### Client::request

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Client.html

Start building a Request with the Method and Url.

```APIDOC
## pub fn request<U>(&self, method: Method, url: U) -> RequestBuilder

### Description
Start building a Request with the Method and Url. Returns a RequestBuilder, which allows setting headers and the request body before sending.
```

--------------------------------

### Demonstrate ambiguous Pin conversion

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

An example of an implementation that causes ambiguity when calling Pin::from.

```rust
struct Foo; // A type defined in this crate.
impl From<Box<()>> for Pin<Foo> {
    fn from(_: Box<()>) -> Pin<Foo> {
        Pin::new(Foo)
    }
}

let foo = Box::new(());
let bar = Pin::from(foo);
```

--------------------------------

### Server Function Expansion Example

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/trait.ServerFn.html

Demonstrates how the #[server] macro expands a function into a struct implementing the ServerFn trait.

```rust
#[server]
pub async fn my_function(foo: String, bar: usize) -> Result<usize, ServerFnError> {
    Ok(foo.len() + bar)
}
```

```rust
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct MyFunction {
    foo: String,
    bar: usize
}

impl ServerFn for MyFunction {
    async fn run_body() -> Result<usize, ServerFnError> {
        Ok(foo.len() + bar)
    }

    // etc.
}
```

--------------------------------

### Implement FromReq for Json

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/codec/trait.FromReq.html

An example implementation of FromReq for JSON, demonstrating body extraction and deserialization.

```rust
impl<E, T, Request> FromReq<Json, Request, E> for T
where
    // require the Request implement `Req`
    Request: Req<E> + Send + 'static,
    // require that the type can be deserialized with `serde`
    T: DeserializeOwned,
    E: FromServerFnError,
{
    async fn from_req(
        req: Request,
    ) -> Result<Self, E> {
        // try to convert the body of the request into a `String`
        let string_data = req.try_into_string().await?;
        // deserialize the data
        serde_json::from_str(&string_data)
            .map_err(|e| ServerFnErrorErr::Args(e.to_string()).into_app_error())
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Allocate a Box with a custom allocator

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Examples of allocating memory using the nightly allocator API.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let five = Box::new_in(5, System);
```

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;
```

--------------------------------

### Implement IntoReq for Json

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/codec/trait.IntoReq.html

Example implementation of IntoReq for JSON serialization, demonstrating the use of ClientReq to create a POST request.

```rust
impl<E, T, Request> IntoReq<Json, Request, E> for T
where
    Request: ClientReq<E>,
    T: Serialize + Send,
{
    fn into_req(
        self,
        path: &str,
        accepts: &str,
    ) -> Result<Request, E> {
        // try to serialize the data
        let data = serde_json::to_string(&self)
            .map_err(|e| ServerFnErrorErr::Serialization(e.to_string()).into_app_error())?;
        // and use it as the body of a POST request
        Request::try_new_post(path, accepts, Json::CONTENT_TYPE, data)
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### FormatType Implementations

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/trait.FormatType.html

Examples of implementing FormatType for various encoding types, specifying their respective binary or text formats.

```rust
impl FormatType for CborEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Binary
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for JsonEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Text
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for MsgPackEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Binary
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for PostcardEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Binary
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for RkyvEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Binary
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for SerdeLiteEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Text
}
```

```rust
impl FormatType for ServerFnErrorEncoding {
    const FORMAT_TYPE: Format = Format::Text
}
```

--------------------------------

### Using Http Protocol in Server Functions

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Http.html

Example of applying the Http protocol with GetUrl and Json encodings to a server function.

```rust
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use server_fn::{Http, ServerFnError, codec::{Json, GetUrl}};

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Message {
    user: String,
    message: String,
}

// The http protocol can be used on any server function that accepts and returns arguments that implement
// the [`IntoReq`] and [`FromRes`] traits.
//
// In this case, the input and output encodings are [`GetUrl`] and [`Json`], respectively which requires
// the items to implement [`IntoReq<GetUrl, ...>`] and [`FromRes<Json, ...>`]. Both of those implementations
// require the items to implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
#[server(protocol = Http<GetUrl, Json>)]
async fn echo_http(
    input: Message,
) -> Result<Message, ServerFnError> {
    Ok(input)
}
```

--------------------------------

### Implementing FromRes for JSON

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/codec/trait.FromRes.html

An example implementation of FromRes for JSON, showing how to extract a string from a response and deserialize it.

```rust
impl<E, T, Response> FromRes<Json, Response, E> for T
where
    Response: ClientRes<E> + Send,
    T: DeserializeOwned + Send,
    E: FromServerFnError,
{
    async fn from_res(
        res: Response,
    ) -> Result<Self, E> {
        // extracts the request body
        let data = res.try_into_string().await?;
        // and tries to deserialize it as JSON
        serde_json::from_str(&data)
            .map_err(|e| ServerFnErrorErr::Deserialization(e.to_string()).into_app_error())
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Axum Server Function Backend

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/lib.rs.html

Integration setup for Axum, including the server function map and backend implementation.

```rust
pub mod axum {
    use crate::{
        error::FromServerFnError, middleware::BoxedService, LazyServerFnMap,
        Protocol, Server, ServerFn, ServerFnTraitObj,
    };
    use axum::body::Body;
    use http::{Method, Request, Response, StatusCode};
    use std::future::Future;

    static REGISTERED_SERVER_FUNCTIONS: LazyServerFnMap<
        Request<Body>,
        Response<Body>,
    > = initialize_server_fn_map!(Request<Body>, Response<Body>);

    /// The axum server function backend
    pub struct AxumServerFnBackend;

    impl<Error, InputStreamError, OutputStreamError>
        Server<Error, InputStreamError, OutputStreamError>
        for AxumServerFnBackend
    where
        Error: FromServerFnError + Send + Sync,
        InputStreamError: FromServerFnError + Send + Sync,
        OutputStreamError: FromServerFnError + Send + Sync,
    {
        type Request = Request<Body>;
        type Response = Response<Body>;

        #[allow(unused_variables)]
        fn spawn(
            future: impl Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
        ) -> Result<(), Error> {
            #[cfg(feature = "axum")]
            {
                tokio::spawn(future);
                Ok(())
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "axum"))]
            {
                Err(Error::from_server_fn_error(
                    crate::error::ServerFnErrorErr::Request(
                        "No async runtime available. You need to either \
```

--------------------------------

### Client::get

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Client.html

Convenience method to make a GET request to a URL.

```APIDOC
## pub fn get<U>(&self, url: U) -> RequestBuilder

### Description
Convenience method to make a GET request to a URL. Fails if the supplied URL cannot be parsed.
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Websocket protocol

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Websocket.html

Example of using the Websocket protocol with JSON encoding on a server function that processes a stream of messages.

```rust
use server_fn::{ServerFnError, BoxedStream, Websocket, codec::JsonEncoding};
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};

#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Message {
    user: String,
    message: String,
}
// The websocket protocol can be used on any server function that accepts and returns a [`BoxedStream`]
// with items that can be encoded by the input and output encoding generics.
//
// In this case, the input and output encodings are [`Json`] and [`Json`], respectively which requires
// the items to implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
#[server(protocol = Websocket<JsonEncoding, JsonEncoding>)]
async fn echo_websocket(
    input: BoxedStream<Message, ServerFnError>,
) -> Result<BoxedStream<Message, ServerFnError>, ServerFnError> {
    Ok(input.into())
}
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Layer for Request and Response

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/middleware/trait.Layer.html

Example of a trait implementation for a generic middleware layer handling Request and Response types.

```rust
impl<L> Layer<Request<Body>, Response<Body>> for L
where L: Layer<BoxedService<Request<Body>, Response<Body>>> + Sync + Send + 'static, L::Service: Service<Request<Body>, Response<Body>> + Send + 'static,
```

--------------------------------

### Implement ContentType for encodings

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/trait.ContentType.html

Examples of implementing the ContentType trait for various encoding types.

```rust
impl ContentType for CborEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/cbor"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for DeleteUrl {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for GetUrl {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for JsonEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/json"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for MsgPackEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/msgpack"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for MultipartFormData {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "multipart/form-data"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for PatchUrl {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for PostUrl {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for PostcardEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-postcard"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for PutUrl {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for RkyvEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/rkyv"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for SerdeLiteEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/json"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for Streaming {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "application/octet-stream"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for StreamingText {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "text/plain"
}
```

```rust
impl ContentType for ServerFnErrorEncoding {
    const CONTENT_TYPE: &'static str = "text/plain"
}
```

--------------------------------

### Json Implementation of IntoRes

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/codec/trait.IntoRes.html

Example implementation of IntoRes for the Json encoding type, demonstrating serialization and response creation.

```rust
impl<E, T, Response> IntoRes<Json, Response, E> for T
where
    Response: Res<E>,
    T: Serialize + Send,
    E: FromServerFnError,
{
    async fn into_res(self) -> Result<Response, E> {
        // try to serialize the data
        let data = serde_json::to_string(&self)
            .map_err(|e| ServerFnErrorErr::Serialization(e.to_string()).into())?;
        // and use it as the body of a response
        Response::try_from_string(Json::CONTENT_TYPE, data)
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Convert Box to NonNull Pointer with Allocator

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Shows how to consume a Box into a NonNull pointer and allocator, with examples for automatic and manual memory cleanup.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };
```

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

let x = Box::new_in(String::from("Hello"), System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
unsafe {
    non_null.drop_in_place();
    alloc.deallocate(non_null.cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<String>());
}
```

--------------------------------

### Managing Vector Length Manually

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Examples of using set_len for FFI buffer management and the risks of memory leaks when using it on vectors containing complex types.

```rust
pub fn get_dictionary(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
    // Per the FFI method's docs, "32768 bytes is always enough".
    let mut dict = Vec::with_capacity(32_768);
    let mut dict_length = 0;
    // SAFETY: When `deflateGetDictionary` returns `Z_OK`, it holds that:
    // 1. `dict_length` elements were initialized.
    // 2. `dict_length` <= the capacity (32_768)
    // which makes `set_len` safe to call.
    unsafe {
        // Make the FFI call...
        let r = deflateGetDictionary(self.strm, dict.as_mut_ptr(), &mut dict_length);
        if r == Z_OK {
            // ...and update the length to what was initialized.
            dict.set_len(dict_length);
            Some(dict)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}
```

```rust
let mut vec = vec![vec![1, 0, 0],
                   vec![0, 1, 0],
                   vec![0, 0, 1]];
// SAFETY:
// 1. `old_len..0` is empty so no elements need to be initialized.
// 2. `0 <= capacity` always holds whatever `capacity` is.
unsafe {
    vec.set_len(0);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Client::new

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Client.html

Constructs a new Client. Panics if TLS backend or system resolver initialization fails.

```APIDOC
## pub fn new() -> Client

### Description
Constructs a new Client. This method panics if a TLS backend cannot be initialized or the resolver cannot load the system configuration.
```

--------------------------------

### Get length

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Returns the number of elements in the vector.

```rust
let a = vec![1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
```

--------------------------------

### Get slice length

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns the number of elements in the slice.

```rust
let a = [1, 2, 3];
assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
```

--------------------------------

### Constructing a Vec with a custom allocator

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Demonstrates initializing a vector with a specific capacity and allocator, showing how length and capacity behave during push operations.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity_in(10, System);

// The vector contains no items, even though it has capacity for more
assert_eq!(vec.len(), 0);
assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);

// These are all done without reallocating...
for i in 0..10 {
    vec.push(i);
}
assert_eq!(vec.len(), 10);
assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);

// ...but this may make the vector reallocate
vec.push(11);
assert_eq!(vec.len(), 11);
assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);

// A vector of a zero-sized type will always over-allocate, since no
// allocation is necessary
let vec_units = Vec::<(), System>::with_capacity_in(10, System);
assert_eq!(vec_units.capacity(), usize::MAX);
```

--------------------------------

### Form::new

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Form.html

Creates a new, empty async Form instance.

```APIDOC
## Form::new()

### Description
Creates a new async Form without any content.

### Signature
`pub fn new() -> Form`
```

--------------------------------

### Assert equality for Box

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Example usage of assertion for a boxed value.

```rust
// And no allocation occurred
assert_eq!(yp, &*y);
```

--------------------------------

### Get last element

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns the last element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

```rust
let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&30), v.last());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(None, w.last());
```

--------------------------------

### Get first element

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns the first element of the slice, or None if it is empty.

```rust
let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&10), v.first());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(None, w.first());
```

--------------------------------

### Iterate over slice

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns an iterator that yields all items in the slice from start to end.

```rust
let x = &[1, 2, 4];
let mut iterator = x.iter();

assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&1));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&2));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&4));
assert_eq!(iterator.next(), None);
```

--------------------------------

### Trim ASCII start

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Removes leading ASCII whitespace bytes from the slice.

```rust
assert_eq!(b" \t hello world\n".trim_ascii_start(), b"hello world\n");
assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii_start(), b"");
assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii_start(), b"");
```

--------------------------------

### Client::builder

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Client.html

Creates a ClientBuilder to configure a Client.

```APIDOC
## pub fn builder() -> ClientBuilder

### Description
Creates a ClientBuilder to configure a Client. This is equivalent to ClientBuilder::new().
```

--------------------------------

### Get URL Scheme

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Url.html

Returns the lower-cased scheme of the URL without the colon delimiter.

```rust
use url::Url;

let url = Url::parse("file:///tmp/foo")?;
assert_eq!(url.scheme(), "file");
```

--------------------------------

### Defining and inspecting HTTP methods

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Method.html

Demonstrates creating a Method from bytes and checking properties like idempotency and string representation.

```rust
use http::Method;

assert_eq!(Method::GET, Method::from_bytes(b"GET").unwrap());
assert!(Method::GET.is_idempotent());
assert_eq!(Method::POST.as_str(), "POST");
```

--------------------------------

### Implement WebSocket Client Function Execution

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/lib.rs.html

Opens a WebSocket connection, forwards the input stream to the server, and returns the output stream.

```rust
fn run_client(
        path: &str,
        input: Input,
    ) -> impl Future<
        Output = Result<BoxedStream<OutputItem, OutputStreamError>, Error>,
    > + Send {
        let input = input.into();

        async move {
            let (stream, sink) = Client::open_websocket(path).await?;

            // Forward the input stream to the websocket
            Client::spawn(async move {
                pin_mut!(input);
                pin_mut!(sink);
                while let Some(input) = input.stream.next().await {
                    let result = match input {
                        Ok(input) => {
                            InputEncoding::encode(&input).map_err(|e| {
                                InputStreamError::from_server_fn_error(
                                    ServerFnErrorErr::Serialization(
                                        e.to_string(),
                                    ),
                                )
                                .ser()
                            })
                        }
                        Err(err) => Err(err.ser()),
                    };
                    let result = serialize_result(result);
                    if sink.send(result).await.is_err() {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            });

            // Return the output stream
            let stream = stream.map(|request_bytes| {
                let request_bytes = request_bytes
                    .map(|bytes| deserialize_result::<OutputStreamError>(bytes))
                    .unwrap_or_else(Err);
                match request_bytes {
                    Ok(request_bytes) => OutputEncoding::decode(request_bytes)
                        .map_err(|e| {
                            OutputStreamError::from_server_fn_error(
                                ServerFnErrorErr::Deserialization(
                                    e.to_string(),
                                ),
                            )
```

--------------------------------

### Iterate over chunks from the end with rchunks

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns an iterator over chunks of a specified size starting from the end of the slice.

```rust
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.rchunks(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve host string

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Url.html

Returns the string representation of the host, handling punycode or percent encoding as needed.

```rust
use url::Url;

let url = Url::parse("https://127.0.0.1/index.html")?;
assert_eq!(url.host_str(), Some("127.0.0.1"));

let url = Url::parse("ftp://rms@example.com")?;
assert_eq!(url.host_str(), Some("example.com"));

let url = Url::parse("unix:/run/foo.socket")?;
assert_eq!(url.host_str(), None);

let url = Url::parse("data:text/plain,Stuff")?;
assert_eq!(url.host_str(), None);
```

--------------------------------

### Create and Manage ServerFnTraitObj

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/lib.rs.html

Methods for initializing, accessing, and boxing server function trait objects.

```rust
impl<Req, Res> ServerFnTraitObj<Req, Res> {
    /// Converts the relevant parts of a server function into a trait object.
    pub const fn new<
        S: ServerFn<
            Server: crate::Server<
                S::Error,
                S::InputStreamError,
                S::OutputStreamError,
                Request = Req,
                Response = Res,
            >,
        >,
    >(
        handler: fn(Req) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Res> + Send>>,
    ) -> Self
    where
        Req: crate::Req<
                S::Error,
                S::InputStreamError,
                S::OutputStreamError,
                WebsocketResponse = Res,
            > + Send
            + 'static,
        Res: crate::TryRes<S::Error> + Send + 'static,
    {
        Self {
            path: S::PATH,
            method: S::Protocol::METHOD,
            handler,
            middleware: S::middlewares,
            ser: |e| S::Error::from_server_fn_error(e).ser(),
        }
    }

    /// The path of the server function.
    pub fn path(&self) -> &'static str {
        self.path
    }

    /// The HTTP method the server function expects.
    pub fn method(&self) -> Method {
        self.method.clone()
    }

    /// The handler for this server function.
    pub fn handler(&self, req: Req) -> impl Future<Output = Res> + Send {
        (self.handler)(req)
    }

    /// The set of middleware that should be applied to this function.
    pub fn middleware(&self) -> MiddlewareSet<Req, Res> {
        (self.middleware)()
    }

    /// Converts the server function into a boxed service.
    pub fn boxed(self) -> BoxedService<Req, Res>
    where
        Self: Service<Req, Res>,
        Req: 'static,
        Res: 'static,
    {
        BoxedService::new(self.ser, self)
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Get first chunk

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns an array reference to the first N items in the slice, or None if the slice is too short.

```rust
let u = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&[10, 40]), u.first_chunk::<2>());

let v: &[i32] = &[10];
assert_eq!(None, v.first_chunk::<2>());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.first_chunk::<0>());
```

--------------------------------

### Establish WebSocket Connection for Server Functions

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/client.rs.html

Converts HTTP/HTTPS URLs to WS/WSS and establishes a WebSocket stream using tokio-tungstenite. Maps stream errors to ServerFnError types.

```rust
let mut websocket_server_url = get_server_url().to_string();
            if let Some(postfix) = websocket_server_url.strip_prefix("http://")
            {
                websocket_server_url = format!("ws://{postfix}");
            } else if let Some(postfix) =
                websocket_server_url.strip_prefix("https://")
            {
                websocket_server_url = format!("wss://{postfix}");
            }
            let url = format!("{websocket_server_url}{path}");
            let (ws_stream, _) =
                tokio_tungstenite::connect_async(url).await.map_err(|e| {
                    Error::from_server_fn_error(ServerFnErrorErr::Request(
                        e.to_string(),
                    ))
                })?;

            let (write, read) = ws_stream.split();

            Ok((
                read.map(|msg| match msg {
                    Ok(msg) => Ok(msg.into_data()),
                    Err(e) => Err(OutputStreamError::from_server_fn_error(
                        ServerFnErrorErr::Request(e.to_string()),
                    )
                    .ser()),
                }),
                write.with(|msg: Bytes| async move {
                    Ok::<
                        tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message,
                        tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Error,
                    >(
                        tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message::Binary(msg)
                    )
                }),
            ))
```

--------------------------------

### Verify slice prefixes with starts_with

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Checks if a slice starts with a given prefix. Returns true if the prefix is empty.

```rust
let v = [10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[10]));
assert!(v.starts_with(&[10, 40]));
assert!(v.starts_with(&v));
assert!(!v.starts_with(&[50]));
assert!(!v.starts_with(&[10, 50]));
```

```rust
let v = &[10, 40, 30];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));
let v: &[u8] = &[];
assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));
```

--------------------------------

### Url::join

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Url.html

Parses a string as a URL using the current instance as the base.

```APIDOC
## pub fn join(&self, input: &str) -> Result<Url, ParseError>

### Description
Parses a string as a URL, using the current URL instance as the base. This is useful for resolving relative paths.

### Parameters
- **input** (&str) - Required - The URL or path string to join with the base.

### Returns
- **Result<Url, ParseError>** - Returns the joined Url object or a ParseError.
```

--------------------------------

### Extract elements based on a predicate

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Demonstrates the logic equivalent to extract_if and provides examples for splitting or filtering elements.

```rust
let mut i = range.start;
let end_items = vec.len() - range.end;

while i < vec.len() - end_items {
    if some_predicate(&mut vec[i]) {
        let val = vec.remove(i);
        // your code here
    } else {
        i += 1;
    }
}
```

```rust
let mut numbers = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15];

let evens = numbers.extract_if(.., |x| *x % 2 == 0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
let odds = numbers;

assert_eq!(evens, vec![2, 4, 6, 8, 14]);
assert_eq!(odds, vec![1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15]);
```

```rust
let mut items = vec![0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2];
let ones = items.extract_if(7.., |x| *x == 1).collect::<Vec<_>>();
assert_eq!(items, vec![0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2]);
assert_eq!(ones.len(), 3);
```

--------------------------------

### Service::run

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.ServerFnTraitObj.html

Converts a request into a response by executing the server function logic.

```APIDOC
## fn run(&mut self, req: Req, _ser: fn(ServerFnErrorErr) -> Bytes) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Res> + Send>>

### Description
Converts a request into a response. This method is part of the Service trait implementation for ServerFnTraitObj.

### Parameters
- **req** (Req) - The request object to be processed.
- **_ser** (fn(ServerFnErrorErr) -> Bytes) - A function pointer used for error serialization.

### Returns
- **Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Res> + Send>>** - A pinned future that resolves to the response.
```

--------------------------------

### Request Construction Methods

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/browser/struct.Request.html

Methods to initialize a new request with a specific HTTP method and URL.

```APIDOC
## Request::get(url: &str)
## Request::post(url: &str)
## Request::put(url: &str)
## Request::delete(url: &str)
## Request::patch(url: &str)

### Description
Creates a new Request instance for the specified HTTP method and URL, returning a RequestBuilder.

### Parameters
- **url** (&str) - Required - The target URL for the request.
```

--------------------------------

### Split a slice from the end using a predicate

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Splits a slice into an iterator of subslices starting from the end, excluding the matched elements.

```rust
let slice = [11, 22, 33, 0, 44, 55];
let mut iter = slice.rsplit(|num| *num == 0);

assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[44, 55]);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[11, 22, 33]);
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
```

```rust
let v = &[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
let mut it = v.rsplit(|n| *n % 2 == 0);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[3, 5]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[1, 1]);
assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
```

--------------------------------

### get_server_fn_service(path: &str, method: &Method)

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/actix/fn.get_server_fn_service.html

Retrieves the server function at the specified path and method as a BoxedService.

```APIDOC
## Function: get_server_fn_service

### Description
Returns the server function at the given path as a service that can be modified.

### Signature
`pub fn get_server_fn_service(path: &str, method: &Method) -> Option<BoxedService<ActixRequest, ActixResponse>>`

### Parameters
- **path** (&str) - The path of the server function.
- **method** (&Method) - The HTTP method associated with the server function.

### Returns
- **Option<BoxedService<ActixRequest, ActixResponse>>** - Returns the service if found, otherwise None.
```

--------------------------------

### Split slice into chunks from the end with as_rchunks

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Splits a slice into N-element arrays starting from the end, returning a remainder and the chunks.

```rust
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let (remainder, chunks) = slice.as_rchunks();
assert_eq!(remainder, &['l']);
assert_eq!(chunks, &[['o', 'r'], ['e', 'm']]);
```

--------------------------------

### Request::new

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Request.html

Constructs a new Request instance with the specified HTTP method and URL.

```APIDOC
## Request::new(method: Method, url: Url)

### Description
Constructs a new request instance.

### Parameters
- **method** (Method) - Required - The HTTP method for the request.
- **url** (Url) - Required - The target URL for the request.
```

--------------------------------

### Define a server function with a custom HTTP protocol

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/lib.rs.html

Demonstrates using the Http protocol with specific input and output encodings for a server function.

```rust
# use server_fn_macro_default::server;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use server_fn::{Http, ServerFnError, codec::{Json, GetUrl}};

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Message {
    user: String,
    message: String,
}

// The http protocol can be used on any server function that accepts and returns arguments that implement
// the [`IntoReq`] and [`FromRes`] traits.
//
// In this case, the input and output encodings are [`GetUrl`] and [`Json`], respectively which requires
// the items to implement [`IntoReq<GetUrl, ...>`] and [`FromRes<Json, ...>`]. Both of those implementations
// require the items to implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
# #[cfg(feature = "browser")] {
#[server(protocol = Http<GetUrl, Json>)]
async fn echo_http(
    input: Message,
) -> Result<Message, ServerFnError> {
    Ok(input)
}
# }
```

--------------------------------

### Convert VecDeque to Vec

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Converts a VecDeque into a Vec, noting that data movement may occur if the buffer is not at the start of the allocation.

```rust
use std::collections::VecDeque;

// This one is *O*(1).
let deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
let ptr = deque.as_slices().0.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

// This one needs data rearranging.
let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
deque.push_front(9);
deque.push_front(8);
let ptr = deque.as_slices().1.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);
```

--------------------------------

### Box::try_new_uninit usage

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Attempts to construct a new box with uninitialized contents on the heap. Requires allocator_api feature.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api)]

let mut five = Box::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5);
```

--------------------------------

### Box::new_uninit usage

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents, requiring manual initialization.

```rust
let mut five = Box::<u32>::new_uninit();
// Deferred initialization:
five.write(5);
let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)
```

--------------------------------

### Implement TryRes for Response<Body>

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/response/generic.rs.html

Provides methods to construct HTTP responses from strings, bytes, or streams while handling potential errors.

```rust
impl<E> TryRes<E> for Response<Body>
where
    E: Send + Sync + FromServerFnError,
{
    fn try_from_string(content_type: &str, data: String) -> Result<Self, E> {
        let builder = http::Response::builder();
        builder
            .status(200)
            .header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, content_type)
            .body(data.into())
            .map_err(|e| {
                ServerFnErrorErr::Response(e.to_string()).into_app_error()
            })
    }

    fn try_from_bytes(content_type: &str, data: Bytes) -> Result<Self, E> {
        let builder = http::Response::builder();
        builder
            .status(200)
            .header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, content_type)
            .body(Body::Sync(data))
            .map_err(|e| {
                ServerFnErrorErr::Response(e.to_string()).into_app_error()
            })
    }

    fn try_from_stream(
        content_type: &str,
        data: impl Stream<Item = Result<Bytes, Bytes>> + Send + 'static,
    ) -> Result<Self, E> {
        let builder = http::Response::builder();
        builder
            .status(200)
            .header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, content_type)
            .body(Body::Async(Box::pin(
                data.map_err(|e| ServerFnErrorWrapper(E::de(e)))
                    .map_err(Error::from),
            )))
            .map_err(|e| {
                ServerFnErrorErr::Response(e.to_string()).into_app_error()
            })
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Manipulate Bytes with slicing and splitting

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Demonstrates creating a Bytes instance and performing slice and split operations.

```rust
use bytes::Bytes;

let mut mem = Bytes::from("Hello world");
let a = mem.slice(0..5);

assert_eq!(a, "Hello");

let b = mem.split_to(6);

assert_eq!(mem, "world");
assert_eq!(b, "Hello ");
```

--------------------------------

### Convert URL to String

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Url.html

Consumes the Url instance and returns its string representation.

```rust
use url::Url;

let url_str = "https://example.net/";
let url = Url::parse(url_str)?;
assert_eq!(String::from(url), url_str);
```

--------------------------------

### Get last chunk of slice

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Retrieves an array reference to the last N items in the slice, returning None if the slice is too short.

```rust
let u = [10, 40, 30];
assert_eq!(Some(&[40, 30]), u.last_chunk::<2>());

let v: &[i32] = &[10];
assert_eq!(None, v.last_chunk::<2>());

let w: &[i32] = &[];
assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.last_chunk::<0>());
```

--------------------------------

### GetUrl Codec

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/codec/struct.GetUrl.html

The GetUrl codec is used to encode server function arguments into a URL query string for HTTP GET requests.

```APIDOC
## GetUrl Codec

### Description
The `GetUrl` struct is a codec implementation that serializes arguments as a URL-encoded query string for use in `GET` requests.

### HTTP Method
GET

### Content-Type
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
```

--------------------------------

### Constructing a Box from NonNull with an Allocator

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Demonstrates recreating a Box from a NonNull pointer and manually allocating memory using the system allocator.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::System;

let x = Box::new_in(5, System);
let (non_null, alloc) = Box::into_non_null_with_allocator(x);
let x = unsafe { Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, alloc) };
```

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, box_vec_non_null, slice_ptr_get)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Layout, System};

unsafe {
    let non_null = System.allocate(Layout::new::<i32>())?.cast::<i32>();
    // In general .write is required to avoid attempting to destruct
    // the (uninitialized) previous contents of `non_null`.
    non_null.write(5);
    let x = Box::from_non_null_in(non_null, System);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Leak a Box into a mutable reference

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/redirect/type.RedirectHook.html

Examples showing how to consume a Box to obtain a static mutable reference for both sized and unsized data.

```rust
let x = Box::new(41);
let static_ref: &'static mut usize = Box::leak(x);
*static_ref += 1;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, 42);
```

```rust
let x = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
let static_ref = Box::leak(x);
static_ref[0] = 4;
assert_eq!(*static_ref, [4, 2, 3]);
```

--------------------------------

### poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>)

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/request/reqwest/struct.Client.html

Checks if the service is ready to process new requests.

```APIDOC
## fn poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>)

### Description
Returns Poll::Ready(Ok(())) when the service is able to process requests.

### Parameters
- **_cx** (&mut Context<'_>) - Required - The task context used for polling.
```

--------------------------------

### Actix Middleware Implementation

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/src/server_fn/middleware/mod.rs.html

Partial implementation for Actix web framework integration.

```rust
126#[cfg(feature = "actix")]
127mod actix {
128    use crate::{
129        error::ServerFnErrorErr,
130        request::actix::ActixRequest,
131        response::{actix::ActixResponse, Res},
132    };
133    use actix_web::{HttpRequest, HttpResponse};
134    use bytes::Bytes;
135    use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin};
136
137    impl<S> super::Service<HttpRequest, HttpResponse> for S
138    where
139        S: actix_web::dev::Service<HttpRequest, Response = HttpResponse>,
140        S::Future: Send + 'static,
141        S::Error: std::fmt::Display + Send + 'static,
142    {
143        fn run(
144            &mut self,
145            req: HttpRequest,
146            ser: fn(ServerFnErrorErr) -> Bytes,
147        ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = HttpResponse> + Send>> {
148            // ... (truncated in source)
```

--------------------------------

### Split a slice from the end into a limited number of items

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Splits a slice into at most n items starting from the end, with the last item containing the remainder.

```rust
let v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

for group in v.rsplitn(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
    println!("{group:?}");
}
```

--------------------------------

### Construct a Vec from manually allocated memory

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Shows how to use Vec::from_parts with memory allocated via the global allocator, ensuring the layout matches the requirements.

```rust
#![feature(box_vec_non_null)]

use std::alloc::{alloc, Layout};
use std::ptr::NonNull;

fn main() {
    let layout = Layout::array::<u32>(16).expect("overflow cannot happen");

    let vec = unsafe {
        let Some(mem) = NonNull::new(alloc(layout).cast::<u32>()) else {
            return;
        };

        mem.write(1_000_000);

        Vec::from_parts(mem, 1, 16)
    };

    assert_eq!(vec, &[1_000_000]);
    assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 16);
}
```

--------------------------------

### Iterate over slice chunks with rchunks_exact

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns an iterator over chunks of a fixed size starting from the end of the slice. Panics if the chunk size is zero.

```rust
let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
let mut iter = slice.rchunks_exact(2);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['l']);
```

--------------------------------

### Get pointer range of slice

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Bytes.html

Returns a half-open range of raw pointers spanning the slice, useful for C++ interoperability or pointer containment checks.

```rust
let a = [1, 2, 3];
let x = &a[1] as *const _;
let y = &5 as *const _;

assert!(a.as_ptr_range().contains(&x));
assert!(!a.as_ptr_range().contains(&y));
```

--------------------------------

### Rebuilding a Vec from raw parts

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/type.MiddlewareSet.html

Demonstrates how to extract components from an existing vector and reconstruct it using the same allocator.

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::System;

use std::ptr;
use std::mem;

let mut v = Vec::with_capacity_in(3, System);
v.push(1);
v.push(2);
v.push(3);

// Prevent running `v`'s destructor so we are in complete control
// of the allocation.
let mut v = mem::ManuallyDrop::new(v);

// Pull out the various important pieces of information about `v`
let p = v.as_mut_ptr();
let len = v.len();
let cap = v.capacity();
let alloc = v.allocator();

unsafe {
    // Overwrite memory with 4, 5, 6
    for i in 0..len {
        ptr::write(p.add(i), 4 + i);
    }

    // Put everything back together into a Vec
    let rebuilt = Vec::from_raw_parts_in(p, len, cap, alloc.clone());
    assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4, 5, 6]);
}
```

--------------------------------

### run_client

Source: https://docs.rs/server_fn/0.8.2/server_fn/struct.Http.html

Executes a server function on the client side by serializing the input, sending the request, and deserializing the response.

```APIDOC
## async fn run_client(path: &str, input: Input) -> Result<Output, E>

### Description
Runs the server function on the client. The implementation handles serializing the input, sending the HTTP request to the specified path, and deserializing the resulting output.

### Parameters
- **path** (&str) - The endpoint path for the server function.
- **input** (Input) - The input data to be sent to the server.
```