### Get Type ID

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v5/struct.PubRel.html

Retrieves the `TypeId` of the PubRel struct.

```rust
fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId>
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Publish Packet for V5

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/publish.rs.html

Creates a sample MQTT Publish packet conforming to V5 specifications, including various properties like payload format indicator, message expiry interval, topic alias, response topic, correlation data, user properties, subscription identifiers, and content type. This is used for testing encoding and decoding.

```rust
fn sample_v5() -> Publish {
        let publish_properties = PublishProperties {
            payload_format_indicator: Some(1),
            message_expiry_interval: Some(4321),
            topic_alias: Some(100),
            response_topic: Some("topic".to_owned()),
            correlation_data: Some(Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
            subscription_identifiers: vec![120, 121],
            content_type: Some("test".to_owned()),
        };

        Publish {
            dup: false,
            qos: QoS::ExactlyOnce,
            retain: false,
            topic: "test".to_string(),
            pkid: 42,
            properties: Some(publish_properties),
            payload: Bytes::from(vec![b't', b'e', b's', b't']),
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Test Unsubscribe Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/unsubscribe.rs.html

Unit test setup for verifying Unsubscribe packet functionality.

```rust
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use alloc::vec;
    use bytes::BytesMut;
    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

    fn sample() -> Unsubscribe {
        let properties = UnsubscribeProperties {
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Connect Instance

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v4/struct.Connect.html

Constructs a new `Connect` struct with a mandatory client ID. Use this to initiate a new MQTT connection.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(id: S) -> Connect
```

--------------------------------

### Create Empty Subscribe Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/subscribe.rs.html

Use `Subscribe::empty_subscribe` to create a subscribe packet with no filters. This can be used as a starting point before adding filters.

```rust
pub fn empty_subscribe() -> Subscribe {
    Subscribe {
        pkid: 0,
        filters: Vec::new(),
        properties: None,
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Connect Packet Creation in Rust

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connect.rs.html

Creates a sample `Connect` packet including `ConnectProperties` and `WillProperties`. This is used for testing the serialization and deserialization logic.

```rust
fn sample() -> Connect {
        let connect_properties = ConnectProperties {
            session_expiry_interval: Some(1234),
            receive_maximum: Some(432),
            max_packet_size: Some(100),
            topic_alias_max: Some(456),
            request_response_info: Some(1),
            request_problem_info: Some(1),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
            authentication_method: Some("test".to_owned()),
            authentication_data: Some(Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])),
        };

        let will_properties = WillProperties {
            delay_interval: Some(1234),
            payload_format_indicator: Some(0),
            message_expiry_interval: Some(4321),
            content_type: Some("test".to_owned()),
            response_topic: Some("topic".to_owned()),
            correlation_data: Some(Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
        };

        let will = LastWill {
            topic: "mydevice/status".to_string(),
            message: Bytes::from(vec![b'd', b'e', b'a', b'd']),
            qos: QoS::AtMostOnce,

```

--------------------------------

### Sample Subscribe Packet Creation (No Properties)

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/subscribe.rs.html

Creates a sample Subscribe packet without properties for testing. Includes a filter and QoS level.

```rust
fn sample2() -> Subscribe {
        let filter = SubscribeFilter::new("hello/world".to_owned(), QoS::AtLeastOnce);
        Subscribe {
            pkid: 42,
            filters: vec![filter],
            properties: None,
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Define MQTT Connect Sample Data

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connect.rs.html

Sample structures representing MQTT Connect packets for testing purposes.

```rust
        let login = Login {
            username: "matteo".to_string(),
            password: "collina".to_string(),
        };

        Connect {
            protocol: Protocol::V5,
            keep_alive: 0,
            properties: Some(connect_properties),
            client_id: "my-device".to_string(),
            clean_session: true,
            last_will: Some(will),
            login: Some(login),
        }
    }
```

```rust
    fn sample2() -> Connect {
        Connect {
            protocol: Protocol::V5,
            keep_alive: 10,
            properties: None,
            client_id: "hackathonmqtt5test".to_owned(),
            clean_session: true,
            last_will: None,
            login: None,
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### mqttbytes Crate Overview

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/index.html

Overview of the mqttbytes crate, including its modules, structs, enums, and functions.

```APIDOC
## Crate mqttbytes

### Summary

This crate provides functionality for working with MQTT bytes, including packet parsing, topic matching, and protocol version handling.

### Modules

*   `v4`: Module for MQTT v4 specific functionality.
*   `v5`: Module for MQTT v5 specific functionality.

### Structs

*   **FixedHeader**
    *   Description: Represents the fixed header of an MQTT packet, containing the packet type and flags.

### Enums

*   **Error**
    *   Description: Represents errors that can occur during serialization and deserialization of MQTT packets.
*   **PacketType**
    *   Description: Enumerates the different types of MQTT packets.
*   **Protocol**
    *   Description: Represents the MQTT protocol version.
*   **QoS**
    *   Description: Represents the Quality of Service levels in MQTT.

### Functions

*   **check**
    *   Description: Checks if a stream has enough bytes to form a complete MQTT packet header. It returns the `FixedHeader` if a packet can be framed without modifying the parent stream's cursor. If an error occurs, subsequent checks on the same stream will restart from the beginning.
*   **has_wildcards**
    *   Description: Determines if a given topic or topic filter string contains wildcard characters.
*   **matches**
    *   Description: Checks if a topic string matches a given topic filter string. Note that topic and filter validation is not performed by this function.
*   **qos**
    *   Description: Maps a numerical value to its corresponding `QoS` enum variant.
*   **valid_filter**
    *   Description: Validates if a given string is a valid MQTT topic filter.
*   **valid_topic**
    *   Description: Validates if a given string is a valid MQTT topic.
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Login Instance

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v4/struct.Login.html

Constructs a new Login instance. Accepts any type that can be converted into a String for username and password.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(u: S, p: S) -> Login
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Subscribe Packet Creation

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/subscribe.rs.html

Creates a sample Subscribe packet with properties for testing. Includes subscription identifier, user properties, filter, and options.

```rust
fn sample() -> Subscribe {
        let subscribe_properties = SubscribeProperties {
            id: Some(100),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
        };

        let mut filter = SubscribeFilter::new("hello".to_owned(), QoS::AtLeastOnce);
        filter
            .set_nolocal(true)
            .set_preserve_retain(true)
            .set_retain_forward_rule(RetainForwardRule::Never);

        Subscribe {
            pkid: 42,
            filters: vec![filter],
            properties: Some(subscribe_properties),
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Create a New MQTT Connect Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/connect.rs.html

Provides a constructor for the Connect struct, initializing it with default values for protocol (V4), keep-alive (10 seconds), and requiring only a client ID. Other fields like last will and login are set to None by default.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(id: S) -> Connect {
    Connect {
        protocol: Protocol::V4,
        keep_alive: 10,
        client_id: id.into(),
        clean_session: true,
        last_will: None,
        login: None,
    }
}

```

--------------------------------

### Create a new MQTT Subscribe Filter

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/subscribe.rs.html

Initializes a `SubscribeFilter` with a path and QoS level. Default values are set for `nolocal`, `preserve_retain`, and `retain_forward_rule`.

```rust
pub fn new(path: String, qos: QoS) -> SubscribeFilter {
        SubscribeFilter {
            path,
            qos,
            nolocal: false,
            preserve_retain: false,
            retain_forward_rule: RetainForwardRule::OnEverySubscribe,
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Bytes for MQTT CONNECT Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/connect.rs.html

Provides a byte vector representing a sample MQTT CONNECT packet. This is used for assertion in tests.

```rust
fn sample_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0x10,
            39,
            0x00,
            0x04,
            b'M',
            b'Q',
            b'T',
            b'T',
            0x04,
            0b1100_1110, // +username, +password, -will retain, will qos=1, +last_will, +clean_session
            0x00,
            0x0a, // 10 sec
            0x00,
            0x04,
            b't',
            b'e',
            b's',
            b't', // client_id
            0x00,
            0x02,
            b'/',
            b'a', // will topic = '/a'
            0x00,
            0x07,
            b'o',
            b'f',
            b'f',
            b'l',
            b'i',
            b'n',
            b'e', // will msg = 'offline'
            0x00,
            0x04,
            b'r',
            b'u',
            b's',
            b't', // username = 'rust'
            0x00,
            0x02,
            b'm',
            b'q', // password = 'mq'
        ]
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Sample PubAck with Success Reason

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/puback.rs.html

Defines a sample PubAck struct with the 'Success' reason code and no properties. This is used in unit tests.

```rust
    fn sample3() -> PubAck {
        PubAck {
            pkid: 42,
            reason: PubAckReason::Success,
            properties: None,
        }
    }

```

--------------------------------

### Implement PubComp for MQTT QoS 1 Acknowledgement

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/pubcomp.rs.html

Defines the PubComp struct for QoS 1 publish acknowledgements and implements methods for creating, calculating length, reading from bytes, and writing to a byte buffer. Requires the `bytes` crate for buffer manipulation.

```rust
use super::*;
use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};

/// Acknowledgement to QoS1 publish
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct PubComp {
   pub pkid: u16,
}

impl PubComp {
    pub fn new(pkid: u16) -> PubComp {
        PubComp { pkid }
    }

    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        let len = 2; // pkid
        len
    }

    pub fn read(fixed_header: FixedHeader, mut bytes: Bytes) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let variable_header_index = fixed_header.fixed_header_len;
        bytes.advance(variable_header_index);
        let pkid = read_u16(&mut bytes)?;

        if fixed_header.remaining_len == 2 {
            return Ok(PubComp { pkid });
        }

        if fixed_header.remaining_len < 4 {
            return Ok(PubComp { pkid });
        }

        let puback = PubComp { pkid };

        Ok(puback)
    }

    pub fn write(&self, buffer: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<usize, Error> {
        let len = self.len();
        buffer.put_u8(0x70);
        let count = write_remaining_length(buffer, len)?;
        buffer.put_u16(self.pkid);
        Ok(1 + count + len)
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Sample PubAck Bytes with Success Reason

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/puback.rs.html

Provides the byte representation of a PubAck message with the 'Success' reason code and no properties. Used for testing.

```rust
    fn sample3_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![0x40, 0x02, 0x00, 0x2a]
    }

```

--------------------------------

### Sample PubAck with Properties for Testing

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/puback.rs.html

Defines a sample PubAck struct with properties, including a reason string and user properties, for use in unit tests. This function is part of the test module.

```rust
fn sample() -> PubAck {
        let properties = PubAckProperties {
            reason_string: Some("test".to_owned()),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
        };

        PubAck {
            pkid: 42,
            reason: PubAckReason::NoMatchingSubscribers,
            properties: Some(properties),
        }
    }

```

--------------------------------

### Initialize LastWill

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connect.rs.html

Constructor for creating a new LastWill instance.

```rust
impl LastWill {
    pub fn new(
        topic: impl Into<String>,
        payload: impl Into<Vec<u8>>,
        qos: QoS,
        retain: bool,
    ) -> LastWill {
        LastWill {
            topic: topic.into(),
            message: Bytes::from(payload.into()),
            qos,
            retain,
            properties: None,
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Write Login Credentials to Bytes

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/connect.rs.html

Serializes username and password into a byte buffer. Sets corresponding bits in connect flags if fields are not empty. Requires `write_mqtt_string`.

```rust
fn write(&self, buffer: &mut BytesMut) -> u8 {
        let mut connect_flags = 0;
        if !self.username.is_empty() {
            connect_flags |= 0x80;
            write_mqtt_string(buffer, &self.username);
        }

        if !self.password.is_empty() {
            connect_flags |= 0x40;
            write_mqtt_string(buffer, &self.password);
        }

        connect_flags
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Create New PubComp

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/pubcomp.rs.html

Constructor for a new PubComp message, defaulting to Success reason and no properties.

```rust
impl PubComp {
    pub fn new(pkid: u16) -> PubComp {
        PubComp {
            pkid,
            reason: PubCompReason::Success,
            properties: None,
        }
    }

    fn len(&self) -> usize {
        let mut len = 2 + 1; // pkid + reason

        // If there are no properties during success, sending reason code is optional
        if self.reason == PubCompReason::Success && self.properties.is_none() {
            return 2;
        }

        if let Some(properties) = &self.properties {
            let properties_len = properties.len();
            let properties_len_len = len_len(properties_len);
            len += properties_len_len + properties_len;
        }

        len
    }
// ... other methods
}

```

--------------------------------

### Sample UnsubAck Packet Creation

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/unsuback.rs.html

Creates a sample UnsubAck packet with specific packet ID, reasons, and properties for testing purposes.

```rust
fn sample() -> UnsubAck {
    let properties = UnsubAckProperties {
        reason_string: Some("test".to_owned()),
        user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
    };

    UnsubAck {
        pkid: 10,
        reasons: vec![
            UnsubAckReason::NotAuthorized,
            UnsubAckReason::TopicFilterInvalid,
        ],
        properties: Some(properties),
    }
}

```

--------------------------------

### Test MQTT Connect Packet Parsing

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/connect.rs.html

A test case that constructs a byte stream representing an MQTT CONNECT packet with various options (username, password, will, etc.) and verifies its parsing.

```rust
let mut stream = bytes::BytesMut::new();
        let packetstream = &[ 
            0x10, 
            39, // packet type, flags and remaining len
            0x00, 
            0x04, 
            b'M', 
            b'Q', 
            b'T', 
            b'T', 
            0x04, // variable header
            0b1100_1110, // variable header. +username, +password, -will retain, will qos=1, +last_will, +clean_session
            0x00, 
            0x0a, // variable header. keep alive = 10 sec
            0x00, 
            0x04, 
            b't', 
            b'e', 
            b's', 
            b't', // payload. client_id
            0x00, 
            0x02, 
            b'/', 
            b'a', // payload. will topic = '/a'
            0x00, 
            0x07, 
            b'o', 
            b'f', 
            b'f', 
            b'l', 
            b'i', 
            b'n', 
            b'e', // payload. variable header. will msg = 'offline'
            0x00, 
            0x04, 
            b'r', 
            b'u', 
            b'm', 
            b'q', // payload. username = 'rumq'
            0x00, 
            0x02, 
            b'm', 
            b'q', // payload. password = 'mq'
            0xDE, 
            0xAD, 
            0xBE, 
            0xEF, // extra packets in the stream
        ];

        stream.extend_from_slice(&packetstream[..]);
        let fixed_header = parse_fixed_header(stream.iter()).unwrap();
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Publish Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/publish.rs.html

Provides a constructor `new` for creating a Publish packet with a topic, QoS, and payload. Initializes control flags like `dup` and `retain` to false and `pkid` to 0.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>, P: Into<Vec<u8>>>(topic: S, qos: QoS, payload: P) -> Publish {
    Publish {
        dup: false,
        qos,
        retain: false,
        pkid: 0,
        topic: topic.into(),
        payload: Bytes::from(payload.into()),
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Publish::from_bytes Constructor

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/publish.rs.html

Creates a Publish packet directly from a topic, QoS, and Bytes payload. Initializes other fields to defaults. Useful when the payload is already in Bytes format.

```rust
pub fn from_bytes<S: Into<String>>(topic: S, qos: QoS, payload: Bytes) -> Publish {
    Publish {
        dup: false,
        qos,
        retain: false,
        pkid: 0,
        topic: topic.into(),
        properties: None,
        payload,
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Implement PartialEq for SubAckProperties

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v5/struct.SubAckProperties.html

Enables comparison of two SubAckProperties instances for equality.

```rust
fn eq(&self, other: &SubAckProperties) -> bool
```

--------------------------------

### Sample PubAck Bytes with Properties

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/puback.rs.html

Provides the byte representation of a sample PubAck message that includes properties. This is used to verify encoding and decoding.

```rust
fn sample_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0x40, // payload type
            0x18, // remaining length
            0x00, 0x2a, // packet id
            0x10, // reason
            0x14, // properties len
            0x1f, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // reason_string
            0x26, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 
            0x74, // user properties
        ]
    }

```

--------------------------------

### Byte representation of Connect packet with properties

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connect.rs.html

Provides the exact byte sequence for the `sample3()` Connect packet. This is used as the expected output when testing the encoding of the Connect packet.

```rust
fn sample3_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0x10, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x04, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x54, 0x54, 0x05, 0xc6, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2f, 0x11,
            0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0xd2, 0x21, 0x01, 0xb0, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x64, 0x22, 0x01,
            0xc8, 0x19, 0x01, 0x17, 0x01, 0x26, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x00, 0x04,
            0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x15, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x16, 0x00, 0x04,
            0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x09, 0x6d, 0x79, 0x2d, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63,
            0x65, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x6d, 0x79, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x73,
            0x74, 0x61, 0x74, 0x75, 0x73, 0x00, 0x04, 0x64, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x00, 0x06, 0x6d,
            0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6f, 0x00, 0x07, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x61,
        ]
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Byte Representation of Publish Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/publish.rs.html

Provides a byte vector representing a sample MQTT Publish packet, including its fixed header, remaining length, topic name, packet identifier, properties, and payload. This is used to verify the encoded output against expected byte sequences.

```rust
fn sample_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0x34, // payload type
            0x3e, // remaining len
            0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // topic name
            0x00, 0x2a, // pkid
            0x31, // properties len
            0x01, 0x01, // payload format indicator
            0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0xe1, // message_expiry_interval
            0x23, 0x00, 0x64, // topic alias
            0x08, 0x00, 0x05, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x69, 0x63, // response topic
            0x09, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, // correlation_data
            0x26, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73,
            0x74, // user properties
            0x0b, 0x78, // subscription_identifier
            0x0b, 0x79, // subscription_identifier
            0x03, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // content_type
            0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // payload
        ]
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Create Publish Packet from Bytes

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/publish.rs.html

A constructor `from_bytes` to create a Publish packet directly from a topic, QoS, and a `Bytes` payload. Similar to `new`, it sets default values for `dup`, `retain`, and `pkid`.

```rust
pub fn from_bytes<S: Into<String>>(topic: S, qos: QoS, payload: Bytes) -> Publish {
    Publish {
        dup: false,
        qos,
        retain: false,
        pkid: 0,
        topic: topic.into(),
        payload,
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### MQTT Topic and Filter Operations

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/topic.rs.html

Functions for checking wildcards, validating topics and filters, and matching topics against filters.

```rust
use alloc::vec::Vec;

/// Checks if a topic or topic filter has wildcards
pub fn has_wildcards(s: &str) -> bool {
    s.contains('+') || s.contains('#')
}

/// Checks if a topic is valid
pub fn valid_topic(topic: &str) -> bool {
    if topic.contains('+') {
        return false;
    }

    if topic.contains('#') {
        return false;
    }

    true
}

/// Checks if the filter is valid
///
/// https://docs.oasis-open.org/mqtt/mqtt/v3.1.1/os/mqtt-v3.1.1-os.html#_Toc398718106
pub fn valid_filter(filter: &str) -> bool {
    if filter.is_empty() {
        return false;
    }

    let hirerarchy = filter.split('/').collect::<Vec<&str>>();
    if let Some((last, remaining)) = hirerarchy.split_last() {
        // # is not allowed in filer except as a last entry
        // invalid: sport/tennis#/player
        // invalid: sport/tennis/#/ranking
        for entry in remaining.iter() {
            if entry.contains('#') {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // only single '#" is allowed in last entry
        // invalid: sport/tennis#
        if last.len() != 1 && last.contains('#') {
            return false;
        }
    }

    true
}

/// Checks if topic matches a filter. topic and filter validation isn't done here.
///
/// **NOTE**: 'topic' is a misnomer in the arg. this can also be used to match 2 wild subscriptions
/// **NOTE**: make sure a topic is validated during a publish and filter is validated
/// during a subscribe
pub fn matches(topic: &str, filter: &str) -> bool {
    if !topic.is_empty() && topic[..1].contains('$') {
        return false;
    }

    let mut topics = topic.split('/');
    let mut filters = filter.split('/');

    for f in filters.by_ref() {
        // "#" being the last element is validated by the broker with 'valid_filter'
        if f == "#" {
            return true;
        }

        // filter still has remaining elements
        // filter = a/b/c/# should match topci = a/b/c
        // filter = a/b/c/d should not match topic = a/b/c
        let top = topics.next();
        match top {
            Some(t) if t == "#" => return false,
            Some(_) if f == "+" => continue,
            Some(t) if f != t => return false,
            Some(_) => continue,
            None => return false,
        }
    }

    // topic has remaining elements and filter's last element isn't "#"
    if topics.next().is_some() {
        return false;
    }

    true
}
```

```rust
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    #[test]
    fn wildcards_are_detected_correctly() {
        assert!(!super::has_wildcards("a/b/c"));
        assert!(super::has_wildcards("a/+/c"));
        assert!(super::has_wildcards("a/b/#"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn topics_are_validated_correctly() {
        assert!(!super::valid_topic("+wrong"));
        assert!(!super::valid_topic("wro#ng"));
        assert!(!super::valid_topic("w/r/o/n/g+"));
        assert!(!super::valid_topic("wrong/#/path"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn filters_are_validated_correctly() {
        assert!(!super::valid_filter("wrong/#/filter"));
        assert!(!super::valid_filter("wrong/wr#ng/filter"));
        assert!(!super::valid_filter("wrong/filter#"));
        assert!(super::valid_filter("correct/filter/#"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn zero_len_subscriptions_are_not_allowed() {
        assert!(!super::valid_filter(""));
    }

    #[test]
    fn dollar_subscriptions_doesnt_match_dollar_topic() {
        assert!(super::matches("sy$tem/metrics", "sy$tem/+"));
        assert!(!super::matches("$system/metrics", "$system/+"));
        assert!(!super::matches("$system/metrics", "+/+"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn topics_match_with_filters_as_expected() {
        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "a/b/c";
        assert!(super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "d/b/c";
        assert!(!super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "a/b/e";
        assert!(!super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "a/b/c/d";
        assert!(!super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "#";
        assert!(super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c";
        let filter = "a/b/c/#";
        assert!(super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c/d";
        let filter = "a/b/c";
        assert!(!super::matches(topic, filter));

        let topic = "a/b/c/d";
        let filter = "a/b/c/#";
        assert!(super::matches(topic, filter));
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Sample Unsubscribe Packet Bytes (No Properties)

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/unsubscribe.rs.html

Provides the byte representation of a sample MQTT Unsubscribe packet with a single filter and no properties. Used for testing parsing and encoding.

```rust
fn sample2_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0xa2, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f,
        ]
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Implement PartialEq for PubRecProperties

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v5/struct.PubRecProperties.html

Allows for the comparison of two PubRecProperties instances for equality.

```rust
fn eq(&self, other: &PubRecProperties) -> bool
```

```rust
fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool
```

--------------------------------

### PubRec::new Constructor

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/pubrec.rs.html

Creates a new PubRec packet with a given packet identifier and defaults to Success reason code with no properties. Use this for basic acknowledgments.

```rust
pub fn new(pkid: u16) -> PubRec {
    PubRec {
        pkid,
        reason: PubRecReason::Success,
        properties: None,
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Parse MQTT Publish Packet

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/publish.rs.html

Demonstrates reading a raw byte stream into a Publish packet structure.

```rust
let stream = &[
            0b0011_0000,
            7, // packet type, flags and remaining len
            0x00,
            0x03,
            b'a',
            b'/',
            b'b', // variable header. topic name = 'a/b'
            0x01,
            0x02, // payload
            0xDE,
            0xAD,
            0xBE,
            0xEF, // extra packets in the stream
        ];

        let mut stream = BytesMut::from(&stream[..]);
        let fixed_header = parse_fixed_header(stream.iter()).unwrap();
        let publish_bytes = stream.split_to(fixed_header.frame_length()).freeze();
        let packet = Publish::read(fixed_header, publish_bytes).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            packet,
            Publish {
                dup: false,
                qos: QoS::AtMostOnce,
                retain: false,
                topic: "a/b".to_owned(),
                pkid: 0,
                payload: Bytes::from(&[0x01, 0x02][..]),
            }
        );
```

--------------------------------

### Sample PubAck without Properties for Testing

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/puback.rs.html

Defines a sample PubAck struct without any properties, used for testing scenarios where properties are absent. This is part of the test suite.

```rust
    fn sample2() -> PubAck {
        PubAck {
            pkid: 42,
            reason: PubAckReason::NoMatchingSubscribers,
            properties: None,
        }
    }

```

--------------------------------

### Publish::new Constructor

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/publish.rs.html

Creates a new Publish packet with default values for dup and retain flags. Requires topic, QoS, and payload. Topic and payload are converted to their respective types.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>, P: Into<Vec<u8>>>(topic: S, qos: QoS, payload: P) -> Publish {
    Publish {
        dup: false,
        qos,
        retain: false,
        pkid: 0,
        topic: topic.into(),
        properties: None,
        payload: Bytes::from(payload.into()),
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Test MQTT Connection Acknowledgement

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connack.rs.html

Provides sample data structures and byte representations for testing ConnAck packet handling.

```rust
    fn sample() -> ConnAck {
        let properties = ConnAckProperties {
            session_expiry_interval: Some(1234),
            receive_max: Some(432),
            max_qos: Some(2),
            retain_available: Some(1),
            max_packet_size: Some(100),
            assigned_client_identifier: Some("test".to_owned()),
            topic_alias_max: Some(456),
            reason_string: Some("test".to_owned()),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
            wildcard_subscription_available: Some(1),
            subscription_identifiers_available: Some(1),
            shared_subscription_available: Some(0),
            server_keep_alive: Some(1234),
            response_information: Some("test".to_owned()),
            server_reference: Some("test".to_owned()),
            authentication_method: Some("test".to_owned()),
            authentication_data: Some(Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])),
        };

        ConnAck {
            session_present: false,
            code: ConnectReturnCode::Success,
            properties: Some(properties),
        }
    }

    fn sample_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            0x20, // Packet type
            0x57, // Remaining length
            0x00, 0x00, // Session, code
            0x54, // Properties length
            0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0xd2, // Session expiry interval
            0x21, 0x01, 0xb0, // Receive maximum
            0x24, 0x02, // Maximum qos
            0x25, 0x01, // Retain available
            0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x64, // Maximum packet size
            0x12, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // Assigned client identifier
            0x22, 0x01, 0xc8, // Topic alias max
            0x1f, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, // Reason string
            0x26, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x00, 0x04, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73,
            0x74, // user properties
            0x28, 0x01, // wildcard_subscription_available
```

--------------------------------

### Connect Struct Definition

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v5/struct.Connect.html

The structure definition for the MQTT Connect packet.

```rust
pub struct Connect {
    pub protocol: Protocol,
    pub keep_alive: u16,
    pub client_id: String,
    pub clean_session: bool,
    pub last_will: Option<LastWill>,
    pub login: Option<Login>,
    pub properties: Option<ConnectProperties>,
}
```

--------------------------------

### Create New LastWill Instance

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v4/struct.LastWill.html

Constructor for creating a new LastWill instance. Accepts topic, payload, QoS, and retain flag.

```rust
pub fn new( topic: impl Into<String>,
 payload: impl Into<Vec<u8>>,
 qos: QoS,
 retain: bool,
) -> LastWill
```

--------------------------------

### Define Connect struct and methods

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/connect.rs.html

The Connect struct represents the MQTT connection packet. It includes methods for creating a new instance, setting login credentials, calculating packet length, and reading/writing the packet to a buffer.

```rust
1use super::*; 
2use alloc::string::String; 
3use alloc::vec::Vec; 
4use bytes::{Buf, Bytes}; 
5 
6/// Connection packet initiated by the client 
7#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)] 
8pub struct Connect { 
9    /// Mqtt protocol version 
10    pub protocol: Protocol, 
11    /// Mqtt keep alive time 
12    pub keep_alive: u16, 
13    /// Client Id 
14    pub client_id: String, 
15    /// Clean session. Asks the broker to clear previous state 
16    pub clean_session: bool, 
17    /// Will that broker needs to publish when the client disconnects 
18    pub last_will: Option<LastWill>, 
19    /// Login credentials 
20    pub login: Option<Login>, 
21    /// Properties 
22    pub properties: Option<ConnectProperties>, 
23} 
24 
25impl Connect { 
26    pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(id: S) -> Connect { 
27        Connect { 
28            protocol: Protocol::V5, 
29            keep_alive: 10, 
30            properties: None, 
31            client_id: id.into(), 
32            clean_session: true, 
33            last_will: None, 
34            login: None, 
35        } 
36    } 
37 
38    pub fn set_login<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, u: S, p: S) -> &mut Connect { 
39        let login = Login { 
40            username: u.into(), 
41            password: p.into(), 
42        }; 
43 
44        self.login = Some(login); 
45        self 
46    } 
47 
48    pub fn len(&self) -> usize { 
49        let mut len = 2 + "MQTT".len() // protocol name 
50                              + 1            // protocol version 
51                              + 1            // connect flags 
52                              + 2; // keep alive 
53 
54        match &self.properties { 
55            Some(properties) => { 
56                let properties_len = properties.len(); 
57                let properties_len_len = len_len(properties_len); 
58                len += properties_len_len + properties_len; 
59            } 
60            None => { 
61                // just 1 byte representing 0 len 
62                len += 1; 
63            } 
64        } 
65 
66        len += 2 + self.client_id.len(); 
67 
68        // last will len 
69        if let Some(last_will) = &self.last_will { 
70            len += last_will.len(); 
71        } 
72 
73        // username and password len 
74        if let Some(login) = &self.login { 
75            len += login.len(); 
76        } 
77 
78        len 
79    } 
80 
81    pub fn read(fixed_header: FixedHeader, mut bytes: Bytes) -> Result<Connect, Error> { 
82        let variable_header_index = fixed_header.fixed_header_len; 
83        bytes.advance(variable_header_index); 
84 
85        // Variable header 
86        let protocol_name = read_mqtt_string(&mut bytes)?; 
87        let protocol_level = read_u8(&mut bytes)?; 
88        if protocol_name != "MQTT" { 
89            return Err(Error::InvalidProtocol); 
90        } 
91 
92        let protocol = match protocol_level { 
93            4 => Protocol::V4, 
94            5 => Protocol::V5, 
95            num => return Err(Error::InvalidProtocolLevel(num)), 
96        }; 
97 
98        let connect_flags = read_u8(&mut bytes)?; 
99        let clean_session = (connect_flags & 0b10) != 0; 
100        let keep_alive = read_u16(&mut bytes)?; 
101 
102        // Properties in variable header 
103        let properties = match protocol { 
104            Protocol::V5 => ConnectProperties::read(&mut bytes)?, 
105            Protocol::V4 => None, 
106        }; 
107 
108        let client_id = read_mqtt_string(&mut bytes)?; 
109        let last_will = LastWill::read(connect_flags, &mut bytes)?; 
110        let login = Login::read(connect_flags, &mut bytes)?; 
111 
112        let connect = Connect { 
113            protocol, 
114            keep_alive, 
115            properties, 
116            client_id, 
117            clean_session, 
118            last_will, 
119            login, 
120        }; 
121 
122        Ok(connect) 
123    } 
124 
125    pub fn write(&self, buffer: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<usize, Error> { 
126        let len = self.len(); 
127        buffer.put_u8(0b0001_0000); 
128        let count = write_remaining_length(buffer, len)?; 
129        write_mqtt_string(buffer, "MQTT"); 
130 
131        match self.protocol { 
132            Protocol::V4 => buffer.put_u8(0x04), 
133            Protocol::V5 => buffer.put_u8(0x05), 
134        } 
135 
136        let flags_index = 1 + count + 2 + 4 + 1; 
137 
138        let mut connect_flags = 0; 
139        if self.clean_session { 
140            connect_flags |= 0x02; 
141        } 
142 
143        buffer.put_u8(connect_flags); 
144        buffer.put_u16(self.keep_alive); 
145 
146        match &self.properties { 
147            Some(properties) => properties.write(buffer)?, 
148            None => { 
149                write_remaining_length(buffer, 0)?; 
150            } 
151        }; 
152 
153        write_mqtt_string(buffer, &self.client_id); 
154 
155        if let Some(last_will) = &self.last_will { 
156            connect_flags |= last_will.write(buffer)?; 
157        }
```

--------------------------------

### Set MQTT Subscribe Filter Options

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/subscribe.rs.html

Provides builder-style methods to configure `nolocal`, `preserve_retain`, and `retain_forward_rule` for a `SubscribeFilter`.

```rust
pub fn set_nolocal(&mut self, flag: bool) -> &mut Self {
        self.nolocal = flag;
        self
    }
```

```rust
pub fn set_preserve_retain(&mut self, flag: bool) -> &mut Self {
        self.preserve_retain = flag;
        self
    }
```

```rust
pub fn set_retain_forward_rule(&mut self, rule: RetainForwardRule) -> &mut Self {
        self.retain_forward_rule = rule;
        self
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Sample PUBREC Data

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v5/pubrec.rs.html

Provides a sample `PubRec` struct instance for testing purposes. Includes a packet identifier, reason, and optional properties like reason string and user properties.

```rust
fn sample() -> PubRec {
        let properties = PubRecProperties {
            reason_string: Some("test".to_owned()),
            user_properties: vec![("test".to_owned(), "test".to_owned())],
        };

        PubRec {
            pkid: 42,
            reason: PubRecReason::NoMatchingSubscribers,
            properties: Some(properties),
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Create New Login

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/src/mqttbytes/v4/connect.rs.html

Constructor for the Login struct, taking username and password as generic types that can be converted into Strings.

```rust
pub fn new<S: Into<String>>(u: S, p: S) -> Login {
        Login {
            username: u.into(),
            password: p.into(),
        }
    }
```

--------------------------------

### Set Login Credentials for Connect

Source: https://docs.rs/mqttbytes/0.6.0/mqttbytes/v4/struct.Connect.html

Configures username and password for the `Connect` packet. This method returns a mutable reference to the `Connect` struct for chaining.

```rust
pub fn set_login<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, u: S, p: S) -> &mut Connect
```