, providing a fallback mechanism. This is useful for lazily evaluating alternative error handling strategies.

```rust
fn sq(x: u32) -> Result<u32, u32> { Ok(x * x) }
fn err(x: u32) -> Result<u32, u32> { Err(x) }

assert_eq!(Ok(2).or_else(sq).or_else(sq), Ok(2));
assert_eq!(Ok(2).or_else(err).or_else(sq), Ok(2));
assert_eq!(Err(3).or_else(sq).or_else(err), Ok(9));
assert_eq!(Err(3).or_else(err).or_else(err), Err(3));
```

--------------------------------

### OracleAccountData Size Calculation and Constructor

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/oracle

Provides a static method `size()` to calculate the total size of the `OracleAccountData` including its discriminator. Also includes a constructor `new()` for creating an instance from a Solana `AccountInfo`.

```rust
impl OracleAccountData {
    pub fn size() -> usize {
        8 + std::mem::size_of::<OracleAccountData>()
    }

    /// Returns the deserialized Switchboard Quote account
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `quote_account_info` - A Solana AccountInfo referencing an existing Switchboard QuoteAccount
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// use switchboard_on_demand::OracleAccountData;
    ///
    /// let quote_account = OracleAccountData::new(quote_account_info)?;
    /// ```
    pub fn new<'info>(
        quote_account_info: &'info AccountInfo<'info>,
    ) -> Result<Ref<'info, OracleAccountData>, OnDemandError> {
        let data = quote_account_info
            .try_borrow_data()
            .map_err(|_| OnDemandError::AccountBorrowError)?;

```

--------------------------------

### Get Payer Public Key from Transaction Builder (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Returns the public key of the transaction's payer. This is a simple getter method that accesses the `payer` field of the `TransactionBuilder` struct.

```rust
// Getters
    pub fn payer(&self) -> Pubkey {
        self.payer
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'unwrap_err_unchecked' Unsafe Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Shows the unsafe Result::unwrap_err_unchecked method, which returns the contained Err value without checking if it's an Ok. Calling this on an Ok results in undefined behavior.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
unsafe { x.unwrap_err_unchecked() }; // Undefined behavior!
```

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_err_unchecked() }, "emergency failure");
```

--------------------------------

### Rust State PDA and Fetching Methods

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/state

Provides utility methods for the `State` struct in Rust, including calculating the account size, deriving the Program Derived Address (PDA) for the state, and fetching the state account asynchronously using a Solana RPC client. It dynamically determines the program ID based on the `CLUSTER` environment variable.

```rust
impl State {
    pub fn size() -> usize {
        8 + std::mem::size_of::<State>()
    }

    pub fn get_pda() -> Pubkey {
        let cluster = std::env::var("CLUSTER").unwrap_or("mainnet".to_string());
        let pid = get_sb_program_id(&cluster);
        let (pda_key, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(&[STATE_SEED], &pid);
        pda_key
    }

    pub fn get_program_pda(program_id: Option<Pubkey>) -> Pubkey {
        let cluster = std::env::var("CLUSTER").unwrap_or("mainnet".to_string());
        let pid = get_sb_program_id(&cluster);
        let (pda_key, _) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[STATE_SEED],
            &program_id.unwrap_or(pid),
        );
        pda_key
    }

    cfg_client! {
        pub async fn fetch_async(
            client: &solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient,
        ) -> std::result::Result<Self, crate::OnDemandError> {
            let pubkey = State::get_pda();
            crate::client::fetch_zerocopy_account_async(client, pubkey).await
        }
    }
}

```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'unwrap_unchecked' Unsafe Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Demonstrates the unsafe Result::unwrap_unchecked method, which returns the contained Ok value without checking if it's an Err. Calling this on an Err results in undefined behavior.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked() }, 2);
```

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked(); } // Undefined behavior!
```

--------------------------------

### IpfsManager Constructor Methods in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/ipfs/struct

Provides methods for creating instances of IpfsManager. `from_env` creates an instance using environment variables, while `new` takes explicit IPFS connection details.

```rust
pub fn from_env() -> Result<IpfsManager, SbError>
```

```rust
pub fn new(ipfs_url: &str, ipfs_key: &str, ipfs_secret: &str) -> IpfsManager
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result 'unwrap_or_else' Method Examples

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/prelude/type

Illustrates the Result::unwrap_or_else method, which returns the contained Ok value or computes a default value using a closure if the Result is Err. This allows for lazy evaluation of the default.

```rust
fn count(x: &str) -> usize { x.len() }

assert_eq!(Ok(2).unwrap_or_else(count), 2);
assert_eq!(Err("foo").unwrap_or_else(count), 3);
```

--------------------------------

### Fetch Multiple Address Lookup Accounts

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Fetches multiple address lookup table accounts from the Solana RPC using `get_multiple_accounts`. It takes an `RpcClient` and a vector of public keys. It handles cases where no public keys are provided and deserializes the account data, returning a vector of `AddressLookupTableAccount` structs or an error. Dependencies include `solana_client::rpc::RpcClient`, `solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey`, and `OnDemandError`.

```rust
pub async fn fetch_multiple_address_lookup_accounts(
        rpc: &RpcClient,
        address_lookup_pubkeys: Vec<Pubkey>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<AddressLookupTableAccount>, OnDemandError> {
        let address_lookup_accounts: Vec<AddressLookupTableAccount> =
            if address_lookup_pubkeys.is_empty() {
                vec![]
            } else {
                let accounts = rpc
                    .get_multiple_accounts(&address_lookup_pubkeys)
                    .await
                    .map_err(|_| OnDemandError::NetworkError)?;

                let mut address_lookup_accounts: Vec<AddressLookupTableAccount> = vec![];
                for (i, account) in accounts.iter().enumerate() {
                    let account = account.as_ref().ok_or(OnDemandError::AccountNotFound)?;
                    let address_lookup_table = AddressLookupTable::deserialize(&account.data)
                        .map_err(|_| OnDemandError::AccountDeserializeError)?;
                    let address_lookup_table_account = AddressLookupTableAccount {
                        key: address_lookup_pubkeys[i],
                        addresses: address_lookup_table.addresses.to_vec(),
                    };
                    address_lookup_accounts.push(address_lookup_table_account);
                }

                address_lookup_accounts
            };

        Ok(address_lookup_accounts)
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Build AttestationPermissionSet Instruction

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/instructions/permission_set

This Rust code defines the `AttestationPermissionSet` instruction, which allows for managing permissions related to oracles and queues. It includes account metas and a builder function to construct the instruction with specified permissions and enablement.

```rust
use crate::anchor_traits::*
use crate::prelude::*
use borsh::BorshSerialize;
use solana_program::pubkey::Pubkey;
use crate::get_sb_program_id;

#[repr(u32)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub enum SwitchboardPermission {
    None = 0 << 0,
    PermitOracleHeartbeat = 1 << 0,
    PermitOracleQueueUsage = 1 << 1,
}

pub struct AttestationPermissionSet {} 

#[derive(Clone, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
pub struct AttestationPermissionSetParams {
    pub permission: u8,
    pub enable: bool,
}

impl InstructionData for AttestationPermissionSetParams {}

impl Discriminator for AttestationPermissionSetParams {
    const DISCRIMINATOR: [u8; 8] = AttestationPermissionSet::DISCRIMINATOR;
}

impl Discriminator for AttestationPermissionSet {
    const DISCRIMINATOR: [u8; 8] = [211, 122, 185, 120, 129, 182, 55, 103];
}

pub struct AttestationPermissionSetAccounts {
    pub authority: Pubkey,
    pub granter: Pubkey,
    pub grantee: Pubkey,
}

impl ToAccountMetas for AttestationPermissionSetAccounts {
    fn to_account_metas(&self, _: Option<bool>) -> Vec<AccountMeta> {
        vec![
            AccountMeta::new_readonly(self.authority, true),
            AccountMeta::new_readonly(self.granter, false),
            AccountMeta::new(self.grantee, false),
        ]
    }
}

impl AttestationPermissionSet {
    pub fn build_ix(
        granter: Pubkey,
        authority: Pubkey,
        grantee: Pubkey,
        permission: SwitchboardPermission,
        enable: bool,
    ) -> Result<Instruction, OnDemandError> {
        let cluster = std::env::var("CLUSTER").unwrap_or("mainnet".to_string());
        let pid = get_sb_program_id(&cluster);
        Ok(crate::utils::build_ix(
            &pid,
            &AttestationPermissionSetAccounts {
                authority,
                granter,
                grantee,
            },
            &AttestationPermissionSetParams {
                permission: permission as u8,
                enable,
            },
        ))
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Load Keypair from File System (Rust)

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/utils

Loads a `Keypair` from a specified file path on the file system. It handles potential I/O errors during file reading and returns an `OnDemandError` if the operation fails.

```rust
pub fn load_keypair_fs(fs_path: &str) -> Result<Arc<Keypair>, OnDemandError> {
    match read_keypair_file(fs_path) {
        Ok(keypair) => Ok(Arc::new(keypair)),
        Err(e) => {
            if let Some(err) = e.source() {
                println!("Failed to read keypair file -- {}", err);
            }

            Err(OnDemandError::IoError)
        }
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Blanket Implementations for State: CheckedBitPattern and CloneToUninit

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/state/struct

Demonstrates blanket implementations for `CheckedBitPattern` and `CloneToUninit`. `CheckedBitPattern` aids in validating bit patterns for types that can be represented as raw bits. `CloneToUninit` provides methods for cloning data into uninitialized memory, often used in performance-critical scenarios.

```rust
impl<T> CheckedBitPattern for T where T: AnyBitPattern,
    type Bits = T
    fn is_valid_bit_pattern(_bits: &T) -> bool

impl<T> CloneToUninit for T where T: Clone,
    default unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dst: *mut T)

impl<T> CloneToUninit for T where T: Copy,
    unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dst: *mut T)
```

--------------------------------

### Get Ed25519 Signer Public Key in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/on_demand/accounts/oracle

Retrieves the Ed25519 signer's public key from an Oracle account. Returns `None` if the public key is the default value (all zeros), indicating no Ed25519 signer is configured.

```rust
pub fn ed25519_signer(&self) -> Option<Pubkey> {
        let key = self.enclave.enclave_signer;
        if key == Pubkey::default() {
            return None;
        }
        Some(key)
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Pub/Sub Event Client Builder Initialization

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/event_client

This snippet shows the initialization of the PubSubEventClientBuilder. It sets the program ID and WebSocket URL, automatically converting http/https to ws/wss. It also initializes an empty vector for other public keys and sets the maximum retries to None by default.

```rust
impl PubSubEventClientBuilder {
    // Creates a new builder with the provided WebSocket URL
    pub fn new(program_id: Pubkey, websocket_url: String) -> Self {
        Self {
            program_id,
            websocket_url: websocket_url
                .replace("https://", "wss://")
                .replace("http://", "ws://"),
            other_pubkeys: Vec::new(),

            max_retries: None,
        }
    }
// ... other methods
```

--------------------------------

### Get Oracle Account Size in Rust

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/oracle/struct

Provides a static method `size()` to retrieve the memory size of the `OracleAccountData` struct in bytes. This is useful for calculating account rent or performing other size-related operations.

```rust
pub fn size() -> usize

```

--------------------------------

### Build Legacy Solana Transaction

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/src/switchboard_on_demand/client/transaction_builder

Constructs a legacy Solana transaction from a payer, instructions, signers, and a recent blockhash. It handles transaction signing and returns a Result indicating success or a Solana-specific error. Dependencies include the `solana_sdk` crate for `Transaction`, `Pubkey`, `Signer`, and `Hash`.

```rust
pub fn build_legacy_tx(
        payer: Pubkey,
        ixs: Vec<Instruction>,
        signers: Vec<&dyn Signer>,
        recent_blockhash: Hash,
    ) -> Result<Transaction, OnDemandError> {
        let mut tx = Transaction::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&payer));
        tx.try_sign(&signers, recent_blockhash).map_err(|_| OnDemandError::SolanaSignError)?;
        Ok(tx)
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Pointer Initialization and Dereferencing

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/state/struct

Implements the `Pointable` trait for raw pointer operations. It includes methods for getting pointer alignment, initializing memory, dereferencing pointers to immutable or mutable references, and dropping pointed-to objects.

```rust
const ALIGN: usize
type Init = T;
unsafe fn init(init: <T as Pointable>::Init) -> usize;
unsafe fn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a T;
unsafe fn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mut T;
unsafe fn drop(ptr: usize);
```

--------------------------------

### Dereference raw pointer to get reference

Source: https://switchboard-on-demand-rust-docs.web.app/on_demand/accounts/randomness/struct

Dereferences a raw pointer (`usize`) to obtain an immutable reference (`&'a T`) to the object it points to. This is an unsafe operation and requires that the pointer is valid and points to an initialized object of type `T`. The lifetime `'a` is determined by the context.

```rust
impl<T> Pointable for T
where T: Pod
```

```rust
unsafe fn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a T
```