Win Desktop Duplication

https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/
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Win Desktop Duplication is a Rust crate providing a low-latency, low-level wrapper for the Windows...
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### Sync Example

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

An example demonstrating the synchronous usage of DesktopDuplicationApi to acquire frames.

```APIDOC
## Sync Example

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
// ... other code ...
{
    // Assuming 'adapter' and 'output' are defined elsewhere
    let mut duplication = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output)?;
    loop {
        output.wait_for_vsync();
        let tex = duplication.acquire_next_frame_now()?;
        // Use the texture to encode video
        // ...
    }
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Usage Example: Iterate Displays - Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.Adapter_search=

An example demonstrating how to use the `iter_displays` method to loop through each display attached to an adapter and perform operations on them.

```Rust
for display in adapter.iter_displays(){
    // use the display object
}
```

--------------------------------

### Async Example

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

An example demonstrating the asynchronous usage of DesktopDuplicationApi to acquire frames.

```APIDOC
## Async Example

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
async {
    // Assuming 'adapter' and 'output' are defined elsewhere
    let mut duplication = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output)?;
    loop {
        let tex = duplication.acquire_next_vsync_frame().await?;
        // Use the texture to encode video
    }
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve Specific Adapter by Index or LUID

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=

This example shows how to get a specific display adapter using either its index or its LUID (Locally Unique Identifier). This is useful when you need to access a particular adapter directly rather than iterating through all of them.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::AdapterFactory;

let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();

// Retrieve by index
let adapter_by_idx = fac.get_adapter_by_idx(0);

// Retrieve by LUID (assuming 'luid' is a valid LUID)
// let adapter_by_luid = fac.get_adapter_by_luid(luid);
```

--------------------------------

### Async Desktop Duplication Example

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs_search=

This Rust code snippet shows an example of using the `DesktopDuplicationApi` asynchronously. It demonstrates how to create a new instance of the API and then enter a loop to continuously acquire frames using `acquire_next_vsync_frame()`. The acquired texture can then be used for video encoding.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
async {
    let mut duplication = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output)?;
    loop {
        let tex = duplication.acquire_next_vsync_frame().await?;
        // use the texture to encode video
    }

}
```

--------------------------------

### Example Usage of DisplayIterator in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.DisplayIterator_search=

Demonstrates how to use the `DisplayIterator` to loop through displays connected to an adapter. It requires creating an `AdapterFactory` and then obtaining an adapter by index before iterating over its displays.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::{Adapter, AdapterFactory};
let adapter = AdapterFactory::new().get_adapter_by_idx(0);
for display in adapter.iter_display(){
   // use display here
}
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize win_desktop_duplication Library

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/fn.co_init_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

The `co_init` function is used to initialize the win_desktop_duplication library. This function has no parameters and no return value, indicating it performs a setup operation.

```rust
pub fn co_init()
```

--------------------------------

### Example: Using DisplayVSyncStream

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=

Demonstrates how to use the `DisplayVSyncStream` in an asynchronous loop. The loop continues to receive VSync signals until an unexpected error occurs in the stream. The `stream.next().await` call retrieves the next VSync signal.

```rust
while let Some(()) = stream.next().await {
// ... do something here
// this loop only exits when there is an unexpected error in the stream.
}
```

--------------------------------

### Desktop Duplication API Module Setup (Rust)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs

Sets up the necessary imports and basic structures for the Desktop Duplication API module in Rust. It includes standard library modules, external crates like `futures` and `log`, and Windows-specific API bindings. This setup is essential for the module's functionality.

```rust
use std::mem::size_of;
use std::ptr::null;
use std::time::Duration;

use futures::StreamExt;
use log::{debug, error, trace, warn};
use tokio::time;
use tokio::time::{Interval, MissedTickBehavior, sleep};
use windows::core::Interface;
use windows::core::Result as WinResult;
use windows::Win32::Foundation::{BOOL, E_ACCESSDENIED, E_INVALIDARG, GENERIC_READ, GetLastError, POINT};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Direct3D::{D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Direct3D11::{D3D11_BIND_FLAG, D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET, D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_FLAG, D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_FLAG, D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_GDI_COMPATIBLE, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC, D3D11_USAGE, D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT, D3D11CreateDevice, ID3D11Device4, ID3D11DeviceContext4};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::{DXGI_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, DXGI_ERROR_ACCESS_LOST, DXGI_ERROR_INVALID_CALL, DXGI_ERROR_SESSION_DISCONNECTED, DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, DXGI_ERROR_WAIT_TIMEOUT, IDXGIDevice4, IDXGIOutputDuplication, IDXGIResource, IDXGISurface1};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::Common::{DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM, DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT, DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Gdi::DeleteObject;
use windows::Win32::System::StationsAndDesktops::{DESKTOP_ACCESS_FLAGS, OpenInputDesktop, SetThreadDesktop};
use windows::Win32::System::StationsAndDesktops::DF_ALLOWOTHERACCOUNTHOOK;
use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{CURSOR_SHOWING, CURSORINFO, DI_NORMAL, DrawIconEx, GetCursorInfo, GetIconInfo, HCURSOR};

use crate::devices::Adapter;
use crate::errors::DDApiError;
use crate::outputs::{Display, DisplayVSyncStream};
use crate::Result;
use crate::texture::{Texture, TextureDesc};
```

--------------------------------

### Create New AdapterFactory Instance in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=std%3A%3Avec

Provides the implementation for creating a new instance of AdapterFactory. This is the starting point for interacting with display adapter enumeration.

```rust
pub fn new() -> Self
```

--------------------------------

### Iterate Over Displays using DisplayIterator

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.DisplayIterator

This example demonstrates how to use the DisplayIterator to loop through displays connected to a graphics adapter. It requires initializing an AdapterFactory and then iterating over the displays of a chosen adapter. The `win_desktop_duplication::devices` module is necessary for this functionality.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::{Adapter, AdapterFactory};

fn main() {
    let adapter = AdapterFactory::new().get_adapter_by_idx(0);
    for display in adapter.iter_display() {
        // Process each display here
        println!("Found display: {:?}", display);
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get File Metadata with Error Handling

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Shows how to retrieve metadata for a file path using `Path::metadata` and handle potential errors. It demonstrates successful retrieval for a root path and failure for a non-existent path, checking the specific error kind.

```rust
use std::{io::ErrorKind, path::Path};

// Note: on Windows "/" maps to "C:\\"
let root_modified_time = Path::new("/").metadata().and_then(|md| md.modified());
assert!(root_modified_time.is_ok());

let should_fail = Path::new("/bad/path").metadata().and_then(|md| md.modified());
assert!(should_fail.is_err());
assert_eq!(should_fail.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NotFound);
```

--------------------------------

### Get Raw Reference to IDXGIFactory6

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/devices.rs_search=u32+-%3E+bool

The as_raw_ref() method provides immutable access to the underlying IDXGIFactory6 object. This allows for direct interaction with the DXGI factory interface when necessary.

```rust
pub fn as_raw_ref(&self) -> &IDXGIFactory6 {
    &self.fac
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get VSync Stream Signal

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.Display_search=

Obtains a stream signal for the monitor's refresh rate (VSync). The documentation for `DisplayVSyncStream` provides usage examples for this stream.

```rust
pub fn get_vsync_stream(&self) -> DisplayVSyncStream
```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve Adapter by Index or LUID (Rust)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Shows how to get a specific display adapter using either its index or its LUID (Locally Unique Identifier). This is useful when you need to access a particular adapter directly. The LUID must be obtained beforehand.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::AdapterFactory;
let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();

// either
let adapter = fac.get_adapter_by_idx(0);
// or
let adapter = fac.get_adapter_by_luid(luid);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result expect Example - Recommended Usage

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Provides an example of recommended usage for the `expect` method, emphasizing informative panic messages that explain why the Ok value was expected. This example demonstrates expecting an environment variable to be set.

```rust
let path = std::env::var("IMPORTANT_PATH")
    .expect("env variable `IMPORTANT_PATH` should be set by `wrapper_script.sh`");
```

--------------------------------

### TryFrom and TryInto Implementations

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream

Documentation for `TryFrom` and `TryInto` traits, enabling fallible type conversions.

```APIDOC
## TryFrom and TryInto Implementations

### Description
Provides fallible conversion between types.

### `impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T`

#### Description
Enables converting a type `U` into type `T`.

#### Type Alias
- **Error** (`Infallible`): The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

#### Method
- **try_from(value)**: Performs the conversion from `U` to `T`.

### `impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T`

#### Description
Enables converting a type `T` into type `U`.

#### Type Alias
- **Error** (`<U as TryFrom<T>>::Error`): The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

#### Method
- **try_into()**: Performs the conversion from `T` to `U`.
```

--------------------------------

### TryFrom and TryInto Implementations

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=std%3A%3Avec

Demonstrates the implementation of `TryFrom` and `TryInto` traits, which allow for fallible type conversions. These are essential for scenarios where a conversion might fail and needs to be handled gracefully.

```Rust
impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,
{
    type Error = Infallible;
    fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>
}

impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,
{
    type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error;
    fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>
}
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result expect Example - Panic

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Illustrates the `expect` method, which returns the contained Ok value or panics if the value is Err. The panic message includes the provided message and the error's content. This example shows a panic scenario with a custom message.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
x.expect("Testing expect"); // panics with `Testing expect: emergency failure`
```

--------------------------------

### TryFrom and TryInto Implementations

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=

These sections describe the `TryFrom` and `TryInto` traits for conversion, particularly in the context of `Result` types.

```APIDOC
## TryFrom<U> for T

### Description

Implements conversion from type `U` into type `T`.

### Method

`try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>`

### Parameters

#### Path Parameters

None

#### Query Parameters

None

#### Request Body

None

### Request Example

None

### Response

#### Success Response (200)

None

#### Response Example

None

## TryInto<U> for T

### Description

Implements conversion from type `T` into type `U`.

### Method

`try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>`

### Parameters

#### Path Parameters

None

#### Query Parameters

None

#### Request Body

None

### Request Example

None

### Response

#### Success Response (200)

None

#### Response Example

None
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize and Iterate AdapterFactory in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory

Demonstrates how to create an AdapterFactory instance and iterate over the available display adapters using a for loop. The AdapterFactory automatically resets its iterator state.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::AdapterFactory;

let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();
for adapter in fac {
    // use adapter value here
}
```

--------------------------------

### into_ok

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=

Returns the contained Ok value, but never panics. This is an unstable, nightly-only API.

```APIDOC
## into_ok

### Description
Returns the contained `Ok` value, but never panics. Unlike `unwrap`, this method is known to never panic on the result types it is implemented for. Therefore, it can be used instead of `unwrap` as a maintainability safeguard that will fail to compile if the error type of the `Result` is later changed to an error that can actually occur.

### Method
`into_ok` (on Result)

### Parameters
None

### Request Example
```rust
fn only_good_news() -> Result<String, !> {
    Ok("this is fine".into())
}

let s: String = only_good_news().into_ok();
println!("{s}");
```

### Response
#### Success Response (Ok value)
- T (type) - The contained Ok value.

#### Response Example
```rust
fn only_good_news() -> Result<String, !> {
    Ok("this is fine".into())
}

let s: String = only_good_news().into_ok();
println!("{s}");
```

### Constraints
- This is a nightly-only experimental API.
- `E` must implement `Into<!>`.
```

--------------------------------

### AdapterFactory Methods

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Provides details on the methods available for the AdapterFactory, including creation, retrieval, and reset operations.

```APIDOC
## impl AdapterFactory

### `pub fn new() -> Self`

**Description**: Creates a new instance of `AdapterFactory`.

### `pub fn get_adapter_by_idx(&self, idx: u32) -> Option<Adapter>`

**Description**: Retrieves an adapter by its index.

**Parameters**:

*   `idx` (u32) - The index of the adapter to retrieve.

**Returns**:

*   `Option<Adapter>` - An `Option` containing the `Adapter` if found, otherwise `None`.

### `pub fn get_adapter_by_luid(&self, luid: LUID) -> Option<Adapter>`

**Description**: Retrieves an adapter by its LUID (Locally Unique Identifier).

**Parameters**:

*   `luid` (LUID) - The LUID of the adapter to retrieve.

**Returns**:

*   `Option<Adapter>` - An `Option` containing the `Adapter` if found, otherwise `None`.

### `pub fn reset(&mut self)`

**Description**: Resets the iterator status of `AdapterFactory`, allowing you to iterate over the adapters again from the beginning.

### `pub fn as_raw_ref(&self) -> &IDXGIFactory6`

**Description**: Acquires a raw reference to the underlying `IDXGIFactory6` COM interface.

**Returns**:

*   `&IDXGIFactory6` - A reference to the raw `IDXGIFactory6` interface.
```

--------------------------------

### Get TypeId of Self

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=std%3A%3Avec

Returns the unique `TypeId` of the implementing type. This is part of the `Any` trait and is used for runtime type identification.

```rust
fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId;
```

--------------------------------

### Rust TypeId Access

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.DisplayIterator_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Demonstrates how to get the `TypeId` of a type using the `Any` trait implementation. This is often used for dynamic type checking.

```rust
impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> Any for T {
    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId;
}

// Example usage:
// let value: String = "hello".to_string();
// let type_id = value.type_id();
```

--------------------------------

### win_desktop_duplication - co_init

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/fn.co_init_search=std%3A%3Avec

Initializes the COM library for the current thread.

```APIDOC
## co_init

### Description
Initializes the COM library for the current thread. This function should be called before using any other COM functions or objects.

### Method
Rust function call

### Endpoint
N/A (Rust function)

### Parameters
None

### Request Example
```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::co_init;

fn main() {
    unsafe { co_init() };
    // ... use COM objects ...
}
```

### Response
#### Success Response
None (void function)

#### Response Example
N/A
```

--------------------------------

### Create Display Instance using IDXGIOutput6

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.Display_search=

Provides a constructor for the `Display` struct, taking an `IDXGIOutput6` reference as input. This function initializes a new `Display` instance, allowing interaction with a specific monitor.

```rust
pub fn new(output: IDXGIOutput6) -> Self
```

--------------------------------

### Get Nth Element of AdapterFactory Iterator in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=std%3A%3Avec

Retrieves the nth element from the AdapterFactory iterator. This method consumes elements up to the nth one.

```rust
fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item>
```

--------------------------------

### Unpin Stream Polling

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=std%3A%3Avec

A specialized method for polling `Unpin` stream types, providing a convenient way to get the next item or error from the stream.

```rust
fn try_poll_next_unpin(
  &mut self,
  cx: &mut Context<'_>,
) -> Poll<Option<Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>>>
where Self: Unpin,
A convenience method for calling `TryStream::try_poll_next` on `Unpin` stream types.
```

--------------------------------

### Create DesktopDuplicationApi with Default Settings

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=

Constructor for DesktopDuplicationApi that creates a new instance using the provided adapter and display. It automatically initializes the DirectX device and context. This method may fail if the application's DPI awareness is not set correctly, requiring `crate::set_process_dpi_awareness` to be called.

```rust
pub fn new(adapter: Adapter, output: Display) -> Result<Self>
```

--------------------------------

### Get Next Item from Stream

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=

The `next` method, part of `StreamExt`, creates a future that resolves to the next item in the stream. It requires the stream to be `Unpin`.

```rust
fn next(&mut self) -> Next<'_, Self>
where Self: Unpin,
```

--------------------------------

### Sync Desktop Duplication Example

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs_search=

This Rust code snippet illustrates a synchronous usage pattern for the `DesktopDuplicationApi`. It shows how to initialize the API and then enter a loop that waits for vsync, acquires the next frame using `acquire_next_frame_now()`, and processes the captured texture for video encoding.

```rust
    use win_desktop_duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
    // ....
    {
        let mut duplication = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output)?;
        loop {
            output.wait_for_vsync();
            let tex = duplication.acquire_next_frame_now()?;
            // use the texture to encode video
            //...            
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Get Raw ID3D11Texture2D Reference

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/texture/struct.Texture_search=

Provides a reference to the internal ID3D11Texture2D instance, allowing direct interaction with the underlying DirectX texture object.

```rust
pub fn as_raw_ref(&self) -> &ID3D11Texture2D
```

--------------------------------

### Get Last Element of AdapterFactory Iterator in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory_search=std%3A%3Avec

Consumes the AdapterFactory iterator and returns the last adapter yielded. If the iterator is empty, it returns None.

```rust
fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item>
```

--------------------------------

### pub fn ok(self) -> Option<T>

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Converts a `Result<T, E>` to `Option<T>`, discarding the error.

```APIDOC
## pub fn ok(self) -> Option<T>

### Description
Converts a `Result<T, E>` to `Option<T>`, consuming `self`, and discarding the error, if any.

### Method
Function

### Endpoint
N/A

### Parameters
N/A

### Request Example
N/A

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **Option<T>** - The result as an Option.

#### Response Example
```
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.ok(), Some(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Nothing here");
assert_eq!(x.ok(), None);
```
```

--------------------------------

### Define Texture Struct

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/texture/struct.Texture_search=

Defines the Texture struct, a wrapper around ID3D11Texture2D, providing methods to get dimensions, pixel format, and pixel data.

```rust
pub struct Texture { /* private fields */ }
```

--------------------------------

### Getting Type ID

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.DisplayIterator_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

The `type_id` method, part of the `Any` trait implementation, returns the unique `TypeId` of a given type. This is useful for runtime type introspection and downcasting.

```rust
fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId
where T: 'static + ?Sized
```

--------------------------------

### AdapterFactory Usage Example (Rust)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/devices.rs_search=u32+-%3E+bool

This snippet illustrates how to use the `AdapterFactory` to obtain GPU adapters. It shows two common patterns: iterating over all available adapters using a `for` loop and directly accessing a specific adapter by its index or LUID. This factory is the entry point for discovering hardware resources for desktop duplication.

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::AdapterFactory;

// Iterate over all adapters:
let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();
for adapter in fac {
    println!("Adapter Name: {}", adapter.name());
}

// Get a specific adapter by index:
let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();
if let Some(adapter) = fac.get_adapter_by_idx(0) {
    println!("First adapter: {}", adapter.name());
}

// Get a specific adapter by LUID (assuming 'my_luid' is defined):
// let adapter = fac.get_adapter_by_luid(my_luid);

```

--------------------------------

### Get Current Display Mode

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.Display_search=

Retrieves the currently active display mode of the monitor. It returns a `Result` containing the `DisplayMode` on success or a `DDApiError` on failure.

```rust
pub fn get_current_display_mode(&self) -> Result<DisplayMode, DDApiError>
```

--------------------------------

### TryFrom and TryInto Traits

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Enables fallible conversions between types.

```APIDOC
## TryFrom and TryInto Traits

### Description
These traits allow for fallible type conversions, where the conversion might fail. `TryFrom<U>` attempts to convert a type `U` into the implementing type, returning a `Result`. `TryInto<T>` allows the implementing type `T` to be converted into another type `U` (provided `U` implements `TryFrom<T>`), also returning a `Result`.

### `TryFrom<U>` Associated Types and Methods
#### `type Error = Infallible`
The type returned in the event of a conversion error. `Infallible` indicates that the conversion should not fail under normal circumstances defined by the trait implementation.
#### `try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>`
Performs the conversion. Returns `Ok(T)` on success or `Err(E)` on failure.

### `TryInto<U>` Associated Types and Methods
#### `type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error`
The type returned in the event of a conversion error. This mirrors the error type from the corresponding `TryFrom` implementation.
#### `try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>`
Performs the conversion. Returns `Ok(U)` on success or `Err(E)` on failure.

### Example
```rust
use std::convert::TryFrom;

let data = "123";
// Try to convert a string slice to an integer
match data.parse::<i32>() {
    Ok(num) => println!("Parsed number: {}", num),
    Err(_) => println!("Failed to parse number."),
}

// Example using TryFrom directly (if applicable for a custom type)
struct Number(i32);

impl TryFrom<String> for Number {
    type Error = String;

    fn try_from(value: String) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        match value.parse::<i32>() {
            Ok(num) => Ok(Number(num)),
            Err(e) => Err(e.to_string()),
        }
    }
}

let s = String::from("456");
match Number::try_from(s) {
    Ok(num) => println!("Successfully converted string to Number: {}", num.0),
    Err(e) => println!("Conversion failed: {}", e),
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Get Owned Adapter

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.Adapter_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Implements the `ToOwned` trait, defining how to create an owned version of the `Adapter` (which is `Adapter` itself in this case) from a borrowed reference. This typically involves cloning.

```rust
type Owned = T;
fn to_owned(&self) -> T;
fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T);
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Crate Initialization and Module Exports

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/lib.rs_search=

This Rust code snippet initializes the crate's documentation by including the README file. It then imports and re-exports various modules such as 'devices', 'outputs', 'duplication', 'errors', 'texture', and 'tex_reader'. It also exports utility functions 'co_init' and 'set_process_dpi_awareness', and defines a type alias 'Result' for handling API errors.

```rust
#![doc = include_str! ("../README.md")]

use crate::errors::DDApiError;

pub mod devices;
pub mod outputs;
pub mod duplication;
mod utils;
pub mod errors;
pub mod texture;
pub mod tex_reader;


pub use duplication::*;
pub use utils::{co_init,set_process_dpi_awareness};

pub type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, DDApiError>;

```

--------------------------------

### TryStream Trait and Extensions

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=

Documentation for the `TryStream` trait and its associated extension methods.

```APIDOC
## TryStream Trait

### Description

Represents a stream that yields `Result` items.

### Type Aliases

- **`Ok`**: `T` - The type of successful values yielded by this stream.
- **`Error`**: `E` - The type of failures yielded by this stream.

### Method

- `try_poll_next(self: Pin<&mut S>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Result<<S as TryStream>::Ok, <S as TryStream>::Error>>>`
  Polls this `TryStream` as if it were a `Stream`.

## TryStreamExt Trait

### Description

Extension methods for types implementing the `TryStream` trait.

### Methods

- **`err_into<E>(self) -> ErrInto<Self, E>`**: Wraps the stream to convert the error type.
  - **Requires**: `Self::Error: Into<E>`
- **`map_ok<T, F>(self, f: F) -> MapOk<Self, F>`**: Maps the success value using a closure.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(Self::Ok) -> T`
- **`map_err<E, F>(self, f: F) -> MapErr<Self, F>`**: Maps the error value using a closure.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(Self::Error) -> E`
- **`and_then<Fut, F>(self, f: F) -> AndThen<Self, Fut, F>`**: Chains a computation for successful results.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(Self::Ok) -> Fut`, `Fut: TryFuture<Error = Self::Error>`
- **`or_else<Fut, F>(self, f: F) -> OrElse<Self, Fut, F>`**: Chains a computation for error results.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(Self::Error) -> Fut`, `Fut: TryFuture<Ok = Self::Ok>`
- **`inspect_ok<F>(self, f: F) -> InspectOk<Self, F>`**: Performs an action with the success value before passing it on.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(&Self::Ok)`
- **`inspect_err<F>(self, f: F) -> InspectErr<Self, F>`**: Performs an action with the error value before passing it on.
  - **Requires**: `F: FnMut(&Self::Error)`
```

--------------------------------

### Implement BorrowMut Trait for Generic Type T in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.DisplayVSyncStream_search=std%3A%3Avec

This blanket implementation allows any type `T` to borrow mutably from itself. It provides the `borrow_mut` method to get a mutable reference to the object.

```Rust
impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,
```

--------------------------------

### win_desktop_duplication - co_init Function

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/fn.co_init_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Initializes the COM library for the current thread.

```APIDOC
## co_init

### Description
Initializes the COM library for the current thread. This function must be called before any other COM functions can be used.

### Method
Rust Function Call

### Endpoint
N/A (local function)

### Parameters
None

### Request Example
```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::co_init;

fn main() {
    unsafe { co_init() };
    // COM operations can now be performed
}
```

### Response
#### Success Response
(None - function has a `()` return type)

#### Response Example
(N/A)
```

--------------------------------

### Get Raw IDXGIOutput6 Reference

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.Display_search=

Returns a reference to the internal `IDXGIOutput6` object. This allows direct access to the underlying graphics API object for advanced operations.

```rust
pub fn as_raw_ref(&self) -> &IDXGIOutput6
```

--------------------------------

### Get Supported Display Modes

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/outputs/struct.Display_search=

Fetches a list of all supported display modes for the monitor. It returns a `Result` containing a `Vec<DisplayMode>` on success or a `DDApiError` on failure.

```rust
pub fn get_display_modes(&self) -> Result<Vec<DisplayMode>, DDApiError>
```

--------------------------------

### From and Into Traits

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Enables conversion between types.

```APIDOC
## From and Into Traits

### Description
These traits facilitate type conversions. `From<T>` allows a type `T` to be converted into the implementing type, while `Into<U>` allows the implementing type `T` to be converted into another type `U` (provided `U` implements `From<T>`).

### `From<T>` Methods
#### `from(t: T) -> T`
Returns the argument unchanged. This is a placeholder and the actual implementation defines the conversion logic.

### `Into<U>` Methods
#### `into(self) -> U`
Calls `U::from(self)`. The conversion behavior is determined by the `From<T> for U` implementation.

### Example
```rust
struct MyInt(i32);

impl From<i32> for MyInt {
    fn from(val: i32) -> Self {
        MyInt(val)
    }
}

let i: i32 = 5;
let my_int: MyInt = MyInt::from(i); // Using From
let my_int_into: MyInt = i.into(); // Using Into

println!("MyInt value: {}", my_int.0);
println!("MyInt value (via into): {}", my_int_into.0);
```
```

--------------------------------

### Create DesktopDuplicationApi with Custom DirectX Device

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/duplication/struct.DesktopDuplicationApi_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Initializes DesktopDuplicationApi using a pre-existing DirectX device and context. This allows for greater control over the graphics pipeline, such as integrating with existing rendering systems.

```rust
pub fn new_with(
    d3d_device: ID3D11Device4,
    ctx: ID3D11DeviceContext4,
    output: Display,
) -> Result<Self>
```

--------------------------------

### Get Adapter Name in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.Adapter

Retrieves the name of the GPU represented by the Adapter. This method returns a String indicating the adapter's model or identifier.

```rust
pub fn name(&self) -> String
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Result unwrap() - Panic Example

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=std%3A%3Avec

Illustrates the panic behavior of the `unwrap()` method when called on an `Err` variant of a `Result`. The panic message will be the value contained within the `Err`.

```Rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
x.unwrap(); // panics with `emergency failure`
```

--------------------------------

### expect

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=u32+-%3E+bool

Returns the contained Ok value, consuming the self value. Panics if the value is Err.

```APIDOC
## POST /websites/rs-win_desktop_duplication/expect

### Description
Returns the contained `Ok` value, consuming the `self` value. Panics if the value is an `Err`.

### Method
POST

### Endpoint
/websites/rs-win_desktop_duplication/expect

### Parameters

#### Request Body
- **input_result** (Result<T, E>) - Required - The input Result.
- **message** (String) - Required - The message to include in the panic.

### Request Example
```json
{
  "input_result": {"Err": "emergency failure"},
  "message": "Testing expect"
}
```

### Response
#### Success Response (200)
- **value** (T) - The contained Ok value.

#### Response Example
```json
{
  "value": 10
}
```

#### Error Response (400)
- **error** (String) - Describes the panic.

#### Error Example
```json
{
  "error": "panic: Testing expect: emergency failure"
}
```
```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve Adapter by Index or LUID in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.AdapterFactory

Shows how to get a specific display adapter from the AdapterFactory using either its index or its unique system-wide LUID (Locally Unique Identifier).

```rust
use win_desktop_duplication::devices::AdapterFactory;

let mut fac = AdapterFactory::new();

// either
let adapter = fac.get_adapter_by_idx(0);
// or
// let adapter = fac.get_adapter_by_luid(luid);
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize Desktop Duplication API in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs_search=std%3A%3Avec

Initializes the Desktop Duplication API, setting up the necessary environment for capturing desktop frames. This includes configuring the graphics device, output, and duplication parameters. It handles potential errors during initialization and configuration.

```rust
use std::mem::size_of;
use std::ptr::null;
use std::time::Duration;

use futures::StreamExt;
use log::{debug, error, trace, warn};
use tokio::time;
use tokio::time::{Interval, MissedTickBehavior, sleep};
use windows::core::Interface;
use windows::core::Result as WinResult;
use windows::Win32::Foundation::{BOOL, E_ACCESSDENIED, E_INVALIDARG, GENERIC_READ, GetLastError, POINT};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Direct3D::{D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL, D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Direct3D11::{D3D11_BIND_FLAG, D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET, D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_FLAG, D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_FLAG, D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_GDI_COMPATIBLE, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC, D3D11_USAGE, D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT, D3D11CreateDevice, ID3D11Device4, ID3D11DeviceContext4};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::{DXGI_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, DXGI_ERROR_ACCESS_LOST, DXGI_ERROR_INVALID_CALL, DXGI_ERROR_SESSION_DISCONNECTED, DXGI_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED, DXGI_ERROR_WAIT_TIMEOUT, IDXGIDevice4, IDXGIOutputDuplication, IDXGIResource, IDXGISurface1};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Dxgi::Common::{DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM, DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT, DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC};
use windows::Win32::Graphics::Gdi::DeleteObject;
use windows::Win32::System::StationsAndDesktops::{DESKTOP_ACCESS_FLAGS, OpenInputDesktop, SetThreadDesktop};
use windows::Win32::System::StationsAndDesktops::DF_ALLOWOTHERACCOUNTHOOK;
use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{CURSOR_SHOWING, CURSORINFO, DI_NORMAL, DrawIconEx, GetCursorInfo, GetIconInfo, HCURSOR};

use crate::devices::Adapter;
use crate::errors::DDApiError;
use crate::outputs::{Display, DisplayVSyncStream};
use crate::Result;
use crate::texture::{Texture, TextureDesc};

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use std::sync::Once;
    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

    use futures::FutureExt;
    use futures::select;
    use log::LevelFilter::Debug;
    use tokio::time::interval;

    use crate::{DDApiError, DuplicationApiOptions};
    use crate::devices::AdapterFactory;
    use crate::duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
    use crate::outputs::DisplayMode;
    use crate::utils::{co_init, set_process_dpi_awareness};

    static INIT: Once = Once::new();

    pub fn initialize() {
        INIT.call_once(|| {
            let _ = env_logger::builder().is_test(true).filter_level(Debug).try_init();
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplication() {
        initialize();

        let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
            .thread_name("graphics_thread".to_owned()).enable_time().build().unwrap();

        rt.block_on(async {
            set_process_dpi_awareness();
            co_init();

            let adapter = AdapterFactory::new().get_adapter_by_idx(0).unwrap();
            let output = adapter.get_display_by_idx(0).unwrap();
            let mut dupl = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output.clone()).unwrap();
            let curr_mode = output.get_current_display_mode().unwrap();
            dupl.configure(DuplicationApiOptions {
                skip_cursor: true
            });
            let new_mode = DisplayMode {
                width: 1920,
                height: 1080,
                orientation: Default::default(),
                refresh_num: curr_mode.refresh_num,
                refresh_den: curr_mode.refresh_den,
                hdr: false,
            };

            let mut counter = 0;
            let mut secs = 0;
            let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
            output.set_display_mode(&new_mode).unwrap();
            loop {
                select! {
                    tex = dupl.acquire_next_vsync_frame().fuse()=>{ 
                        match &tex {
                            Err(DDApiError::AccessDenied)| Err(DDApiError::AccessLost)  =>  {
                                println!("error: {:?}",tex.err())
                            }
                            Err(e)=>{
                                println!("error: {:?}",e)
                            }
                            Ok(_)=>{
                                counter += 1;
                            }
                        }
                    },
                    _ = interval.tick().fuse() => {
                        println!("fps: {}",counter);
                        counter = 0;
                        secs+=1;
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get Adapter LUID in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.Adapter

Returns the Locally Unique Identifier (LUID) of the Adapter. LUID is a system-defined value used to uniquely identify graphics adapters.

```rust
pub fn luid(&self) -> LUID
```

--------------------------------

### Skip Elements in Iterator (Rust)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/devices/struct.DisplayIterator_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Creates an iterator that skips a specified number of elements from the beginning. This is useful for processing data starting from a certain point, ignoring initial entries.

```Rust
fn skip(self, n: usize) -> Skip<Self>
where Self: Sized,
```

--------------------------------

### Rust: Create Desktop Duplication API Instance (new)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs_search=u32+-%3E+bool

This function creates a new instance of the DesktopDuplicationApi. It takes an `Adapter` and a `Display` object as input. Internally, it creates a DirectX device and context from the provided adapter and then calls `new_with` to initialize the API. This method may fail if the process's DPI awareness is not set, requiring the use of `crate::set_process_dpi_awareness`.

```rust
    /// Create a new instance of Desktop Duplication api from the provided [adapter][Adapter] and
    /// [display][Display]. The application auto creates directx device and context from provided
    /// adapter.
    ///
    /// If you wish to use your own directx device, context, use [new_with][Self::new_with] method
    ///
    /// this method fails with
    /// * [DDApiError::Unsupported] when the application's dpi awareness is not set. use [crate::set_process_dpi_awareness]
    pub fn new(adapter: Adapter, output: Display) -> Result<Self> {
        let (device, ctx) = Self::create_device(&adapter)?;
        Self::new_with(device, ctx, output)
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Rust Conversion Example: ColorFormat to DXGI_FORMAT

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/texture/enum.ColorFormat_search=std%3A%3Avec

Demonstrates how to convert between the ColorFormat enum and DXGI_FORMAT using the `into()` method. This is useful for interoperability with DirectX and other graphics APIs that use DXGI_FORMAT.

```rust
let format_dxgi: DXGI_FORMAT = ColorFormat::ARGBUNorm.into();
let format: ColorFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM.into();

```

--------------------------------

### Initialize Desktop Duplication API - Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/duplication.rs_search=Option%3CT%3E%2C+%28T+-%3E+U%29+-%3E+Option%3CU%3E

Initializes the DesktopDuplicationApi, setting up the necessary components for capturing desktop frames. It requires an adapter and an output display, and can be configured with options like skipping the cursor.

```rust
use crate::{DDApiError, DuplicationApiOptions};
use crate::devices::AdapterFactory;
use crate::duplication::DesktopDuplicationApi;
use crate::outputs::DisplayMode;
use crate::utils::{co_init, set_process_dpi_awareness};
use std::time::Duration;
use futures::select;
use tokio::time::interval;

// ... inside test function ...

let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
    .thread_name("graphics_thread".to_owned()).enable_time().build().unwrap();

rt.block_on(async {
    set_process_dpi_awareness();
    co_init();

    let adapter = AdapterFactory::new().get_adapter_by_idx(0).unwrap();
    let output = adapter.get_display_by_idx(0).unwrap();
    let mut dupl = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output.clone()).unwrap();
    let curr_mode = output.get_current_display_mode().unwrap();
    dupl.configure(DuplicationApiOptions {
        skip_cursor: true
    });
    let new_mode = DisplayMode {
        width: 1920,
        height: 1080,
        orientation: Default::default(),
        refresh_num: curr_mode.refresh_num,
        refresh_den: curr_mode.refresh_den,
        hdr: false,
    };

    let mut counter = 0;
    let mut secs = 0;
    let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
    output.set_display_mode(&new_mode).unwrap();
    loop {
        select! {
            tex = dupl.acquire_next_vsync_frame().fuse() => {
                match &tex {
                    Err(DDApiError::AccessDenied)| Err(DDApiError::AccessLost)  =>  {
                        println!("error: {:?}",tex.err())
                    }
                    Err(e)=>{
                        println!("error: {:?}",e)
                    }
                    Ok(_)=>{
                        counter += 1;
                    }
                }
            },
            _ = interval.tick().fuse() => {
                println!("fps: {}",counter);
                counter = 0;
                secs+=1;
            }
        }
    }
});

```

--------------------------------

### Initialize and Test TextureReader

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/src/win_desktop_duplication/tex_reader.rs

Initializes the logging and runtime environment, then acquires display adapter and output. Creates a DesktopDuplicationApi instance and then a TextureReader. It then enters a loop to acquire frames, read texture data into a vector, print pitch and sample data, and calculate FPS. The loop breaks after 5 seconds.

```rust
use std::sync::Once;
use std::time::Duration;

use futures::{FutureExt, select};
use log::LevelFilter::Debug;
use tokio::time::interval;

use crate::{co_init, DesktopDuplicationApi, set_process_dpi_awareness};
use crate::devices::AdapterFactory;
use crate::tex_reader::TextureReader;

static INIT: Once = Once::new();

pub fn initialize() {
    INIT.call_once(|| {
        let _ = env_logger::builder().is_test(true).filter_level(Debug).try_init();
    });
}

#[test]
fn test_texture_reader() {
    initialize();

    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
        .thread_name("graphics_thread".to_owned()).enable_time().build().unwrap();

    rt.block_on(async {
        set_process_dpi_awareness();
        co_init();

        let adapter = AdapterFactory::new().get_adapter_by_idx(0).unwrap();
        let output = adapter.get_display_by_idx(0).unwrap();
        let mut dupl = DesktopDuplicationApi::new(adapter, output.clone()).unwrap();

        let (dev, ctx) = dupl.get_device_and_ctx();
        let mut reader = TextureReader::new(dev, ctx);

        let mut counter = 0;
        let mut secs = 0;
        let mut interval = interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
        let mut data = Vec::<u8>::new();
        loop {
            select! {
                tex = dupl.acquire_next_vsync_frame().fuse()=>{ 
                    if let Err(e) = tex {
                        println!("error: {:?}",e)
                    } else {
                        let tex = tex.unwrap();
                        reader.get_data(&mut data,&tex).unwrap();
                        let pitch = tex.desc().width as usize *4;
                        println!("pitch: {}",pitch);
                        for i in 0..4{
                            for j in 0..12{
                                print!("{}\t",data[pitch*(i+1)-(12-(j))]);
                            }
                            print!("\n");
                        }
                        print!("\n");
                        counter += 1;
                    };
                },
                _ = interval.tick().fuse() => {
                    println!("fps: {}",counter);
                    counter = 0;
                    secs+=1;
                    if secs ==5 {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            ;
        };
    });
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get References from Result with AsRef (Rust)

Source: https://docs.rs/win_desktop_duplication/latest/win_desktop_duplication/type.Result_search=

Explains the `as_ref()` method, which converts a `&Result<T, E>` into a `Result<&T, &E>`. This allows borrowing the contained values without consuming the original `Result`.

```rust
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Ok(&2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Error");
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Err(&"Error"));
```
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