### Replace Parameter with Method Call - Python Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-parameter-with-method-call

A Python example of replacing parameters with method calls. The 'Before' code passes calculated 'seasonalDiscount' and 'fees'. The 'After' code simplifies the call by removing these parameters, suggesting the 'discountedPrice' function now computes them internally.

```python
basePrice = quantity * itemPrice
seasonalDiscount = self.getSeasonalDiscount()
fees = self.getFees()
finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice, seasonalDiscount, fees)


```

```python
basePrice = quantity * itemPrice
finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice)

```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Foreign Method: Python Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-foreign-method

Demonstrates the 'Introduce Foreign Method' refactoring in Python. The logic for calculating the next day is moved into a private method '_nextDay', which accepts a 'Date' object.

```Python
class Report:
    # ...
    def sendReport(self):
        nextDay = Date(self.previousEnd.getYear(),
            self.previousEnd.getMonth(), self.previousEnd.getDate() + 1)
        # ...

class Report:
    # ...
    def sendReport(self):
        newStart = self._nextDay(self.previousEnd)
        # ...
        
    def _nextDay(self, arg):
        return Date(arg.getYear(), arg.getMonth(), arg.getDate() + 1)
```

--------------------------------

### Split Temporary Variable: PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/split-temporary-variable

Shows the application of the Split Temporary Variable refactoring in PHP. The example transforms a single '$temp' variable used for two distinct calculations into '$perimeter' and '$area' for improved code structure.

```PHP
$temp = 2 * ($this->height + $this->width);
echo $temp;
$temp = $this->height * $this->width;
echo $temp;
```

```PHP
$perimeter = 2 * ($this->height + $this->width);
echo $perimeter;
$area = $this->height * $this->width;
echo $area;
```

--------------------------------

### Split Temporary Variable: Python Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/split-temporary-variable

A Python example demonstrating the Split Temporary Variable refactoring. It converts a single 'temp' variable, used for calculating perimeter and area, into two separate variables, 'perimeter' and 'area', for better code clarity.

```Python
temp = 2 * (height + width)
print(temp)
temp = height * width
print(temp)
```

```Python
perimeter = 2 * (height + width)
print(perimeter)
area = height * width
print(area)
```

--------------------------------

### Substitute Algorithm Implementation

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/substitute-algorithm

Demonstrates replacing a verbose conditional search algorithm with a more concise collection-based approach. The examples show the 'before' state with multiple if-statements and the 'after' state using optimized lookup mechanisms.

```Java
// Before
String foundPerson(String[] people){
  for (int i = 0; i < people.length; i++) {
    if (people[i].equals("Don")){
      return "Don";
    }
    if (people[i].equals("John")){
      return "John";
    }
    if (people[i].equals("Kent")){
      return "Kent";
    }
  }
  return "";
}

// After
String foundPerson(String[] people){
  List candidates = Arrays.asList(new String[] {"Don", "John", "Kent"});
  for (int i=0; i < people.length; i++) {
    if (candidates.contains(people[i])) {
      return people[i];
    }
  }
  return "";
}
```

```C#
// Before
string FoundPerson(string[] people)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < people.Length; i++) 
  {
    if (people[i].Equals("Don"))
    {
      return "Don";
    }
    if (people[i].Equals("John"))
    {
      return "John";
    }
    if (people[i].Equals("Kent"))
    {
      return "Kent";
    }
  }
  return String.Empty;
}

// After
string FoundPerson(string[] people)
{
  List<string> candidates = new List<string>() {"Don", "John", "Kent"};
  for (int i = 0; i < people.Length; i++) 
  {
    if (candidates.Contains(people[i])) 
    {
      return people[i];
    }
  }
  return String.Empty;
}
```

```PHP
// Before
function foundPerson(array $people){
  for ($i = 0; $i < count($people); $i++) {
    if ($people[$i] === "Don") {
      return "Don";
    }
    if ($people[$i] === "John") {
      return "John";
    }
    if ($people[$i] === "Kent") {
      return "Kent";
    }
  }
  return "";
}

// After
function foundPerson(array $people){
  foreach (["Don", "John", "Kent"] as $needle) {
    $id = array_search($needle, $people, true);
    if ($id !== false) {
      return $people[$id];
    }
  }
  return "";
}
```

```Python
# Before
def foundPerson(people):
    for i in range(len(people)):
        if people[i] == "Don":
            return "Don"
        if people[i] == "John":
            return "John"
        if people[i] == "Kent":
            return "Kent"
    return ""

# After
def foundPerson(people):
    candidates = ["Don", "John", "Kent"]
    return next((p for p in people if p in candidates), "")
```

```TypeScript
// Before
foundPerson(people: string[]): string{
  for (let person of people) {
    if (person.equals("Don")){
      return "Don";
    }
    if (person.equals("John")){
      return "John";
    }
    if (person.equals("Kent")){
      return "Kent";
    }
  }
  return "";
}

// After
foundPerson(people: string[]): string{
  let candidates = ["Don", "John", "Kent"];
  for (let person of people) {
    if (candidates.includes(person)) {
      return person;
    }
  }
  return "";
}
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Foreign Method: C# Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-foreign-method

Illustrates the 'Introduce Foreign Method' refactoring in C#. The logic for calculating the next day is moved from the 'SendReport' method into a new private static method 'NextDay', which accepts a 'DateTime' object.

```C#
class Report 
{
  // ...
  void SendReport() 
  {
    DateTime nextDay = previousEnd.AddDays(1);
    // ...
  }
}

class Report 
{
  // ...
  void SendReport() 
  {
    DateTime nextDay = NextDay(previousEnd);
    // ...
  }
  private static DateTime NextDay(DateTime date) 
  {
    return date.AddDays(1);
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Foreign Method: PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-foreign-method

Shows the 'Introduce Foreign Method' refactoring in PHP. The date manipulation logic is extracted into a private static method 'nextWeek', which takes a 'DateTime' object and returns the date one week later.

```PHP
class Report {
  // ...
  public function sendReport() {
    $previousDate = clone $this->previousDate;
    $paymentDate = $previousDate->modify("+7 days");
    // ...
  }
}

class Report {
  // ...
  public function sendReport() {
    $paymentDate = self::nextWeek($this->previousDate);
    // ...
  }
  /**
   * Foreign method. Should be in Date.
   */
  private static function nextWeek(DateTime $arg) {
    $previousDate = clone $arg;
    return $previousDate->modify("+7 days");
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Decompose Conditional: PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/decompose-conditional

Shows how to refactor a PHP conditional. The original code with date comparisons and rate calculations is replaced by calls to `isSummer`, `summerCharge`, and `winterCharge` methods for better readability.

```php
if ($date->before(SUMMER_START) || $date->after(SUMMER_END)) {
  $charge = $quantity * $winterRate + $winterServiceCharge;
} else {
  $charge = $quantity * $summerRate;
}

// After refactoring
if (isSummer($date)) {
  $charge = summerCharge($quantity);
} else {
  $charge = winterCharge($quantity);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Foreign Method: Java Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-foreign-method

Demonstrates the 'Introduce Foreign Method' refactoring in Java. The 'nextDay' method, originally part of the 'Report' class logic, is extracted into a private static method within the same class, taking a 'Date' object as an argument.

```Java
class Report {
  // ...
  void sendReport() {
    Date nextDay = new Date(previousEnd.getYear(),
      previousEnd.getMonth(), previousEnd.getDate() + 1);
    // ...
  }
}

class Report {
  // ...
  void sendReport() {
    Date newStart = nextDay(previousEnd);
    // ...
  }
  private static Date nextDay(Date arg) {
    return new Date(arg.getYear(), arg.getMonth(), arg.getDate() + 1);
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Extract Variable Refactoring: Python Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/extract-variable

Demonstrates the Extract Variable refactoring in Python, simplifying a multi-part conditional expression by assigning intermediate results to named variables, enhancing code readability.

```python
def renderBanner(self):
    isMacOs = self.platform.toUpperCase().indexOf("MAC") > -1
    isIE = self.browser.toUpperCase().indexOf("IE") > -1
    wasResized = self.resize > 0

    if isMacOs and isIE and self.wasInitialized() and wasResized:
        # do something
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Foreign Method: TypeScript Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-foreign-method

Illustrates the 'Introduce Foreign Method' refactoring in TypeScript. The 'nextDay' function is extracted as a private static method within the 'Report' class, taking a 'Date' object as input.

```TypeScript
class Report {
  // ...
  sendReport(): void {
    let nextDay: Date = new Date(previousEnd.getYear(),
      previousEnd.getMonth(), previousEnd.getDate() + 1);
    // ...
  }
}

class Report {
  // ...
  sendReport() {
    let newStart: Date = nextDay(previousEnd);
    // ...
  }
  private static nextDay(arg: Date): Date {
    return new Date(arg.getFullYear(), arg.getMonth(), arg.getDate() + 1);
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Extract Variable Refactoring: C# Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/extract-variable

Shows how to apply the Extract Variable refactoring in C# by creating descriptive variables for parts of a complex conditional. This makes the logic within the 'if' statement easier to follow.

```csharp
void RenderBanner() 
{
  readonly bool isMacOs = platform.ToUpper().IndexOf("MAC") > -1;
  readonly bool isIE = browser.ToUpper().IndexOf("IE") > -1;
  readonly bool wasResized = resize > 0;

  if (isMacOs && isIE && wasInitialized() && wasResized) 
  {
    // do something
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Inline Temp Refactoring across multiple languages

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/inline-temp

Demonstrates the Inline Temp refactoring pattern by replacing a temporary variable holding a method result with the direct method call. Examples are provided for Java, C#, PHP, Python, and TypeScript.

```Java
boolean hasDiscount(Order order) {
  return order.basePrice() > 1000;
}
```

```C#
bool HasDiscount(Order order)
{
  return order.BasePrice() > 1000;
}
```

```PHP
return $anOrder->basePrice() > 1000;
```

```Python
def hasDiscount(order):
    return order.basePrice() > 1000
```

```TypeScript
hasDiscount(order: Order): boolean {
  return order.basePrice() > 1000;
}
```

--------------------------------

### Replace Parameter with Method Call - PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-parameter-with-method-call

Shows the refactoring in PHP, where parameters for seasonal discounts and fees are removed. The 'Before' code explicitly passes these calculated values, while the 'After' code assumes the 'discountedPrice' method now internally handles these calculations.

```php
$basePrice = $this->quantity * $this->itemPrice;
$seasonDiscount = $this->getSeasonalDiscount();
$fees = $this->getFees();
$finalPrice = $this->discountedPrice($basePrice, $seasonDiscount, $fees);

```

```php
$basePrice = $this->quantity * $this->itemPrice;
$finalPrice = $this->discountedPrice($basePrice);

```

--------------------------------

### Split Temporary Variable: Java Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/split-temporary-variable

Demonstrates splitting a temporary variable in Java. The original code reuses 'temp' for perimeter and area calculations. The refactored code uses 'perimeter' and 'area' for clarity and maintainability.

```Java
double temp = 2 * (height + width);
System.out.println(temp);
temp = height * width;
System.out.println(temp);
```

```Java
final double perimeter = 2 * (height + width);
System.out.println(perimeter);
final double area = height * width;
System.out.println(area);
```

--------------------------------

### Replace Parameter with Method Call - TypeScript Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-parameter-with-method-call

Demonstrates the refactoring in TypeScript. The 'Before' code passes calculated 'seasonDiscount' and 'fees' as arguments. The 'After' code removes these parameters, implying that the 'discountedPrice' function now handles the calculation internally.

```typescript
let basePrice = quantity * itemPrice;
const seasonDiscount = this.getSeasonalDiscount();
const fees = this.getFees();
const finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice, seasonDiscount, fees);

```

```typescript
let basePrice = quantity * itemPrice;
let finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice);

```

--------------------------------

### Split Temporary Variable: C# Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/split-temporary-variable

Illustrates splitting a temporary variable in C#. The refactoring replaces the reused 'temp' variable with 'perimeter' and 'area', enhancing code readability and making it easier to manage different calculations.

```C#
double temp = 2 * (height + width);
Console.WriteLine(temp);
temp = height * width;
Console.WriteLine(temp);
```

```C#
readonly double perimeter = 2 * (height + width);
Console.WriteLine(perimeter);
readonly double area = height * width;
Console.WriteLine(area);
```

--------------------------------

### Extract Variable Refactoring: PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/extract-variable

Illustrates the Extract Variable refactoring in PHP, where complex conditions within an 'if' statement are broken down into individual variables for better clarity and maintainability.

```php
$isMacOs = $platform->toUpperCase()->indexOf("MAC") > -1;
$isIE = $browser->toUpperCase()->indexOf("IE")  > -1;
$wasResized = $this->resize > 0;

if ($isMacOs && $isIE && $this->wasInitialized() && $wasResized) {
  // do something
}
```

--------------------------------

### Extract Variable Refactoring: TypeScript Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/extract-variable

Shows the Extract Variable refactoring in TypeScript, where a complex conditional is made more readable by assigning its components to constants. This improves the clarity of the 'if' statement.

```typescript
renderBanner(): void {
  const isMacOs = platform.toUpperCase().indexOf("MAC") > -1;
  const isIE = browser.toUpperCase().indexOf("IE") > -1;
  const wasResized = resize > 0;

  if (isMacOs && isIE && wasInitialized() && wasResized) {
    // do something
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Null Object Pattern Implementation

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-null-object

Demonstrates the refactoring process across multiple languages by creating a NullCustomer subclass to handle missing customer data. This replaces explicit null checks with a polymorphic approach that simplifies client code.

```Java
class NullCustomer extends Customer {
  boolean isNull() {
    return true;
  }
  Plan getPlan() {
    return new NullPlan();
  }
}

// Replace null values with Null-object.
customer = (order.customer != null) ?
  order.customer : new NullCustomer();

// Use Null-object as if it's normal subclass.
plan = customer.getPlan();
```

```C#
public sealed class NullCustomer: Customer 
{
  public override bool IsNull 
  {
    get { return true; }
  }
  
  public override Plan GetPlan() 
  {
    return new NullPlan();
  }
}

// Replace null values with Null-object.
customer = order.customer ?? new NullCustomer();

// Use Null-object as if it's normal subclass.
plan = customer.GetPlan();
```

```PHP
class NullCustomer extends Customer {
  public function isNull() {
    return true;
  }
  public function getPlan() {
    return new NullPlan();
  }
}

// Replace null values with Null-object.
$customer = ($order->customer !== null) ?
  $order->customer :
  new NullCustomer;

// Use Null-object as if it's normal subclass.
$plan = $customer->getPlan();
```

```Python
class NullCustomer(Customer):

    def isNull(self):
        return True

    def getPlan(self):
        return self.NullPlan()

# Replace null values with Null-object.
customer = order.customer or NullCustomer()

# Use Null-object as if it's normal subclass.
plan = customer.getPlan();
```

```TypeScript
class NullCustomer extends Customer {
  isNull(): boolean {
    return true;
  }
  getPlan(): Plan {
    return new NullPlan();
  }
}

// Replace null values with Null-object.
let customer = (order.customer != null) ?
  order.customer : new NullCustomer();

// Use Null-object as if it's normal subclass.
plan = customer.getPlan();
```

--------------------------------

### Extract Variable Refactoring: Java Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/extract-variable

Demonstrates refactoring a complex conditional statement in Java by extracting boolean expressions into separate, named variables. This improves the readability of the 'if' condition.

```java
void renderBanner() {
  final boolean isMacOs = platform.toUpperCase().indexOf("MAC") > -1;
  final boolean isIE = browser.toUpperCase().indexOf("IE") > -1;
  final boolean wasResized = resize > 0;

  if (isMacOs && isIE && wasInitialized() && wasResized) {
    // do something
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Replace Constructor with Factory Method (PHP)

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-constructor-with-factory-method

Shows how to refactor a PHP constructor into a static factory method. This approach improves object instantiation by abstracting complex creation processes and allowing for flexible return types.

```PHP
class Employee {
  // ...
  public function __construct($type) {
   $this->type = $type;
  }
  // ...
}
```

```PHP
class Employee {
  // ...
  static public function create($type) {
    $employee = new Employee($type);
    // do some heavy lifting.
    return $employee;
  }
  // ...
}
```

--------------------------------

### Pull Up Constructor Body across multiple languages

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/pull-up-constructor-body

Demonstrates the refactoring process of moving common initialization logic from subclass constructors to a superclass constructor. This pattern is implemented using language-specific syntax for constructor delegation.

```Java
class Manager extends Employee {
  public Manager(String name, String id, int grade) {
    super(name, id);
    this.grade = grade;
  }
  // ...
}
```

```C#
public class Manager: Employee 
{
  public Manager(string name, string id, int grade): base(name, id)
  {
    this.grade = grade;
  }
  // ...
}
```

```PHP
class Manager extends Employee {
  public function __construct($name, $id, $grade) {
    parent::__construct($name, $id);
    $this->grade = $grade;
  }
  // ...
}
```

```Python
class Manager(Employee):
    def __init__(self, name, id, grade):
        Employee.__init__(name, id)
        self.grade = grade
    # ...
```

```TypeScript
class Manager extends Employee {
  constructor(name: string, id: string, grade: number) {
    super(name, id);
    this.grade = grade;
  }
  // ...
}
```

--------------------------------

### Replace Parameter with Method Call - Java Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-parameter-with-method-call

Demonstrates replacing parameters with method calls in Java. The 'Before' code passes calculated values like season discount and fees as separate arguments. The 'After' code simplifies this by removing these parameters, implying the calculation is now done within the 'discountedPrice' method.

```java
int basePrice = quantity * itemPrice;
double seasonDiscount = this.getSeasonalDiscount();
double fees = this.getFees();
double finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice, seasonDiscount, fees);

```

```java
int basePrice = quantity * itemPrice;
double finalPrice = discountedPrice(basePrice);

```

--------------------------------

### Decompose Conditional: C# Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/decompose-conditional

Demonstrates refactoring a C# conditional statement. The complex date comparison and charge calculation are moved into `isSummer`, `SummerCharge`, and `WinterCharge` methods, enhancing code clarity.

```csharp
if (date < SUMMER_START || date > SUMMER_END) 
{
  charge = quantity * winterRate + winterServiceCharge;
}
else 
{
  charge = quantity * summerRate;
}

// After refactoring
if (isSummer(date))
{
  charge = SummerCharge(quantity);
}
else 
{
  charge = WinterCharge(quantity);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Encapsulate Field: PHP Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/encapsulate-field

Illustrates encapsulating a public '$name' property in PHP by making it private and creating public 'getName' and 'setName' methods. This adheres to encapsulation principles in PHP.

```PHP
public $name;

// Refactored:
private $name;

public getName() {
  return $this->name;
}

public setName($arg) {
  $this->name = $arg;
}
```

--------------------------------

### Introduce Assertion in getExpenseLimit Method

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/introduce-assertion

Demonstrates replacing implicit logic assumptions with explicit assertion checks across multiple programming languages. This ensures that required conditions for the method to function correctly are validated at runtime.

```Java
double getExpenseLimit() {
  Assert.isTrue(expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE || primaryProject != null);

  return (expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE) ?
    expenseLimit:
    primaryProject.getMemberExpenseLimit();
}
```

```C#
double GetExpenseLimit() 
{
  Assert.IsTrue(expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE || primaryProject != null);

  return (expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE) ?
    expenseLimit:
    primaryProject.GetMemberExpenseLimit();
}
```

```PHP
function getExpenseLimit() {
  assert($this->expenseLimit !== NULL_EXPENSE || isset($this->primaryProject));

  return ($this->expenseLimit !== NULL_EXPENSE) ?
    $this->expenseLimit:
    $this->primaryProject->getMemberExpenseLimit();
}
```

```Python
def getExpenseLimit(self):
    assert (self.expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE) or (self.primaryProject != None)

    return self.expenseLimit if (self.expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE) else \
        self.primaryProject.getMemberExpenseLimit()
```

```TypeScript
getExpenseLimit(): number {
  if (!(expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE ||
       (typeof primaryProject !== 'undefined' && primaryProject))) {
      console.error("Assertion failed: getExpenseLimit()");
  }

  return (expenseLimit != NULL_EXPENSE) ?
    expenseLimit:
    primaryProject.getMemberExpenseLimit();
}
```

--------------------------------

### Encapsulate Field: Java Example

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/encapsulate-field

Demonstrates encapsulating a public 'name' field in a Java class by making it private and adding 'getName' and 'setName' methods. This ensures controlled access to the field.

```Java
class Person {
  public String name;
}

// Refactored:
class Person {
  private String name;

  public String getName() {
    return name;
  }
  public void setName(String arg) {
    name = arg;
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Replace Constructor with Factory Method (C#)

Source: https://sourcemaking.com/refactoring/replace-constructor-with-factory-method

Demonstrates refactoring a C# constructor into a static factory method. This pattern enhances object creation by encapsulating complex logic and potentially returning subclasses.

```C#
public class Employee 
{
  public Employee(int type) 
  {
    this.type = type;
  }
  // ...
}
```

```C#
public class Employee
{
  public static Employee Create(int type)
  {
    employee = new Employee(type);
    // Do some heavy lifting.
    return employee;
  }
  // ...
}
```