makefun

https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/
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makefun is a Python library that enables dynamic creation of functions with custom signatures,...
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### Install makefun

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Install the makefun library using pip.

```bash
> pip install makefun

```

--------------------------------

### Test makefun.wraps Wrapper Behavior (Keyword)

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates the correct behavior of the makefun.wraps decorator when arguments are passed as keywords.

```python
assert enhanced_foo(b=0, a=1) == 1  # keyword 'b'
```

--------------------------------

### Get Lambda Argument String

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Returns the string representation of arguments suitable for a lambda function definition. It extracts the argument string from the signature.

```python
def get_lambda_argument_string(func_signature, evaldict):
    """
    Returns the string to be used as arguments in a lambda function definition.
    If there is a non-native symbol in the defaults, it is created as a variable in the evaldict
    :param func_name:
    :param func_signature:
    :return:
    """
    return get_signature_string('', func_signature, evaldict)[1:-2]
```

--------------------------------

### Create Partial Function with Signature Preservation

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates `makefun.partial` for creating a partial function that preserves the original signature and updates documentation. This is useful for fixing some arguments while exposing the remaining ones clearly.

```python
def foo(x, y):
    """
    a `foo` function

    :param x:
    :param y:
    :return:
    """
    return x + y

from makefun import partial
bar = partial(foo, x=12)
```

--------------------------------

### Get Attribute Aware of Partial Functions

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Use `getattr_partial_aware` for attribute retrieval that correctly handles `functools.partial` objects by recursing into the wrapped function if necessary.

```python
def getattr_partial_aware(obj, att_name, *att_default):
 """ Same as getattr but recurses in obj.func if obj is a partial """

 val = getattr(obj, att_name, *att_default)
 if isinstance(obj, functools.partial) and \
 (val is None or att_name == '__dict__' and len(val) == 0):
 return getattr_partial_aware(obj.func, att_name, *att_default)
 else:
 return val
```

--------------------------------

### Get Caller Frame

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Retrieves the caller's frame object, used for introspection. It prioritizes `sys._getframe` for performance but includes a fallback for compatibility with different Python implementations.

```python
def _get_callerframe(offset=0):
    try:
        # inspect.stack is extremely slow, the fastest is sys._getframe or inspect.currentframe().
        # See https://gist.github.com/JettJones/c236494013f22723c1822126df944b12
        frame = sys._getframe(2 + offset)
        # frame = currentframe()
        # for _ in range(2 + offset):
        # frame = frame.f_back

    except AttributeError: # for IronPython and similar implementations
        frame = None

    return frame
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Function with makefun

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

This snippet demonstrates creating a new function with a specified signature, implementation, and various metadata. It's used when you need to generate a function dynamically, potentially overriding its original properties or injecting arguments.

```python
def replace_f(f):
    return create_function(func_signature=func_signature,
                           func_impl=f,
                           func_name=func_name,
                           inject_as_first_arg=inject_as_first_arg,
                           add_source=add_source,
                           add_impl=add_impl,
                           doc=doc,
                           qualname=qualname,
                           co_name=co_name,
                           module_name=module_name,
                           _with_sig_=True, # special trick to tell create_function that we're @with_signature
                           **attrs
                           )

return replace_f
```

--------------------------------

### Equivalence of @wraps(f) and @with_signature

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/api_reference

Demonstrates the equivalence between using `@wraps(f)` and explicitly using `@with_signature` with parameters derived from the original function `f`. This highlights how `@wraps` simplifies the process of creating signature-preserving wrappers.

```python
`@with_signature(signature(f),
                 func_name=f.__name__,
                 doc=f.__doc__,
                 module_name=f.__module__,
                 qualname=f.__qualname__,
                 __wrapped__=f,
                 **f.__dict__,
                 **attrs)`


```

--------------------------------

### Get Caller Frame

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Retrieves the caller's frame object. It uses `sys._getframe` for performance, falling back to `None` for compatibility with environments like IronPython. An offset can be provided to go further up the call stack.

```python
def _get_callerframe(offset=0):
    try:
        # inspect.stack is extremely slow, the fastest is sys._getframe or inspect.currentframe().
        # See https://gist.github.com/JettJones/c236494013f22723c1822126df944b12
        frame = sys._getframe(2 + offset)
        # frame = currentframe()
        # for _ in range(2 + offset):
        # frame = frame.f_back

    except AttributeError: # for IronPython and similar implementations
        frame = None
    
    return frame
```

--------------------------------

### Generate Partial Function Documentation

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

This function creates a docstring for a partial function, indicating the preset arguments and appending the original function's docstring. It constructs an 'equivalent signature' string to show how the partial function would be called.

```python
def gen_partial_doc(wrapped_name, wrapped_doc, orig_sig, new_sig, preset_pos_args):
    """
    Generate a documentation indicating which positional arguments and keyword arguments are set in this
    partial implementation, and appending the wrapped function doc.

    :param wrapped_name:
    :param wrapped_doc:
    :param orig_sig:
    :param new_sig:
    :param preset_pos_args:
    :return:
    """
    # generate the "equivalent signature": this is the original signature,
    # where all values injected by partial appear
    all_strs = []
    kw_only = False
    for i, (p_name, _p) in enumerate(orig_sig.parameters.items()):
        if i < len(preset_pos_args):
            # use the preset positional. Use repr() instead of str() so that e.g. "yes" appears with quotes
            all_strs.append(repr(preset_pos_args[i]))
        else:
            # use the one in the new signature
            pnew = new_sig.parameters[p_name]
            if not kw_only:
                if (PY2 and pnew.default is KW_ONLY) or pnew.kind == Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
                    kw_only = True
            
            if PY2 and kw_only:
                all_strs.append(str(pnew).replace("=%s" % KW_ONLY, ""))
            else:
                all_strs.append(str(pnew))
            
    argstring = ", ".join(all_strs)
    
    # Write the final docstring
    if wrapped_doc is None or len(wrapped_doc) == 0:
        partial_doc = "<This function is equivalent to '%s(%s)'.>\n" % (wrapped_name, argstring)
    else:
        new_line = "<This function is equivalent to '%s(%s)', see original '%s' doc below.>
" \
                   "" % (wrapped_name, argstring, wrapped_name)
        partial_doc = new_line + wrapped_doc
    
    return partial_doc
```

--------------------------------

### Get Signature String with Protected Symbols

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Constructs the signature string for a function, protecting non-native symbols in defaults or type hints by creating variables in the evaldict if necessary. Handles version-specific type hint availability.

```python
no_type_hints_allowed = sys.version_info < (3, 5)

# protect the parameters if needed
new_params = []
params_changed = False
for p_name, p in func_signature.parameters.items():
    # if default value can not be evaluated, protect it
    default_needs_protection = _signature_symbol_needs_protection(p.default, evaldict)
    new_default = _protect_signature_symbol(p.default, default_needs_protection, "DEFAULT_%s" % p_name, evaldict)

    if no_type_hints_allowed:
        new_annotation = Parameter.empty
        annotation_needs_protection = new_annotation is not p.annotation
    else:
        # if type hint can not be evaluated, protect it
        annotation_needs_protection = _signature_symbol_needs_protection(p.annotation, evaldict)
        new_annotation = _protect_signature_symbol(p.annotation, annotation_needs_protection, "HINT_%s" % p_name,
                                                 evaldict)

    # only create if necessary (inspect __init__ methods are slow)
    if default_needs_protection or annotation_needs_protection:
        # replace the parameter with the possibly new default and hint
        p = Parameter(p.name, kind=p.kind, default=new_default, annotation=new_annotation)
        params_changed = True

    new_params.append(p)

if no_type_hints_allowed:
    new_return_annotation = Parameter.empty
else:
    # if return type hint can not be evaluated, protect it
    return_needs_protection = _signature_symbol_needs_protection(func_signature.return_annotation, evaldict)
    new_return_annotation = _protect_signature_symbol(func_signature.return_annotation, return_needs_protection, "HINT_return",
                                                    evaldict)

# create new signature if needed
if params_changed or return_needs_protection:
    new_signature = Signature(parameters=new_params, return_annotation=new_return_annotation)
else:
    new_signature = func_signature

return str(new_signature)
```

--------------------------------

### Generated Source Code with Keyword Arguments

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates the generated source code for a function where arguments are passed as keyword arguments to the implementation.

```python
print(gen_func.__source__)
```

--------------------------------

### Package Version Retrieval

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275___init___py.html

Handles package versioning, attempting to import from a generated _version.py file or falling back to using setuptools_scm to determine the version from source control.

```python
try:
 from ._version import version as __version__
except ImportError:
 from setuptools_scm import get_version as _gv
 from os import path as _path
 __version__ = _gv(_path.join(_path.dirname(__file__), _path.pardir, _path.pardir))
```

--------------------------------

### Test makefun.wraps Wrapper Behavior (Default)

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates the correct behavior of the makefun.wraps decorator when using default argument values.

```python
assert enhanced_foo(1) == 2  # default 'b'
```

--------------------------------

### Wrapper Function Call with Argument Values

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/junit/report.html

Illustrates a wrapper function `foo_wrapper` being called, demonstrating how arguments are passed and processed, including the value of `z` and the default values for `a` and `b`.

```python
foo_wrapper called !
z=3
foo called: b=2, a=0
```

--------------------------------

### Simplify Wrapper with `prepend_args`

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Shows how to use the `prepend_args` parameter in the `@wraps` decorator to easily add arguments to the beginning of a wrapped function's signature. This simplifies the process of creating wrappers with modified argument lists.

```python
from makefun import wraps

def foo(b, a=0):
    print("foo called: b=%s, a=%s" % (b, a))
    return b, a

@wraps(foo, prepend_args='z')
def foo_wrapper(z, *args, **kwargs):
    print("foo_wrapper called ! z=%s" % z)
    # call the foo function 
    output = foo(*args, **kwargs)
    # return augmented output
    return z, output

# call it
assert foo_wrapper(3, 2) == (3, (2, 0))
```

--------------------------------

### Add and Remove Parameters using makefun Helpers

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Illustrates using `add_signature_parameters` to prepend and append parameters, and `remove_signature_parameters` to remove specific parameters from a function's signature. This provides a more declarative way to edit signatures.

```python
from inspect import signature, Parameter
from makefun import add_signature_parameters, remove_signature_parameters

def foo(b, c, a=0):
    pass

# original signature
foo_sig = signature(foo)
print("original signature: %s" % foo_sig)

# let's modify it
new_sig = add_signature_parameters(foo_sig,
                first=Parameter('z', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD),
                last=Parameter('o', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, 
                               default=True)
          )
new_sig = remove_signature_parameters(new_sig, 'b', 'a')
print("modified signature: %s" % new_sig)
```

--------------------------------

### Function Creation with Eval Dictionary

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Creates a new function using the '_make' utility, passing the function name, parameter names, body, and an evaluation dictionary. This dictionary maps '_func_impl_' to the actual function implementation.

```python
evaldict['_func_impl_'] = func_impl
```

```python
f = _make("lambda_", params_names, body, evaldict)
```

```python
f = _make(co_name, params_names, body, evaldict)
```

--------------------------------

### Generate New Signature with Preset Arguments

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

This code constructs a new function signature by applying preset positional and keyword arguments to an original signature. It handles parameter kind changes, default value overrides, and ensures all remaining parameters become keyword-only. Raises ValueError for invalid preset arguments.

```python
def _makefun_new_sig(f, orig_sig, preset_pos_args, preset_kwargs):
    # ... (rest of the function code from lines 1307-1367)
    if len(orig_sig.parameters) < len(preset_pos_args):
        raise ValueError("Cannot preset %s positional args, function %s has only %s args."
                         "" % (len(preset_pos_args), getattr(f, '__name__', f), len(orig_sig.parameters)))
    new_params = []
    kwonly_flag = False
    for i, (p_name, p) in enumerate(orig_sig.parameters.items()):
        if i < len(preset_pos_args):
            # preset positional arg: disappears from signature
            continue
        try:
            # is this parameter overridden in `preset_kwargs` ?
            overridden_p_default = preset_kwargs.pop(p_name)
        except KeyError:
            # no: it will appear "as is" in the signature, in the same order
            
            # However we need to change the kind if the kind is not already "keyword only"
            # positional only: Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY, VAR_POSITIONAL
            # both: POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
            # keyword only: KEYWORD_ONLY, VAR_KEYWORD
            if kwonly_flag and p.kind not in (Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY):
                if PY2:
                    # Special : we can not make if Keyword-only, but we can not leave it without default value
                    new_kind = p.kind
                    # set a default value of
                    new_default = p.default if p.default is not Parameter.empty else KW_ONLY
                else:
                    new_kind = Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
                    new_default = p.default
                p = Parameter(name=p.name, kind=new_kind, default=new_default, annotation=p.annotation)
                
            else:
                # yes: override definition with the default. Note that the parameter will remain in the signature
                # but as "keyword only" (and so will be all following args)
                if p.kind is Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
                    raise NotImplementedError("Predefining a positional-only argument using keyword is not supported as in "
                                             "python 3.8.8, 'signature()' does not support such functions and raises a"
                                             "ValueError. Please report this issue if support needs to be added in the "
                                             "future.")
                
                if not PY2 and p.kind not in (Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY):
                    # change kind to keyword-only
                    new_kind = Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
                else:
                    new_kind = p.kind
                p = Parameter(name=p.name, kind=new_kind, default=overridden_p_default, annotation=p.annotation)
                
            # from now on, all other parameters need to be keyword-only
            kwonly_flag = True
            
            # preserve order
            new_params.append(p)
            
    new_sig = Signature(parameters=tuple(new_params),
                        return_annotation=orig_sig.return_annotation)
    
    if len(preset_kwargs) > 0:
        raise ValueError("Cannot preset keyword argument(s), not present in the signature of %s: %s"
                         "" % (getattr(f, '__name__', f), preset_kwargs))
    return new_sig
```

--------------------------------

### Capture and Modify Function Signature with inspect.signature

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Illustrates how to capture an existing function's signature using inspect.signature, modify it by adding a parameter, and then use the modified signature with makefun.wraps.

```python
from makefun import wraps
from inspect import signature, Parameter

# (0) the reference function
def foo(b, a=0):
    print("foo called: b=%s, a=%s" % (b, a))
    return b, a

# (1a) capture the signature of reference function `foo`
foo_sig = signature(foo)
print("Original Signature: %s" % foo_sig)
```

--------------------------------

### Import Core makefun Functions

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275___init___py.html

Imports key functions and classes from the main module to make them directly accessible from the package level.

```python
from .main import create_function, with_signature, remove_signature_parameters, add_signature_parameters, \
 wraps, create_wrapper, partial, with_partial, compile_fun, UndefinedSymbolError, UnsupportedForCompilation, \
 SourceUnavailable
```

--------------------------------

### Create Partial Function using Decorator

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Illustrates the `@with_partial` decorator as a convenient way to create partial function views, especially for quick tests or when a decorator-based approach is preferred over direct function calls.

```python
from makefun import with_partial

@with_partial(x=12)
def foo(x, y):
    """
    a `foo` function

    :param x:
    :param y:
    :return:
    """
    return x + y
```

--------------------------------

### Test makefun.wraps Wrapper Behavior (Positional)

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates the correct behavior of the makefun.wraps decorator when arguments are passed positionally.

```python
assert enhanced_foo(1, 2) == 3  # positional 'b'
```

--------------------------------

### partial

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/api_reference

An equivalent of `functools.partial` that relies on a dynamically-created function for better documentation appearance.

```APIDOC
## `@partial`

### Description
Equivalent of `functools.partial` but relies on a dynamically-created function. As a result the function looks nicer to users in terms of apparent documentation, name, etc.

### Parameters
* `f`: The function to partially apply.
* `*preset_pos_args`: Positional arguments to preset.
* `**preset_kwargs`: Keyword arguments to preset.
```

--------------------------------

### Create Generator Function Dynamically

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Demonstrates how `create_function` automatically detects and creates a generator function when the implementation is a generator. It verifies the created function is a generator and tests its output.

```python
from inspect import isgeneratorfunction
from makefun import create_function

# define the implementation
def my_generator_impl(b, a=0):
    for i in range(a, b):
        yield i * i

# create the dynamic function
gen_func = create_function("foo(a, b)", my_generator_impl)

# verify that the new function is a generator and behaves as such
assert isgeneratorfunction(gen_func)
assert list(gen_func(1, 4)) == [1, 4, 9]
```

--------------------------------

### Implement `partial` Functionality

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

This function provides an alternative to `functools.partial` by dynamically creating a function. It aims to present a cleaner signature and documentation to the user. It handles generator functions and asynchronous generator functions specifically.

```python
def partial(f, # type: Callable
    *preset_pos_args, # type: Any
    **preset_kwargs # type: Any
 ):
    """
    Equivalent of `functools.partial` but relies on a dynamically-created function. As a result the function
    looks nicer to users in terms of apparent documentation, name, etc.

    See [documentation](./index.md#removing-parameters-easily) for details.

    :param preset_pos_args:
    :param preset_kwargs:
    :return:
    """
    # TODO do we need to mimic `partial`'s behaviour concerning positional args?

    # (1) remove/change all preset arguments from the signature
    orig_sig = signature(f)
    if preset_pos_args or preset_kwargs:
        new_sig = gen_partial_sig(orig_sig, preset_pos_args, preset_kwargs, f)
    else:
        new_sig = None

    if _is_generator_func(f):
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
            from makefun._main_py35_and_higher import make_partial_using_yield_from
            partial_f = make_partial_using_yield_from(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
        else:
            from makefun._main_legacy_py import make_partial_using_yield
            partial_f = make_partial_using_yield(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
    elif isasyncgenfunction(f) and sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
        from makefun._main_py36_and_higher import make_partial_using_async_for_in_yield
        partial_f = make_partial_using_async_for_in_yield(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
    else:
        @wraps(f, new_sig=new_sig)
        def partial_f(*args, **kwargs):
            # since the signature does the checking for us, no need to check for redundancy.
            kwargs.update(preset_kwargs)
            return f(*itertools.chain(preset_pos_args, args), **kwargs)

    # update the doc.
    # Note that partial_f is generated above with a proper __name__ and __doc__ identical to the wrapped ones
    if new_sig is not None:
        partial_f.__doc__ = gen_partial_doc(partial_f.__name__, partial_f.__doc__, orig_sig, new_sig, preset_pos_args)

    # Set the func attribute as `functools.partial` does
    partial_f.func = f

    return partial_f
```

--------------------------------

### Create Function with Custom Signature and Implementation

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Dynamically creates a new function with a specified signature and an implementation function. Arguments passed to the new function are propagated to the implementation, with options for argument injection and metadata control.

```python
def create_function(func_signature, # type: Union[str, Signature]
                    func_impl, # type: Callable[[Any], Any]
                    func_name=None, # type: str
                    inject_as_first_arg=False, # type: bool
                    add_source=True, # type: bool
                    add_impl=True, # type: bool
                    doc=None, # type: str
                    qualname=None, # type: str
                    co_name=None, # type: str
                    module_name=None, # type: str
                    **attrs):
    """
    Creates a function with signature `func_signature` that will call `func_impl` when called. All arguments received
    by the generated function will be propagated as keyword-arguments to `func_impl` when it is possible (so all the

```

--------------------------------

### Partial Function Application

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/api_reference

Utilize the partial function for equivalent functionality to functools.partial, but with enhanced documentation presentation. This is useful when you need a partial function that appears more user-friendly in terms of its signature and name.

```python
def partial(f: Callable, 
            *preset_pos_args,
            **preset_kwargs
            ):


```

--------------------------------

### Generated Source Code with *args and **kwargs

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Shows the generated source code for a function that accepts arbitrary positional and keyword arguments, passing them to the implementation.

```python
gen_func = create_function("foo(a=0, *args, **kwargs)", func_impl)
print(gen_func.__source__)
```

--------------------------------

### Create Function Signature using inspect.Signature Object

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Programmatically define a function signature using inspect.Signature and Parameter objects. This approach offers more control than string-based definitions. Requires explicit func_name argument.

```python
from makefun import with_signature
from inspect import Signature, Parameter

# (1) define the signature using objects.
parameters = [Parameter('b', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD),
              Parameter('a', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, default=0), ]
func_sig = Signature(parameters)
func_name = 'foo'

# (2) define the function
@with_signature(func_sig, func_name=func_name)
def gen_func(*args, **kwargs):
    """This docstring will be used in the generated function by default"""
    print("func_impl called !")
    return args, kwargs
```

--------------------------------

### create_wrapper

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Creates a signature-preserving wrapper function. It is equivalent to `@makefun.wraps(wrapped, **kwargs)(wrapper)`.

```APIDOC
## create_wrapper

### Description
Creates a signature-preserving wrapper function. `create_wrapper(wrapped, wrapper, **kwargs)` is equivalent to `wraps(wrapped, **kwargs)(wrapper)`.

See `@makefun.wraps`

### Parameters
- **wrapped** (Callable) - The function to be wrapped.
- **wrapper** (Callable) - The function that will act as the wrapper.
- **new_sig** (Union[str, Signature], optional) - The new signature for the wrapper.
- **prepend_args** (Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]], optional) - Arguments to prepend to the signature.
- **append_args** (Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]], optional) - Arguments to append to the signature.
- **remove_args** (Union[str, Iterable[str]], optional) - Arguments to remove from the signature.
- **func_name** (str, optional) - The name for the wrapper function.
- **inject_as_first_arg** (bool, optional) - Whether to inject the wrapper as the first argument.
- **add_source** (bool, optional) - Whether to add source code information.
- **add_impl** (bool, optional) - Whether to add implementation details.
- **doc** (str, optional) - The docstring for the wrapper function.
- **qualname** (str, optional) - The qualified name for the wrapper function.
- **co_name** (str, optional) - The code name for the wrapper function.
- **module_name** (str, optional) - The module name for the wrapper function.
- **kwargs** - Additional attributes to apply to the wrapper function.
```

--------------------------------

### partial function

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Equivalent of `functools.partial` but relies on a dynamically-created function. This results in a function that appears nicer to users in terms of apparent documentation, name, etc.

```APIDOC
## partial(f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)

### Description
Creates a new function with some arguments of `f` pre-filled. This is an alternative to `functools.partial` that generates a function with a cleaner signature and documentation.

See [documentation](./index.md#removing-parameters-easily) for details.

### Parameters
- **f** (Callable): The function to partially apply.
- **preset_pos_args**: Positional arguments to preset.
- **preset_kwargs**: Keyword arguments to preset.

### Returns
A new function with preset arguments applied.
```

--------------------------------

### Create Parameter with Protected Symbols

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Creates a new Parameter object, potentially with updated default values or type hints that have been protected using _SymbolRef. This is done only if changes were necessary.

```python
p = Parameter(p.name, kind=p.kind, default=new_default, annotation=new_annotation)
```

--------------------------------

### create_wrapper

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/api_reference

Creates a signature-preserving wrapper function. It's equivalent to using `functools.wraps` with additional keyword arguments.

```APIDOC
## `create_wrapper`

### Description
Creates a signature-preserving wrapper function. `create_wrapper(wrapped, wrapper, **kwargs)` is equivalent to `wraps(wrapped, **kwargs)(wrapper)`.

### Parameters
* `wrapped`: The function to wrap.
* `wrapper`: The wrapper function.
* `new_sig`: Optional new signature for the wrapper.
* `prepend_args`: Arguments to prepend to the wrapper's signature.
* `append_args`: Arguments to append to the wrapper's signature.
* `remove_args`: Arguments to remove from the wrapper's signature.
* `func_name`: The name for the wrapper function.
* `inject_as_first_arg`: Whether to inject the wrapper as the first argument.
* `add_source`: Whether to add source code information.
* `add_impl`: Whether to add implementation details.
* `doc`: Docstring for the wrapper.
* `qualname`: Qualified name for the wrapper.
* `co_name`: Code name for the wrapper.
* `module_name`: Module name for the wrapper.
* `**attrs`: Additional attributes to set on the wrapper.
```

--------------------------------

### Function Wrapping with makefun

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

makefun provides a decorator that wraps functions, allowing for signature modification and attribute preservation, akin to functools.wraps.

```APIDOC
## @makefun.wraps

### Description
Wraps a function, preserving its signature and attributes, with options for customization.

### Parameters
- **wrapped_fun** (callable) - The function to be wrapped. Used as a reference for signature, __name__, __qualname__, __doc__, and __dict__.
- **new_sig** (str or inspect.Signature, optional) - The new signature for the decorated function. Defaults to the signature of `wrapped_fun`. Can be a string like "foo(a, b: int, *args, **kwargs)" or a `Signature` object.
- **prepend_args** (str or list[str], optional) - Arguments to prepend to the signature. These are not passed to `wrapped_fun`.
- **append_args** (str or list[str], optional) - Arguments to append to the signature. These are not passed to `wrapped_fun`.
- **remove_args** (str or list[str], optional) - Arguments to remove from the signature. These should be injected into `kwargs` before calling `wrapped_fun`.
- **func_name** (str, optional) - Overrides the `__name__` and `__qualname__` of the created function. Defaults to `wrapped_fun`'s name or the name from `new_sig`.
- **inject_as_first_arg** (bool, optional) - If True, injects the created function as the first positional argument. Defaults to False.
- **add_source** (bool, optional) - If True, adds a `__source__` annotation. Defaults to True.
- **add_impl** (bool, optional) - If True, adds a `__func_impl__` annotation. Defaults to True.
- **doc** (str, optional) - The docstring for the generated function. Defaults to `wrapped_fun`'s docstring.
- **qualname** (str, optional) - The qualified name to be used. Defaults to `wrapped_fun`'s `__qualname__` or the name from `new_sig`.
- **co_name** (str, optional) - The name to be used in the compiled code (`__code__.co_name`). Defaults to the name from `func_signature`.
- **module_name** (str, optional) - The module name to be set on the function (`__module__`). Defaults to `wrapped_fun`'s `__module__`.
```

--------------------------------

### Create Function using Compile

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Creates a function object by compiling a generated body string. It maps the internal '_func_impl_' symbol to the actual function implementation and optionally adds source annotations or implementation handlers.

```python
protect_eval_dict(evaldict, func_name, params_names)
evaldict['_func_impl_'] = func_impl
if create_lambda:
    f = _make("lambda_", params_names, body, evaldict)
else:
    f = _make(co_name, params_names, body, evaldict)

# add the source annotation if needed
if add_source: 
    attrs['__source__'] = body

# add the handler if needed
if add_impl: 
    attrs['__func_impl__'] = func_impl

# update the signature
_update_fields(f, name=func_name, qualname=qualname, doc=doc, annotations=annotations,
defaults=tuple(defaults), kwonlydefaults=kwonlydefaults,
module=module_name, kw=attrs)

return f
```

--------------------------------

### Handle Source Code Availability

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Ensures that the source code for a function is available before compilation. Raises `SourceUnavailable` if `inspect.getsource` fails.

```python
try:
    lines = getsource(target)
except (OSError, IOError) as e: # noqa # distinct exceptions in old python versions
    if 'could not get source code' in str(e):
        raise SourceUnavailable(target, e)
    else:
        raise
```

--------------------------------

### Create Signature from String

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Creates a `Signature` object from a given function signature string. It handles parsing the string and creating a dummy function to extract the signature.

```python
def get_signature_from_string(func_sig_str, evaldict):
    """
    Creates a `Signature` object from the given function signature string.

    :param func_sig_str:
    :return: (func_name, func_sig, func_sig_str). func_sig_str is guaranteed to contain the ':' symbol already
    """
    # escape leading newline characters
    if func_sig_str.startswith('\n'):
        func_sig_str = func_sig_str[1:]

    # match the provided signature. note: fullmatch is not supported in python 2
    def_match = FUNC_DEF.match(func_sig_str)
    if def_match is None:
        raise SyntaxError('The provided function template is not valid: "%s" does not match ' 
                          '"<func_name>(<func_args>)[ -> <return-hint>]".\n For information the regex used is: "%s"' 
                          '' % (func_sig_str, FUNC_DEF.pattern))
    groups = def_match.groupdict()

    # extract function name and parameter names list
    func_name = groups['funcname']
    if func_name is None or func_name == '':
        func_name_ = 'dummy'
        func_name = None
    else:
        func_name_ = func_name
    # params_str = groups['params']
    # params_names = extract_params_names(params_str)

    # find the keyword parameters and the others
    # posonly_names, kwonly_names, unrestricted_names = separate_positional_and_kw(params_names)

    colon_end = groups['colon']
    cmt_return_hint = groups['comment_return_hint']
    if (colon_end is None or len(colon_end) == 0) \
       and (cmt_return_hint is None or len(cmt_return_hint) == 0):
        func_sig_str = func_sig_str + ':'

    # Create a dummy function
    # complete the string if name is empty, so that we can actually use _make
    func_sig_str_ = (func_name_ + func_sig_str) if func_name is None else func_sig_str
    body = 'def %s\n pass\n' % func_sig_str_
    dummy_f = _make(func_name_, [], body, evaldict)

    # return its signature
    return func_name, signature(dummy_f), func_sig_str
```

--------------------------------

### Partial Function Application Utility

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

This function creates a new callable that behaves like the original function but with some arguments pre-set. It aims to provide a nicer user experience than functools.partial by preserving documentation and names.

```python
def partial(f, # type: Callable
            *preset_pos_args, # type: Any
            **preset_kwargs # type: Any
            ):
    """
    Equivalent of `functools.partial` but relies on a dynamically-created function. As a result the function
    looks nicer to users in terms of apparent documentation, name, etc.

    See [documentation](./index.md#removing-parameters-easily) for details.

    :param preset_pos_args:
    :param preset_kwargs:
    :return:
    """
    # TODO do we need to mimic `partial`'s behaviour concerning positional args?

    # (1) remove/change all preset arguments from the signature
    orig_sig = signature(f)
    if preset_pos_args or preset_kwargs:
        new_sig = gen_partial_sig(orig_sig, preset_pos_args, preset_kwargs, f)
    else:
        new_sig = None

    if _is_generator_func(f):
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
            from makefun._main_py35_and_higher import make_partial_using_yield_from
            partial_f = make_partial_using_yield_from(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
        else:
            from makefun._main_legacy_py import make_partial_using_yield
            partial_f = make_partial_using_yield(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
    elif isasyncgenfunction(f) and sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
        from makefun._main_py36_and_higher import make_partial_using_async_for_in_yield
        partial_f = make_partial_using_async_for_in_yield(new_sig, f, *preset_pos_args, **preset_kwargs)
    else:
        @wraps(f, new_sig=new_sig)
        def partial_f(*args, **kwargs):
            # since the signature does the checking for us, no need to check for redundancy.
            kwargs.update(preset_kwargs)
            return f(*itertools.chain(preset_pos_args, args), **kwargs)

        # update the doc.
        # Note that partial_f is generated above with a proper __name__ and __doc__ identical to the wrapped ones
        if new_sig is not None:
            partial_f.__doc__ = gen_partial_doc(partial_f.__name__, partial_f.__doc__, orig_sig, new_sig, preset_pos_args)

        # Set the func attribute as `functools.partial` does
        partial_f.func = f

        return partial_f
```

--------------------------------

### create_function

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Creates a function with a specified signature that calls a given implementation function. Arguments are propagated as keyword arguments when possible.

```APIDOC
## create_function

### Description
Creates a function with signature `func_signature` that will call `func_impl` when called. All arguments received by the generated function will be propagated as keyword-arguments to `func_impl` when it is possible (so all the arguments passed to the generated function will be available in `func_impl` as keyword arguments).

### Parameters
- **func_signature** (Union[str, Signature]) - The desired signature for the new function.
- **func_impl** (Callable[[Any], Any]) - The implementation function to be called.
- **func_name** (str, optional) - The name for the new function.
- **inject_as_first_arg** (bool, optional) - If True, the generated function will be injected as the first argument to `func_impl`.
- **add_source** (bool, optional) - If True, the source code of the generated function will be preserved.
- **add_impl** (bool, optional) - If True, the implementation function will be included in the generated function's metadata.
- **doc** (str, optional) - The docstring for the new function.
- **qualname** (str, optional) - The qualified name for the new function.
- **co_name** (str, optional) - The code name for the new function.
- **module_name** (str, optional) - The module name for the new function.
- **kwargs** - Additional attributes to set on the new function.
```

--------------------------------

### Compile Function Manually

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Illustrates how to manually compile a function using compile_fun_manually. This function can be called directly or used to create a decorator.

```python
from makefun import compile_fun_manually

# Example of manual compilation (assuming 'my_func' is defined elsewhere)
# compiled_func = compile_fun_manually(my_func, recurse=True, except_names=(), _evaldict=True)
```

--------------------------------

### Compile Function with Parentheses

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Demonstrates using compile_fun with parentheses to configure its behavior, such as specifying recursion and names to exclude from compilation.

```python
@compile_fun(recurse=True, except_names=())
def foo(a, b):
    return a + b
```

--------------------------------

### Function Creation with New Signature

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Use `create_function` to generate a new function with a specified signature and implementation. This function can also accept various metadata parameters to customize the new function's attributes.

```python
def replace_f(f):
    return create_function(func_signature=func_signature,
                           func_impl=f,
                           func_name=func_name,
                           inject_as_first_arg=inject_as_first_arg,
                           add_source=add_source,
                           add_impl=add_impl,
                           doc=doc,
                           qualname=qualname,
                           co_name=co_name,
                           module_name=module_name,
```

--------------------------------

### Create Signature-Preserving Wrapper

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

Use `create_wrapper` to create a wrapper function that preserves the signature of the original function. This is equivalent to using `@makefun.wraps` with additional arguments.

```python
def create_wrapper(wrapped,
 wrapper,
 new_sig=None, # type: Union[str, Signature]
 prepend_args=None, # type: Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]]
 append_args=None, # type: Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]]
 remove_args=None, # type: Union[str, Iterable[str]]
 func_name=None, # type: str
 inject_as_first_arg=False, # type: bool
 add_source=True, # type: bool
 add_impl=True, # type: bool
 doc=None, # type: str
 qualname=None, # type: str
 co_name=None, # type: str
 module_name=None, # type: str
 **attrs
 ):
 """
 Creates a signature-preserving wrapper function.
 `create_wrapper(wrapped, wrapper, **kwargs)` is equivalent to `wraps(wrapped, **kwargs)(wrapper)`.

 See `@makefun.wraps`
 """
 return wraps(wrapped, new_sig=new_sig, prepend_args=prepend_args, append_args=append_args, remove_args=remove_args,
 func_name=func_name, inject_as_first_arg=inject_as_first_arg, add_source=add_source,
 add_impl=add_impl, doc=doc, qualname=qualname, module_name=module_name, co_name=co_name,
 **attrs)(wrapper)
```

--------------------------------

### Python Version Definitions

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275__version_py.html

Defines the package version as a string and a tuple. This file is auto-generated and should not be modified.

```python
__version__ = version = '0.1.dev1+gbacb3e1'
__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (0, 1, 'dev1', 'gbacb3e1')
```

--------------------------------

### Define `KW_ONLY` Singleton for Python 2

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/coverage/z_4ec72aff9ef81275_main_py.html

In Python 2, keyword-only arguments are not supported. This singleton is used to mimic their behavior by assigning a default value to arguments that should be keyword-only.

```python
class KwOnly:
    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "KW_ONLY_ARG!"

KW_ONLY = KwOnly()
```

--------------------------------

### Define Function Signature with PEP484 Type Hints (String)

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun

Use PEP484 type hints directly within a string to define a function signature. Note that inspect.signature may not always detect these hints.

```python
func_sig = "foo(b: int, a: float = 0) -> str"
```

--------------------------------

### Add Parameters to Signature

Source: https://smarie.github.io/python-makefun/reports/flake8/makefun.main.source.html

Creates a new Signature instance by adding parameters to an existing one. Supports adding parameters at the beginning, end, or a custom index. Strings can be provided for parameters, and their kind will be auto-guessed.

```python
def add_signature_parameters(s, # type: Signature
                           first=(), # type: Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]]
                           last=(), # type: Union[str, Parameter, Iterable[Union[str, Parameter]]]
                           custom=(), # type: Union[Parameter, Iterable[Parameter]]
                           custom_idx=-1 # type: int
                           ):
    """
    Adds the provided parameters to the signature `s` (returns a new `Signature` instance).

    :param s: the original signature to edit
    :param first: a single element or a list of `Parameter` instances to be added at the beginning of the parameter's
    list. Strings can also be provided, in which case the parameter kind will be created based on best guess.
    :param last: a single element or a list of `Parameter` instances to be added at the end of the parameter's list.
    Strings can also be provided, in which case the parameter kind will be created based on best guess.
    :param custom: a single element or a list of `Parameter` instances to be added at a custom position in the list.
    That position is determined with `custom_idx`
    :param custom_idx: the custom position to insert the `custom` parameters to.
    :return: a new signature created from the original one by adding the specified parameters.
    """
    params = OrderedDict(s.parameters.items())
    lst = list(params.values())

    # insert at custom position (but keep the order, that's why we use 'reversed')
    try:
        for param in reversed(custom):
            if param.name in params:
                raise ValueError("Parameter with name '%s' is present twice in the signature to create" % param.name)
            else:
                lst.insert(custom_idx, param)
    except TypeError:
        # a single argument
        if custom.name in params:
            raise ValueError("Parameter with name '%s' is present twice in the signature to create" % custom.name)
        else:
            lst.insert(custom_idx, custom)

    # prepend but keep the order
    first_param_kind = None
    try:
        for param in reversed(first):
            if isinstance(param, string_types):
                # Create a Parameter with auto-guessed 'kind'
                if first_param_kind is None:
                    # by default use this
                    first_param_kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
                try:
                    # check the first parameter kind
                    first_param_kind = next(iter(params.values())).kind
                except StopIteration:
                    # no parameter - ok
                    pass
                # if the first parameter is a pos-only or a varpos we have to change to pos only.
                if first_param_kind in (Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY, Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL):
                    first_param_kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
                param = Parameter(name=param, kind=first_param_kind)
            else:
                # remember the kind
                first_param_kind = param.kind

            if param.name in params:
                raise ValueError("Parameter with name '%s' is present twice in the signature to create" % param.name)
            else:
                lst.insert(0, param)
    except TypeError:
        # a single argument
        if first.name in params:
            raise ValueError("Parameter with name '%s' is present twice in the signature to create" % first.name)
        else:
            lst.insert(0, first)

    # append
    last_param_kind = None
    try:
        for param in last:
            if isinstance(param, string_types):
                # Create a Parameter with auto-guessed 'kind'
                if last_param_kind is None:
                    # by default use this
                    last_param_kind = Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
                try:
                    # check the last parameter kind
                    last_param_kind = next(reversed(params.values())).kind
                except StopIteration:
                    # no parameter - ok
                    pass
                # if the last parameter is a keyword-only or a varkw we have to change to kw only.
                if last_param_kind in (Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD):
                    last_param_kind = Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
                param = Parameter(name=param, kind=last_param_kind)
            else:
                # remember the kind
                last_param_kind = param.kind

```
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