Starknet

https://docs.starknet.io
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Starknet is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that enables secure, scalable smart contract...
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### Install Starknet Development Tools using `asdf`

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Installs Scarb, Starknet Foundry, and Starknet Devnet using the `asdf` version manager. This process involves adding the respective plugins, installing the latest versions, and setting them as the global default. It concludes with verification commands.

```bash
asdf plugin add scarb
asdf install scarb latest
asdf set -u scarb latest
asdf plugin add starknet-foundry
asdf install starknet-foundry latest
asdf set -u starknet-foundry latest
asdf plugin add starknet-devnet
asdf install starknet-devnet latest
asdf set -u starknet-devnet latest
```

```bash
scarb --version
snforge --version && sncast --version
starknet-devnet --version
```

--------------------------------

### Install WSL and Ubuntu on Windows

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Installs the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) and the default Ubuntu distribution. This is a prerequisite for setting up Starknet development tools on Windows. It may require a system reboot.

```bash
wsl --install
```

```bash
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
```

--------------------------------

### Install prerequisite packages in Ubuntu (WSL)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Updates the package list and installs essential development tools like curl, git, and build-essential within the Ubuntu environment on Windows using WSL. These are necessary for further installations.

```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y curl git build-essential
```

--------------------------------

### Install `asdf` Version Manager

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Installs the `asdf` version manager using Homebrew. `asdf` allows for easy switching between different versions of tools like Scarb, Starknet Foundry, and Starknet Devnet. It adds `asdf` to the bashrc for persistent use.

```bash
brew install asdf
echo '. "$(brew --prefix asdf)/libexec/asdf.sh"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```

```bash
asdf --version
```

--------------------------------

### Install Homebrew on MacOS/Linux

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Installs the Homebrew package manager on MacOS and Linux systems. Homebrew simplifies the installation of various command-line tools and software. After installation, it configures the shell environment.

```bash
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
echo 'eval "$(/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/bin/brew shellenv)"' >> ~/.profile
source ~/.profile
```

```bash
brew --version
```

--------------------------------

### Successful Attestation Service Output Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/secure/quickstart/attesting-to-blocks

This output demonstrates a successful run of the attestation service. It includes initial attestation information such as staker address, stake amount, and epoch details. Subsequent log entries indicate the start of a new epoch, the sending of an attestation transaction, and its confirmation.

```shell
Current attestation info staker_address=0x48f8ddc0bc864f33d4c47b79a1f0e1460e0777d0b0224d8c291f1039523306e operational_address=0x48f8ddc0bc864f33d4c47b79a1f0e1460e0777d0b0224d8c291f1039523306e stake=100000000000000000000 epoch_id=1201 epoch_start=712773 epoch_length=40 attestation_window=16

2025-04-22T11:04:22.716449Z  INFO starknet_validator_attestation::state: New epoch started staker_address=0x48f8ddc0bc864f33d4c47b79a1f0e1460e0777d0b0224d8c291f1039523306e operational_address=0x48f8ddc0bc864f33d4c47b79a1f0e1460e0777d0b0224d8c291f1039523306e stake=100000000000000000000 epoch_id=1205 epoch_start=712933 epoch_length=40 attestation_window=16
2025-04-22T11:11:00.263344Z  INFO starknet_validator_attestation::state: Attestation transaction sent transaction_hash=0x79f9f5ec8dbfca48a132e8d23caad15455c6e0dc98ec517a7013c374d7d5501
2025-04-22T11:11:03.017827Z  INFO starknet_validator_attestation::state: Attestation confirmed staker_address=0x48f8ddc0bc864f33d4c47b79a1f0e1460e0777d0b0224d8c291f1039523306e epoch_id=1205

```

--------------------------------

### Manage Scarb Versions with ASDF

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

This command sequence demonstrates how to manage different Scarb versions for a project using the `asdf` version manager. Use `asdf install scarb <VERSION>` to install a specific Scarb version and `asdf set scarb <VERSION>` to set it as the local version for the current project directory.

```bash
asdf install scarb <VERSION>
asdf set scarb <VERSION>
```

--------------------------------

### Install asdf using Homebrew

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Installs the 'asdf' version manager using the Homebrew package manager. Ensure Homebrew is installed before running this command.

```bash
brew install asdf
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Range Usage Examples

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-ops-range-Range

Demonstrates how to create and use `Range` instances in Rust. Shows range comparison and iteration. The `start..end` syntax directly creates a `Range` object.

```rust
assert!((3..5) == core::ops::Range { start: 3, end: 5 });

let mut sum = 0;
for i in 3..6 {
    sum += i;
}
assert!(sum == 3 + 4 + 5);
```

--------------------------------

### Install Starknet tools on MacOS/Linux using Starkup

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Installs Scarb, Starknet Foundry, and Starknet Devnet on MacOS and Linux systems using the Starkup installer script. This is the recommended method for these operating systems.

```bash
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.starkup.sh | sh
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize NPM Package and Install Starknet.js

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/applications/simple-storage

Initializes a new npm package and installs the 'starknet' library as a dependency. This is the first step in setting up a project to interact with Starknet contracts using JavaScript.

```bash
npm init
npm install starknet@next
```

--------------------------------

### Install Homebrew on Ubuntu (WSL)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Installs the Homebrew package manager within the Ubuntu environment on Windows using WSL. Homebrew is then added to the shell environment for use.

```bash
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
echo 'eval "$(/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/bin/brew shellenv)"' >> ~/.profile
source ~/.profile
```

--------------------------------

### Install WSL and Ubuntu on Windows

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Installs the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) and the default Ubuntu distribution using a PowerShell command. This is a prerequisite for setting up Starknet development tools on Windows.

```powershell
wsl --install
```

--------------------------------

### Example Usage of StoragePathEntry

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-storage-map-StoragePathEntry

An example demonstrating how to use the StoragePathEntry trait to get the storage path for a balance of a specific address. It imports necessary types from the starknet crate and uses the entry method.

```rust
use starknet::ContractAddress;
use starknet::storage::{Map, StoragePathEntry};

#[storage]
struct Storage {
    balances: Map,
}

// Get the storage path for the balance of a specific address
let balance_path = self.balances.entry(address);
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Homebrew installation on Ubuntu (WSL)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Checks if the Homebrew package manager has been installed successfully within the Ubuntu environment on Windows via WSL by displaying its version.

```bash
brew --version
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Example Usage of Add Trait

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-Add

Provides examples of using the `Add` trait in StarkNet's Rust environment. The first example shows addition with primitive unsigned integer types. The second example demonstrates the `add` function directly, which is part of the `Add` trait.

```rust
assert!(1_u8 + 2_u8 == 3_u8);
```

```rust
assert!(12 + 1 == 13);
```

--------------------------------

### Commit-Reveal Usage Example in StarkNet (Rust)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/advanced/commit-reveal

An example demonstrating how to use the Commit-Reveal pattern off-chain and on-chain with StarkNet. It shows the computation of the commitment hash and the subsequent calls to the contract's commit and reveal functions. This example assumes the contract is deployed and accessible.

```rust
// Off-chain, compute the commitment hash for secret
let secret = "My secret";
let offchain_commitment = PedersenTrait::new(secret).finalize();

// Commit on-chain
contract.commit(offchain_commitment);

// Reveal on-chain and assert the result
let reveal_result = contract.reveal(secret);

```

--------------------------------

### Install Starknet Foundry with asdf

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Adds the Starknet Foundry plugin to 'asdf', installs the latest version of Starknet Foundry, and sets it as the global default. This simplifies managing Starknet Foundry versions.

```bash
asdf plugin add starknet-foundry
asdf install starknet-foundry latest
asdf set -u starknet-foundry latest
```

--------------------------------

### Verify asdf Installation

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Checks if 'asdf' has been installed correctly by displaying its version number. This command confirms that the 'asdf' executable is accessible in the system's PATH.

```bash
asdf --version
```

--------------------------------

### Install Starknet Devnet with asdf

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Adds the Starknet Devnet plugin to 'asdf', installs the latest version of Starknet Devnet, and sets it as the global default. This allows for streamlined management of Starknet Devnet versions.

```bash
asdf plugin add starknet-devnet
asdf install starknet-devnet latest
asdf set -u starknet-devnet latest
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Starknet tool installations on MacOS/Linux

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Checks if Scarb, Starknet Foundry (snforge, sncast), and Starknet Devnet are installed correctly by querying their version numbers. Successful execution shows the version information for each tool.

```bash
scarb --version
snforge --version && sncast --version
starknet-devnet --version
```

--------------------------------

### Install Scarb with asdf

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/environment-setup

Adds the Scarb plugin to 'asdf', installs the latest version of Scarb, and sets it as the global default. This enables easy management of Scarb versions.

```bash
asdf plugin add scarb
asdf install scarb latest
asdf set -u scarb latest
```

--------------------------------

### Example of BoxTrait::new in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-box-BoxTrait

Demonstrates the usage of the BoxTrait::new function to create a boxed integer. This example illustrates how to initialize a Box with a value.

```rust
let x = 42;
let boxed_x = BoxTrait::new(x);
```

--------------------------------

### Example of BoxTrait::as_snapshot in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-box-BoxTrait

Demonstrates the usage of BoxTrait::as_snapshot to create a Box of a snapshot from an array. This example highlights its utility for non-copyable types.

```rust
let snap_boxed_arr = @BoxTraits::new(array![1, 2, 3]);
let boxed_snap_arr = snap_boxed_arr.as_snapshot();
let snap_arr = boxed_snap_arr.unbox();
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize Trusted Setup Ceremony (Bash)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/advanced/verify-proofs

Initializes the 'Powers of Tau' phase of the trusted setup ceremony for Groth16 zk-SNARKs using 'snarkjs'. This command generates the initial tau power file required for subsequent contribution steps. The ceremony is crucial for generating the proving and verification keys.

```bash
mkdir target/ptau && cd target/ptau
snarkjs powersoftau new bn128 12 pot12_0000.ptau -v

```

--------------------------------

### Rust Display Trait Usage Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-fmt-Display

An example demonstrating the usage of the Display trait in Rust. It shows how to format a ByteArray using the standard empty format specifier "{}" with println! macro.

```rust
let word: ByteArray = "123";
println!("{}", word);
```

--------------------------------

### Install rclone File Manager (Shell)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/secure/quickstart/running-a-node

Installs the rclone file manager, a tool used for downloading data snapshots from cloud storage. This script is for Linux, macOS, and BSD systems.

```shell
sudo -v ; curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bash

```

--------------------------------

### GET /get_version

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/cheatsheets/starkgate-reference

Returns the current version of StarkGate.

```APIDOC
## GET /get_version

### Description
Returns the current version of StarkGate.

### Method
GET

### Endpoint
/get_version

### Parameters
None.

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **felt252** (string) - The current version of StarkGate.

#### Response Example
```json
{
  "felt252": "v2.0.1"
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### GET /get_remaining_withdrawal_quota

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/cheatsheets/starkgate-reference

Returns the amount a user can withdraw within the current 24-hour period (starting at 00:00 UTC).

```APIDOC
## GET /get_remaining_withdrawal_quota

### Description
Returns the amount that the user can withdraw within the current 24-hour time period. The time period begins at 00:00 UTC.

### Method
GET

### Endpoint
/get_remaining_withdrawal_quota

### Parameters
#### Query Parameters
- **l1_token_address** (string) - Required - The L1 address of the ERC-20 token contract.

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **u256** (string) - The amount that can currently be withdrawn from the bridge, in units defined by the ERC-20 token contract.

#### Response Example
```json
{
  "u256": "1000000000000000000"
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Create Starknet Keystore File

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Creates an encrypted keystore file for a Starknet account using `starkli`. This involves exporting a private key from a wallet and providing a password to encrypt it. The output is saved to `keystore.json`.

```terminal
starkli signer keystore from-key keystore.json
```

--------------------------------

### Get Caller Address in Starknet (Rust)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-info-get_caller_address

Retrieves the address of the caller contract. Returns 0 if there is no caller, such as when a transaction starts execution within an account contract. Use `get_execution_info().tx_info.unbox().account_contract_address` for the originating account contract address.

```rust
use starknet::get_caller_address;

let caller = get_caller_address();
```

--------------------------------

### Reading from StarkNet Storage Maps (Rust)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-storage-map-StorageMapReadAccess

Example demonstrating how to read from single and nested storage Maps using the StorageMapReadAccess trait in StarkNet. It shows the usage of the .read() method on Map instances.

```rust
use starknet::ContractAddress;
use starknet::storage::{Map, StorageMapReadAccess, StoragePathEntry};

#[storage]
struct Storage {
    balances: Map,
    allowances: Map>,
}

fn read_storage(self: @ContractState, address: ContractAddress) {
    // Read from single mapping
    let balance = self.balances.read(address);
    // Read from nested mapping
    let allowance = self.allowances.entry(owner).read(spender);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Define Countable Component in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/basic/components/dependencies

Defines a basic 'Countable' component with 'get' and 'increment' functions. It uses StarkNet's component system and storage for state management. This serves as a foundational example for demonstrating component dependencies.

```rust
#[starknet::interface]
pub trait ICountable<TContractState> {
    fn get(self: @TContractState) -> u32;
    fn increment(ref self: TContractState);
}

#[starknet::component]
pub mod countable_component {
    use starknet::storage::{StoragePointerReadAccess, StoragePointerWriteAccess};

    #[storage]
    pub struct Storage {
        countable_value: u32,
    }

    #[embeddable_as(Countable)]
    impl CountableImpl<TContractState, +HasComponent<TContractState>> of super::ICountable<ComponentState<TContractState>> {
        fn get(self: @ComponentState<TContractState>) -> u32 {
            self.countable_value.read()
        }

        fn increment(ref self: ComponentState<TContractState>) {
            self.countable_value.write(self.countable_value.read() + 1);
        }
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Secp256PointTrait Usage Examples in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-secp256_trait-Secp256PointTrait

Demonstrates the usage of the Secp256PointTrait in StarkNet, showing how to retrieve the generator point, get coordinates, perform point addition, and scalar multiplication. It utilizes `SyscallResultTrait` for handling syscall results.

```rust
use starknet::SyscallResultTrait;
use starknet::secp256k1::Secp256k1Point;
use starknet::secp256_trait::Secp256PointTrait;
use starknet::secp256_trait::Secp256Trait;

let generator = Secp256Trait::::get_generator_point();

assert!(
    Secp256PointTrait::get_coordinates(generator)
        .unwrap_syscall() == (
            0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798,
            0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8,
        ),
);

let point = Secp256PointTrait::add(generator, generator);
let other_point = Secp256PointTrait::mul(generator, 2);
```

--------------------------------

### Get Unspent Gas and Assert Consumption in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-testing-get_unspent_gas

Demonstrates how to use `get_unspent_gas` to capture gas usage before and after executing a gas-intensive function. It then asserts that the gas consumed is within expected bounds. This example is useful for performance testing and gas budget validation in StarkNet smart contracts.

```rust
use core::testing::get_unspent_gas;

fn gas_heavy_function() {
    // ... some gas-intensive code
}

fn test_gas_consumption() {
    let gas_before = get_unspent_gas();
    gas_heavy_function();
    let gas_after = get_unspent_gas();
    assert!(gas_after - gas_before  u128 implicits(GasBuiltin) nopanic;
```

--------------------------------

### Generate new Starknet project with Scarb

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/hellostarknet

Use the Scarb command-line tool to generate a new Starknet project. This command initializes a new directory with a default contract structure and test runner setup.

```bash
scarb new hello_starknet
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Proving StarkNet IO Components

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/components/index

This Rust code snippet demonstrates the process of proving StarkNet IO components. It involves generating trace columns, creating statement objects, committing to trace columns, drawing random elements, generating LogUp columns, committing to LogUp columns, and finally generating the Stark proof.

```rust
fn main() {
    // --snip--

    // Create trace columns
    let scheduling_trace = gen_scheduling_trace(log_size);
    let computing_trace = gen_computing_trace(log_size, &scheduling_trace[0], &scheduling_trace[1]);

    // Statement 0
    let statement0 = ComponentsStatement0 { log_size };
    statement0.mix_into(channel);

    // Commit to the trace columns
    let mut tree_builder = commitment_scheme.tree_builder();
    tree_builder.extend_evals([scheduling_trace.clone(), computing_trace.clone()].concat());
    tree_builder.commit(channel);

    // Draw random elements to use when creating the random linear combination of lookup values in the LogUp columns
    let lookup_elements = ComputationLookupElements::draw(channel);

    // Create LogUp columns
    let (scheduling_logup_cols, scheduling_claimed_sum) = gen_scheduling_logup_trace(
        log_size,
        &scheduling_trace[0],
        &scheduling_trace[1],
        &lookup_elements,
    );
    let (computing_logup_cols, computing_claimed_sum) = gen_computing_logup_trace(
        log_size,
        &computing_trace[0],
        &computing_trace[2],
        &lookup_elements,
    );

    // Statement 1
    let statement1 = ComponentsStatement1 {
        scheduling_claimed_sum,
        computing_claimed_sum,
    };
    statement1.mix_into(channel);

    // Commit to the LogUp columns
    let mut tree_builder = commitment_scheme.tree_builder();
    tree_builder.extend_evals([scheduling_logup_cols, computing_logup_cols].concat());
    tree_builder.commit(channel);

    let components = Components::new(&statement0, &lookup_elements, &statement1);

    let stark_proof = prove(&components.component_provers(), channel, commitment_scheme).unwrap();

    let proof = ComponentsProof {
        statement0,
        statement1,
        stark_proof,
    };

    // --snip--
}

```

--------------------------------

### IntoIterator::into_iter Function Example in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-iter-traits-collect-IntoIterator

Provides an example of calling the `into_iter` function on an array, which returns an iterator. The example demonstrates consuming the iterator using `next()`.

```rust
let mut iter = array![1, 2, 3].into_iter();

assert_eq!(Some(1), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some(2), iter.next());
assert_eq!(Some(3), iter.next());
assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
```

--------------------------------

### Fetch Documentation Navigation Data

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-SegmentArena

This example demonstrates how to fetch navigation and other documentation pages from the StarkNet website. It uses a direct URL to download the 'llms.txt' file, which likely contains structured data for website navigation and content indexing. This is a common pattern for dynamically loading documentation resources.

```shell
curl https://docs.starknet.io/llms.txt
```

--------------------------------

### Prove and verify StarkNet components in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/preprocessed-trace/index

Illustrates the final steps of creating a 'FrameworkComponent' with the 'TestEval' struct, then generating a proof and subsequently verifying it. This involves committing to commitments, mixing the log size, and calling the 'prove' and 'verify' functions.

```rust
fn main() {
    ...
    // Create a component
    let component = FrameworkComponent::<TestEval>::new(
        &mut TraceLocationAllocator::default(),
        TestEval {
            is_first_id: is_first_column.id(),
            log_size,
        },
        QM31::zero(),
    );

    // Prove
    let proof = prove(&[&component], channel, commitment_scheme).unwrap();

    // Verify
    let channel = &mut Blake2sChannel::default();
    let commitment_scheme = &mut CommitmentSchemeVerifier::<Blake2sMerkleChannel>::new(config);
    let sizes = component.trace_log_degree_bounds();

    commitment_scheme.commit(proof.commitments[0], &sizes[0], channel);
    channel.mix_u64(log_size as u64);
    commitment_scheme.commit(proof.commitments[1], &sizes[1], channel);

    verify(&[&component], channel, commitment_scheme, proof).unwrap();
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get Block Info

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-info-get_block_info

Retrieves the block information for the current block on the StarkNet network.

```APIDOC
## GET /starknet/info/get_block_info

### Description
Returns the block information for the current block.

### Method
GET

### Endpoint
/starknet/info/get_block_info

### Parameters
#### Path Parameters
None

#### Query Parameters
None

### Request Example
None

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **block_info** (object) - An object containing details about the current block.
  - **block_number** (number) - The number of the current block.
  - **block_timestamp** (number) - The timestamp of the current block.
  - **sequencer_address** (string) - The address of the sequencer for the current block.

#### Response Example
```json
{
  "block_number": 12345,
  "block_timestamp": 1678886400,
  "sequencer_address": "0x123abc"
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Get Block Timestamp

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-starknet-info-get_block_timestamp

Retrieves the timestamp of the current block in the StarkNet network.

```APIDOC
## GET /core/starknet/info/get_block_timestamp

### Description
Returns the timestamp of the current block.

### Method
GET

### Endpoint
/core/starknet/info/get_block_timestamp

### Parameters
No parameters available for this endpoint.

### Request Example
No request body is needed for this GET request.

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **block_timestamp** (u64) - The timestamp of the current block.
```

--------------------------------

### Fetch Predeployed Starknet Account on Sepolia

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/quickstart/appendix

Fetches a predeployed Starknet account on the Sepolia testnet using `starkli`. It requires the smart wallet address and outputs the account information to `account.json`. The network is explicitly set to 'sepolia'.

```terminal
starkli account fetch \
    <SMART_WALLET_ADDRESS> \
    --output account.json \
    --network=sepolia
```

--------------------------------

### Rust SubAssign Function Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-ops-arith-SubAssign

Demonstrates the usage of the sub_assign function from the SubAssign trait in Rust. This example shows how to perform subtraction assignment on a mutable u8 variable.

```rust
let mut x: u8 = 3;
x -= x;
assert!(x == 0);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Clone Trait Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-clone-Clone

An example demonstrating the usage of the `clone` function on a Rust array. It verifies that cloning an array produces an identical copy.

```rust
let arr = array![1, 2, 3];
assert!(arr == arr.clone());
```

--------------------------------

### Generate zkey file for StarkNet Zk-SNARKs

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/advanced/verify-proofs

Generates a Groth16 setup zkey file required for StarkNet Zk-SNARKs. This involves setting up the circuit using the compiled circuit (r1cs), the finalized ptau file, and outputs the initial zkey file.

```bash
cd ..
snarkjs groth16 setup circuit.r1cs ptau/pot12_final.ptau circuit_0000.zkey
```

--------------------------------

### Run Equilibrium's Attestation Service with Docker

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/secure/quickstart/attesting-to-blocks

This command launches Equilibrium's attestation service using Docker. It requires setting the OPERATIONAL_PRIVATE_KEY environment variable and providing staking and attestation contract addresses, along with the operational address and node URL. The `--local-signer` flag indicates the use of a local signing mechanism.

```shell
docker run -it --rm --network host \
  -e VALIDATOR_ATTESTATION_OPERATIONAL_PRIVATE_KEY=$OPERATIONAL_PRIVATE_KEY \
  ghcr.io/eqlabs/starknet-validator-attestation \
  --staking-contract-address 0x03745ab04a431fc02871a139be6b93d9260b0ff3e779ad9c8b377183b23109f1 \
  --attestation-contract-address 0x03f32e152b9637c31bfcf73e434f78591067a01ba070505ff6ee195642c9acfb \
  --staker-operational-address $OPERATIONAL_ADDRESS \
  --node-url http://localhost:9545/rpc/v0_8 \
  --local-signer

```

--------------------------------

### Import and Use Array from Cairo Corelib

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/intro

Demonstrates how to import the Array module from the Cairo core library and append an element to a new array. This is a fundamental example for using Corelib's data structures.

```rust
use core::array::Array;

fn main() {
    let mut arr = Array::new();
    arr.append(42);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Rust Project with Cargo

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/writing-a-simple-air/hello-world

Initializes a new Rust project using the Cargo build system. This command creates a new directory with a basic project structure.

```bash
cargo new stwo-example
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Rem Function Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-Rem

Provides an example of the 'rem' function in action. It illustrates performing the remainder operation on unsigned 8-bit integers and asserting the expected result.

```rust
assert!(12_u8 % 10_u8 == 2_u8);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Rem Trait Example Usage

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-Rem

Demonstrates the usage of the Rem trait with an example. It shows how to perform the remainder operation using the '%' operator on unsigned 8-bit integers.

```rust
assert!(3_u8 % 2_u8 == 1_u8);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Neg Trait Function Usage Example

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-Neg

An example showcasing the usage of the `neg` function provided by the `Neg` trait to perform unary negation on an `i8` integer.

```rust
let x: i8 = 1;
assert!(-x == -1);
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Proofs and Commitments in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/components

This Rust code demonstrates the verification process for a StarkNet proof. It includes steps for verifying claimed sums, unpacking the proof, setting up commitment schemes, and committing to various statements and columns. The function ultimately calls a verify function to complete the process.

```rust
fn main() {
    // --snip--

    // Verify claimed sums
    assert_eq!(
        scheduling_claimed_sum + computing_claimed_sum,
        SecureField::zero()
    );

    // Unpack proof
    let statement0 = proof.statement0;
    let statement1 = proof.statement1;
    let stark_proof = proof.stark_proof;

    // Create channel and commitment scheme
    let channel = &mut Blake2sChannel::default();
    let commitment_scheme = &mut CommitmentSchemeVerifier::<Blake2sMerkleChannel>::new(config);
    let log_sizes = statement0.log_sizes();

    // Preprocessed columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[0], &log_sizes[0], channel);

    // Commit to statement 0
    statement0.mix_into(channel);

    // Trace columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[1], &log_sizes[1], channel);

    // Draw lookup element.
    let lookup_elements = ComputationLookupElements::draw(channel);

    // Commit to statement 1
    statement1.mix_into(channel);

    // Interaction columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[2], &log_sizes[2], channel);

    // Create components
    let components = Components::new(&statement0, &lookup_elements, &statement1);

    verify(
        &components.components(),
        channel,
        commitment_scheme,
        stark_proof,
    )
    .unwrap();
}

```

--------------------------------

### Example of BoxTrait::unbox in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-box-BoxTrait

Shows how to use the BoxTrait::unbox function to retrieve a value from a Box. This example verifies that the unboxed value matches the original value.

```rust
let boxed = BoxTrait::new(42);
assert!(boxed.unbox() == 42);
```

--------------------------------

### Prove StarkNet Components in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/components

This Rust code snippet demonstrates the process of proving StarkNet components. It involves generating scheduling and computing traces, creating statement objects, committing to traces and LogUp columns, and finally generating the Stark proof. Dependencies include various StarkNet internal components and commitment schemes.

```rust
fn main() {
    // --snip--

    // Create trace columns
    let scheduling_trace = gen_scheduling_trace(log_size);
    let computing_trace = gen_computing_trace(log_size, &scheduling_trace[0], &scheduling_trace[1]);

    // Statement 0
    let statement0 = ComponentsStatement0 { log_size };
    statement0.mix_into(channel);

    // Commit to the trace columns
    let mut tree_builder = commitment_scheme.tree_builder();
    tree_builder.extend_evals([scheduling_trace.clone(), computing_trace.clone()].concat());
    tree_builder.commit(channel);

    // Draw random elements to use when creating the random linear combination of lookup values in the LogUp columns
    let lookup_elements = ComputationLookupElements::draw(channel);

    // Create LogUp columns
    let (scheduling_logup_cols, scheduling_claimed_sum) = gen_scheduling_logup_trace(
        log_size,
        &scheduling_trace[0],
        &scheduling_trace[1],
        &lookup_elements,
    );
    let (computing_logup_cols, computing_claimed_sum) = gen_computing_logup_trace(
        log_size,
        &computing_trace[0],
        &computing_trace[2],
        &lookup_elements,
    );

    // Statement 1
    let statement1 = ComponentsStatement1 {
        scheduling_claimed_sum,
        computing_claimed_sum,
    };
    statement1.mix_into(channel);

    // Commit to the LogUp columns
    let mut tree_builder = commitment_scheme.tree_builder();
    tree_builder.extend_evals([scheduling_logup_cols, computing_logup_cols].concat());
    tree_builder.commit(channel);

    let components = Components::new(&statement0, &lookup_elements, &statement1);

    let stark_proof = prove(&components.component_provers(), channel, commitment_scheme).unwrap();

    let proof = ComponentsProof {
        statement0,
        statement1,
        stark_proof,
    };

    // --snip--
}
```

--------------------------------

### Optimized Carry Calculation by Inlining (Python)

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/cairo-air/add-opcode

This example shows an optimization technique where carry calculations are inlined to reduce the number of constraints and avoid dedicated columns for intermediate carry values. The second-limb carry calculation is shown as an illustration.

```python
carry_limb_2 = (op0[1] + op1[1] + ((op0[0] + op1[0] - dst[0] - sub_p_bit) / 2^9) - dst[1]) / 2^9
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Neg Trait Implementation Example for Sign Enum

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-Neg

An example demonstrating the implementation of the `Neg` trait for a custom `Sign` enum. This allows negating the sign of an enum value.

```rust
#[derive(Copy, Drop, PartialEq)]
enum Sign {
    Negative,
    Zero,
    Positive,
}

impl SignNeg of Neg {
    fn neg(a: Sign) -> Sign {
        match a {
            Sign::Negative => Sign::Positive,
            Sign::Zero => Sign::Zero,
            Sign::Positive => Sign::Negative,
        }
    }
}

// A negative positive is a negative
assert!(-Sign::Positive == Sign::Negative);
// A double negative is a positive
assert!(-Sign::Negative == Sign::Positive);
// Zero is its own negation
assert!(-Sign::Zero == Sign::Zero);
```

--------------------------------

### BitXor Usage Example with u8 in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/corelib/core-traits-BitXor

A simple example demonstrating the usage of the bitxor function with unsigned 8-bit integers (u8) in Rust. It shows a basic XOR operation and assertion.

```rust
assert!(1_u8 ^ 2_u8 == 3);
```

--------------------------------

### Set up Starknet Provider and Account Address

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/build/starknet-by-example/applications/simple-storage

Establishes a connection to the Starknet network using a provider and defines the account address. This code snippet imports necessary modules from starknet.js and sets up the environment for contract interaction.

```javascript
// [!include ~/listings/applications/simple_storage_starknetjs/index.js:imports]

// [!include ~/listings/applications/simple_storage_starknetjs/index.js:provider]
const accountAddress = // 'PASTE_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS_HERE';
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Proof Statements and Commitments in Rust

Source: https://docs.starknet.io/learn/S-two-book/air-development/components/index

This Rust code snippet demonstrates the verification process of a StarkNet proof. It asserts the claimed sums, unpacks the proof into statements and the Stark proof, and then sets up a channel and commitment scheme. It proceeds to commit to preprocessed columns, statement 0, trace columns, and interaction columns, drawing lookup elements and committing to statement 1 before finally verifying the components.

```rust
fn main() {
    // --snip--

    // Verify claimed sums
    assert_eq!(
        scheduling_claimed_sum + computing_claimed_sum,
        SecureField::zero()
    );

    // Unpack proof
    let statement0 = proof.statement0;
    let statement1 = proof.statement1;
    let stark_proof = proof.stark_proof;

    // Create channel and commitment scheme
    let channel = &mut Blake2sChannel::default();
    let commitment_scheme = &mut CommitmentSchemeVerifier::<Blake2sMerkleChannel>::new(config);
    let log_sizes = statement0.log_sizes();

    // Preprocessed columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[0], &log_sizes[0], channel);

    // Commit to statement 0
    statement0.mix_into(channel);

    // Trace columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[1], &log_sizes[1], channel);

    // Draw lookup element.
    let lookup_elements = ComputationLookupElements::draw(channel);

    // Commit to statement 1
    statement1.mix_into(channel);

    // Interaction columns.
    commitment_scheme.commit(stark_proof.commitments[2], &log_sizes[2], channel);

    // Create components
    let components = Components::new(&statement0, &lookup_elements, &statement1);

    verify(
        &components.components(),
        channel,
        commitment_scheme,
        stark_proof,
    )
    .unwrap();
}
```
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