### Load data for projection backend example

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/projection.rst.txt

Loads a SWIFT snapshot and imports project_gas, the starting point for using any projection backend. This snippet is the setup for the backend example that follows.

```python
from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation.projection import project_gas

data = load("cosmo_volume_example.hdf5")
```

--------------------------------

### Install swiftsimio via pip

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started/index.html

Use the pip package manager to install the swiftsimio toolkit.

```bash
pip install swiftsimio
```

--------------------------------

### Install swiftsimio with dev and docs dependencies

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/getting_started/index.rst.txt

Installs swiftsimio in editable mode with optional dependencies for development and building documentation. Run from the cloned repository directory.

```bash
cd swiftsimio
pip install -e .[dev,docs]
```

--------------------------------

### swiftsnap example output

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/command_line/index.html

Example output produced by the swiftsnap command, showing metadata such as simulation state, cosmology parameters, and code version.

```text
Untitled SWIFT simulation
Written at: 2020-06-01 08:44:51
Active policies: cosmological integration, hydro, keep, self gravity, steal
Output type: Snapshot, Output selection: Snapshot
LLVM/Clang (11.0.0)
Non-MPI version of SWIFT
SWIFT (io_selection_changes)
v0.8.5-725-g10d7d5b3-dirty
2020-05-29 18:00:58 +0100
Simulation state: z=0.8889, a=0.5294, t=6.421 Gyr
H_0=70.3 km/(Mpc*s), ρ_crit=1.433e-05 cm**(-3)
Ω_b=0.0455, Ω_k=0, Ω_lambda=0.724, Ω_m=0.276, Ω_r=0
ω=-1, ω_0=-1, ω_a=0
Gravity scheme: With per-particle softening
Hydrodynamics scheme: Gadget-2 version of SPH (Springel 2005)
Chemistry model: None
Cooling model: None
Entropy floor: None
Feedback model: None
Tracers: None

```

--------------------------------

### Initialize structured array for view examples

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.objects.html

Sets up a structured array to demonstrate view operations.

```python
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.array([(-1, 2)], dtype=[('a', np.int8), ('b', np.int8)])
```

--------------------------------

### Output of load_statistics example

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/statistics/index.rst.txt

Expected output from the load_statistics example, showing the statistics file fields and the name of the total_mass field.

```bash
Statistics file: energy.txt, containing fields: #, step, time, a, z, total_mass,
gas_mass, dm_mass, sink_mass, star_mass, bh_mass, gas_z_mass, star_z_mass,
bh_z_mass, kin_energy, int_energy, pot_energy, rad_energy, gas_entropy, com_x,
com_y, com_z, mom_x, mom_y, mom_z, ang_mom_x, ang_mom_y, ang_mom_z

'Total mass in the simulation'
```

--------------------------------

### Setting Up Visualization Region

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/volume_render.rst.txt

Example of loading data and defining a spatial region for subsequent visualization.

```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm

from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation import volume_render

# Load the data
data = load("eagle_6.hdf5")

# Rough location of an interesting galaxy in the volume.
region = [
    0.225 * data.metadata.boxsize[0],
    0.275 * data.metadata.boxsize[0],
    0.12 * data.metadata.boxsize[1],
    0.17 * data.metadata.boxsize[1],
    0.45 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
    0.5 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
]
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize __SWIFTNamedColumnDataset

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/swiftsimio/reader.html

Example of initializing a named column dataset for gas particle element mass fractions.

```python
data.gas = __SWIFTNamedColumnDataset(
"/PartType0/ElementMassFractions",
["hydrogen", "helium"],
"element_mass_fraction",
handle
)
```

```python
data.gas.element_mass_fraction.hydrogen
data.gas.element_mass_fraction.helium
```

--------------------------------

### ranges_from_array example

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.accelerated.html

Demonstrates the input array and the corresponding output of contiguous ranges.

```python
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13]
```

```python
[[0, 4], [5, 8], [9, 10], [11, 14]]
```

--------------------------------

### Invoke the fast projection backend

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/projection.rst.txt

Demonstrates how to import the fast backend from swiftsimio and generate a 2D projection grid using particle positions, smoothing lengths, and mass.

```python
from swiftsimio.visualisation.projection_backends import backends

scatter = backends["fast"]
# Using the variable names from above
out = scatter(x=x, y=y, h=h, m=m, res=res)
```

--------------------------------

### compiler_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats information about the compiler.

```APIDOC
## compiler_info (property)

### Description
Get and format information about the compiler. Formatting is as: Compiler Name (Compiler Version) MPI library

### Method
Property

### Signature
`compiler_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - The compiler information.
```

--------------------------------

### Populate gas dataset with required fields

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/swiftsimio/snapshot_writer.html

A complete example showing how to initialize the Writer object and populate all required fields for the gas dataset before writing to an HDF5 file.

```python
import numpy as np
import unyt as u
from swiftsimio import Writer, cosmo_array
from swiftsimio.metadata.writer.unit_systems import cosmo_unit_system

# number of gas particles
n_p = 1000
# scale factor of 1.0
a = 1.0
# Box is 100 Mpc
lbox = 100
boxsize = cosmo_array(
     [lbox, lbox, lbox],
     u.Mpc,
     comoving=True,
     scale_factor=a,
     scale_exponent=1,
)

# Create the Writer object. cosmo_unit_system corresponds to default Gadget-like
# units of 10^10 Msun, Mpc, and km/s
w = Writer(unit_system=cosmo_unit_system, boxsize=boxsize, scale_factor=a)

# Randomly spaced coordinates from 0 to lbox Mpc in each direction
w.gas.coordinates = cosmo_array(
    np.random.rand(n_p, 3) * lbox,
    u.Mpc,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=1,
)

# Random velocities from 0 to 1 km/s
w.gas.velocities = cosmo_array(
    np.random.rand(n_p, 3),
    u.km / u.s,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=1,
)

# Generate uniform masses as 10^6 solar masses for each particle
w.gas.masses = cosmo_array(
    np.ones(n_p, dtype=float) * 1e6,
    u.solMass,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=0,
)

# Generate internal energy corresponding to 10^4 K
w.gas.internal_energy = cosmo_array(
    np.ones(n_p, dtype=float) * 1e4 / 1e6,
    u.kb * u.K / u.solMass,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=-2,
)

# Generate initial guess for smoothing lengths based on mean inter-particle spacing
w.gas.generate_smoothing_lengths()

# w.gas.particle_ids can optionally be set, otherwise they are auto-generated

# write the initial conditions out to a file
w.write("ics.hdf5")
```

--------------------------------

### diffusion_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats information about the diffusion scheme.

```APIDOC
## diffusion_info (property)

### Description
Get and format information about the diffusion scheme. Formatting is as: alpha_D,0 = Diffusion alpha, beta_D = Diffusion beta Diffusion alpha (min) < alpha_D < Diffusion alpha (max)

### Method
Property

### Signature
`diffusion_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - Formatted diffusion scheme information.
```

--------------------------------

### viscosity_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats information about the viscosity scheme.

```APIDOC
## viscosity_info (property)

### Description
Get and format information about the viscosity scheme. Formatting is as: Viscosity Model alpha_V,0 = Alpha viscosity, ell_V = Viscosity decay length [internal units], beta_V = Beta viscosity Alpha viscosity (min) < alpha_V < Alpha viscosity (max)

### Method
Property

### Signature
`viscosity_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - Viscosity scheme information.
```

--------------------------------

### hydro_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats information about the hydro scheme.

```APIDOC
## hydro_info (property)

### Description
Get and format information about the hydro scheme. Formatting is as: Scheme Kernel function in DimensionD eta = Kernel eta (Kernel target N_ngb) C_CFL = CFL parameter

### Method
Property

### Signature
`hydro_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - Hydro scheme information.
```

--------------------------------

### library_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats information about the libraries used.

```APIDOC
## library_info (property)

### Description
Get and format information about the libraries used. Formatting is as: FFTW vFFTW library version GSL vGSL library version HDF5 vHDF5 library version

### Method
Property

### Signature
`library_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - The library information.
```

--------------------------------

### Create a projected temperature cube

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/volume_render.rst.txt

Shows how to calculate a temperature cube by creating a mass-weighted temperature dataset and dividing it by the mass density cube.

```python
from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation.volume_render import render_gas

data = load("cosmo_volume_example.hdf5")

# First create a mass-weighted temperature dataset
data.gas.mass_weighted_temps = data.gas.masses * data.gas.temperatures

# Map in msun / mpc^3
mass_cube = render_gas(
    data,
    resolution=256,
    project="masses",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)

# Map in msun * K / mpc^3
mass_weighted_temp_cube = render_gas(
    data,
    resolution=256,
    project="mass_weighted_temps",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)

# A 256 x 256 x 256 cube with dimensions of temperature
temp_cube = mass_weighted_temp_cube / mass_cube
```

--------------------------------

### present_group_names (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets the names of the groups that we want to expose.

```APIDOC
## present_group_names (property)

### Description
Get the names of the groups that we want to expose.

### Method
Property

### Signature
`present_group_names: list[str]`

### Returns
- **list[str]** - List of names to expose.
```

--------------------------------

### Create a projected temperature map

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/slice.rst.txt

Shows how to create a temperature map by calculating a mass-weighted temperature slice and dividing it by a mass density slice.

```python
from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation.slice import slice_gas

data = load("cosmo_volume_example.hdf5")

# First create a mass-weighted temperature dataset
data.gas.mass_weighted_temps = data.gas.masses * data.gas.temperatures

# Map in msun / mpc^3
mass_map = slice_gas(
    data,
    z_slice=0.5 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
    resolution=1024,
    project="masses",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)

# Map in msun * K / mpc^3
mass_weighted_temp_map = slice_gas(
    data,
    z_slice=0.5 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
    resolution=1024,
    project="mass_weighted_temps",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)

temp_map = mass_weighted_temp_map / mass_map

from unyt import K
temp_map.convert_to_units(K)

from matplotlib.pyplot import imsave
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm

# Normalize and save
imsave("temp_map.png", LogNorm()(temp_map.value), cmap="twilight")
```

--------------------------------

### present_groups (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets the groups containing datasets that are present in the file.

```APIDOC
## present_groups (property)

### Description
Get the groups containing datasets that are present in the file.

### Method
Property

### Signature
`present_groups: list[str]`

### Returns
- **list[str]** - List of present groups.
```

--------------------------------

### Plot a density-temperature phase diagram

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started/index.html

Load a SWIFT snapshot, convert gas densities and temperatures to CGS units, and generate a phase diagram plot.

```python
import swiftsimio as sw

# This loads all metadata but explicitly does _not_ read any particle data yet
data = sw.load("/path/to/swift/output")

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data.gas.densities.convert_to_cgs()
data.gas.temperatures.convert_to_cgs()

plt.loglog()

plt.scatter(
   data.gas.densities,
   data.gas.temperatures,
   s=1
)

plt.xlabel(fr"Gas density $\left[{data.gas.densities.units.latex_repr}\right]$")
plt.ylabel(fr"Gas temperature $\left[{data.gas.temperatures.units.latex_repr}\right]$")

plt.tight_layout()

plt.savefig("test_plot.png", dpi=300)
```

--------------------------------

### Create a gas mass density map

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/slice.rst.txt

Demonstrates how to use slice_gas to generate a mass density map from simulation data and save it as an image.

```python
from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation.slice import slice_gas

data = load("cosmo_volume_example.hdf5")

# This creates a grid that has units msun / Mpc^3, and can be transformed like
# any other unyt quantity. The position of the slice along the z axis is
# provided in the z_slice argument.
mass_map = slice_gas(
    data,
    z_slice=0.5 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
    resolution=1024,
    project="masses",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)

# Let's say we wish to save it as g / cm^2,
from unyt import g, cm
mass_map.convert_to_units(g / cm**3)

from matplotlib.pyplot import imsave
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm

# Normalize and save
imsave("gas_slice_map.png", LogNorm()(mass_map.value), cmap="viridis")
```

--------------------------------

### Import optional packages with fallbacks (swiftsimio.optional_packages)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/swiftsimio/optional_packages.html

Source code for the swiftsimio.optional_packages module. It attempts to import optional dependencies (tqdm, scipy.spatial.cKDTree, astropy, matplotlib.pyplot, numba, numba.cuda, and hdfstream) and provides mock fallbacks when they are unavailable. The module defines availability flags such as TQDM_AVAILABLE, TREE_AVAILABLE, ASTROPY_AVAILABLE, MATPLOTLIB_AVAILABLE, and CUDA_AVAILABLE, and mock functions like tqdm, jit, and cuda_jit that return the input unchanged or a trivial wrapper. When numba is missing, it prints a message suggesting 'pip install numba'.

```python
from typing import Iterable, Callable, Any

# TQDM
try:
    from tqdm import tqdm

    TQDM_AVAILABLE = True
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):



[docs]
    def tqdm(x: Iterable, *args: tuple[Any], **kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> Iterable:
        """
        Mock the main tqdm function for use if it's unavailable.

        Parameters
        ----------
        x : Iterable
            The iterable whose progress would be track by tqdm.

        *args : tuple[Any]
            Arbitrary additional arguments.

        **kwargs : dict[str, Any]
            Arbitrary additional kwargs.

        Returns
        -------
        out : Iterable
            The input iterable is returned.
        """
        return x



    TQDM_AVAILABLE = False

try:
    from scipy.spatial import cKDTree as KDTree

    TREE_AVAILABLE = True
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    KDTree = None
    TREE_AVAILABLE = False


# Astropy
try:
    import astropy

    ASTROPY_AVAILABLE = True
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    astropy = None
    ASTROPY_AVAILABLE = False


# matplotlib
try:
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

    MATPLOTLIB_AVAILABLE = True
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    plt = None
    MATPLOTLIB_AVAILABLE = False

# numba
try:
    from numba import jit, prange
    from numba.core.config import NUMBA_NUM_THREADS as NUM_THREADS
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    try:
        from numba import jit, prange
        from numba.config import NUMBA_NUM_THREADS as NUM_THREADS
    except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
        print(
            "You do not have numba installed. Please consider installing "
            "if you are going to be doing visualisation or indexing large arrays "
            "(pip install numba)"
        )

        def jit(*args: tuple[Any], **kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> Callable:
            """
            Mock the numba jit function for use if not available.

            Parameters
            ----------
            *args : tuple[Any]
                Arbitrary arguments.

            **kwargs : dict[str, Any]
                Arbitrary kwargs.

            Returns
            -------
            out : Callable
                The wrapper function (a trivial wrapper).
            """
            return lambda func: func

        prange = range
        NUM_THREADS = 1

# Numba/CUDA
try:
    from numba.cuda.cudadrv.error import CudaSupportError

    try:
        import numba.cuda.cudadrv.driver as drv
        from numba import cuda
        from numba.cuda import jit as cuda_jit

        try:
            CUDA_AVAILABLE = cuda.is_available()
        except AttributeError:
            # Backwards compatibility with older versions
            # Check for the driver

            d = drv.Driver()
            d.initialize()

            CUDA_AVAILABLE = True

    except CudaSupportError:
        CUDA_AVAILABLE = False

except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    # Mock the CudaSupportError so that we can raise it in cases
    # where we don't have numba installed.

    class CudaSupportError(Exception):
        """
        Mock the CudaSupportError class for use if it's unavailable.

        Parameters
        ----------
        message : str
            The error message.
        """

        def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
            self.message = message

    CUDA_AVAILABLE = False


if not CUDA_AVAILABLE:
    # Mock cuda-jit to prevent crashes


[docs]
    def cuda_jit(*args, **kwargs):  # NOQA
        """
        Mock the cuda_jit function for use if it's unavailable.

        Returns
        -------
        out : Callable
            The wrapper function (a trivial wrapper).
        """
        return lambda func: func



    # For additional CUDA API access
    cuda = None

# hdfstream
try:
    import hdfstream

    HDFSTREAM_AVAILABLE = True
except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
    hdfstream = None
    HDFSTREAM_AVAILABLE = False
```

--------------------------------

### code_info (property)

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/swiftsimio.html

Gets and formats a nicely printed set of code information.

```APIDOC
## code_info (property)

### Description
Get and format a nicely printed set of code information. Formatting is as: Name (Git Branch) Git Revision Git Date

### Method
Property

### Signature
`code_info: str`

### Returns
- **str** - The code information.
```

--------------------------------

### Get mapping metadata

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/swiftsimio/metadata/objects.html

Extracts mappings from SubgridScheme keys ending in 'Mapping'.

```python
[docs]
    def get_mapping_metadata(self) -> None:
        """
        Get the mappings based on the named columns (must have already been read).

        From the form:

        SubgridScheme/{X}To{Y}Mapping.

        Includes a hack of `Dust` -> `Grains` that will be deprecated.
        """
        try:
            possible_keys = self.handle["SubgridScheme"].keys()

            available_keys = [key for key in possible_keys if key.endswith("Mapping")]
            available_data = [
                self.handle[f"SubgridScheme/{key}"][:] for key in available_keys
            ]
        except KeyError:
            available_keys = []
            available_data = []

        # Keys have form {X}To{Y}Mapping
        regex = r"([a-zA-Z]*)To([a-zA-Z]*)Mapping"
        compiled = re.compile(regex)

        for key, data in zip(available_keys, available_data):
            matched = compiled.match(key)
            snake_case = _convert_snake_to_camel(key)

            if matched:
                x = matched.group(1)
                y = matched.group(2)
```

--------------------------------

### Render gas volume quick view

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/visualisation/volume_render.html

Loads data and renders a gas volume to create a density projection image.

```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm

from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation import volume_render

# Load the data
data = load("eagle_6.hdf5")

# Rough location of an interesting galaxy in the volume.
region = [
    0.225 * data.metadata.boxsize[0],
    0.275 * data.metadata.boxsize[0],
    0.12 * data.metadata.boxsize[1],
    0.17 * data.metadata.boxsize[1],
    0.45 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
    0.5 * data.metadata.boxsize[2],
]

# Render the volume (note 1024 is reasonably high resolution so this won't complete
# immediately; you should consider using 256, etc. for testing).
rendered = volume_render.render_gas(
    data, resolution=1024, region=region, parallel=True
)

# Quick view! By projecting along the final axis you can get
# the projected density from the rendered image.
plt.imsave("volume_render_quick_view.png", LogNorm()(rendered.sum(-1)))
```

--------------------------------

### SWIFTFOFMetadata

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules/index.html

Represents metadata for a friends-of-friends group. Provides methods to get a nice name.

```APIDOC
## SWIFTFOFMetadata

### Description
Represents metadata for a friends-of-friends group. Provides methods to get a nice name.

### Properties
- **homogeneous_arrays** - Whether arrays are homogeneous.
- **present_groups** - The groups present.
- **present_group_names** - The names of groups present.

### Methods
- **get_nice_name()** - Returns a nice name.
```

--------------------------------

### Create a mass density cube

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/visualisation/volume_render.rst.txt

Demonstrates the basic usage of render_gas to create a mass density voxel grid from simulation data.

```python
from swiftsimio import load
from swiftsimio.visualisation.volume_render import render_gas

data = load("cosmo_volume_example.hdf5")

# This creates a grid that has units msun / Mpc^3, and can be transformed like
# any other unyt quantity.
mass_grid = render_gas(
    data,
    resolution=256,
    project="masses",
    parallel=True,
    periodic=True,
)
```

--------------------------------

### Generate Initial Conditions with swiftsimio

Source: https://swiftsimio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/creating_initial_conditions/index.rst.txt

This script demonstrates how to initialize a Writer object, define particle properties using cosmo_array, and export the data to an HDF5 file.

```python
import numpy as np
import unyt as u
from swiftsimio import Writer, cosmo_array
from swiftsimio.metadata.writer.unit_systems import cosmo_unit_system

# number of gas particles
n_p = 1000
# scale factor of 1.0
a = 1.0
# Box is 100 Mpc
lbox = 100
boxsize = cosmo_array(
     [lbox, lbox, lbox],
     u.Mpc,
     comoving=True,
     scale_factor=a,
     scale_exponent=1,
)

# Create the Writer object. cosmo_unit_system corresponds to default Gadget-like units
# of 10^10 Msun, Mpc, and km/s
w = Writer(unit_system=cosmo_unit_system, boxsize=boxsize, scale_factor=a)

# Randomly spaced coordinates from 0 to lbox Mpc in each direction
w.gas.coordinates = cosmo_array(
    np.random.rand(n_p, 3) * lbox,
    u.Mpc,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=1,
)

# Random velocities from 0 to 1 km/s
w.gas.velocities = cosmo_array(
    np.random.rand(n_p, 3),
    u.km / u.s,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=1,
)

# Generate uniform masses as 10^6 solar masses for each particle
w.gas.masses = cosmo_array(
    np.ones(n_p, dtype=float) * 1e6,
    u.solMass,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=0,
)

# Generate internal energy corresponding to 10^4 K
w.gas.internal_energy = cosmo_array(
    np.ones(n_p, dtype=float) * 1e4 / 1e6,
    u.kb * u.K / u.solMass,
    comoving=True,
    scale_factor=w.scale_factor,
    scale_exponent=-2,
)

# Generate initial guess for smoothing lengths based on mean inter-particle spacing
w.gas.generate_smoothing_lengths()

# w.gas.particle_ids can optionally be set, otherwise they are auto-generated

# write the initial conditions out to a file
w.write("ics.hdf5")
```