### skeinsum usage example

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/scripts.txt

Command-line usage of the skeinsum script, which hashes files with Skein-512-256 and prints the hexdigest followed by the filename.

```shell
$ skeinsum COPYING
63fb45390c188b7ba0e8eb2ed0e2fefa8416da515f0b28e670345ecd0de673dc  COPYING
```

--------------------------------

### Using skein.Random PRNG with different seeds and reading bytes/bits

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/random.txt

Shows how to create a skein.Random instance with a bytes seed, a hashable seed, no seed, and how to read raw bytes or bits. The output values are examples and will vary with the seed and system randomness.

```python
>>> import skein
>>> r = skein.Random(b"some seed value")
>>> r.random()
0.12674259115116804
```

```python
>>> skein.Random(12345).random()
0.1976938882004089
```

```python
>>> r = skein.Random()
>>> r.random()
0.9696830103216001
```

```python
>>> r = skein.Random(b"seed")
>>> r.read(5)
b'\xfe\xe6j\x8d\xb6'
>>> r.getrandbits(4)
9
```

--------------------------------

### threefish encrypt and decrypt usage example

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/scripts.txt

Command-line usage of the threefish script for file encryption and decryption. The script prompts for a password, derives a 256-bit key via Skein-512-256, and uses a tweak block chaining variant with a 32-byte block size. Decryption always succeeds even with a wrong key, producing garbage.

```shell
$ threefish encrypt README
Password:
$ ls README*
README  README.3f
$ mv README README.orig
$ threefish decrypt README.3f
Password:
$ diff README README.orig
$
```

--------------------------------

### hash.digest([start, stop])

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Returns the digest of all data processed so far. Optionally accepts start and stop indices to return a slice of the digest efficiently.

```APIDOC
## hash.digest([start, stop])

### Description
Returns the digest of all data processed so far. If start and stop are omitted, returns a bytes object of length digest_size. If specified, returns the same as digest()[start:stop] but computed more efficiently for small slices of large digests.

### Parameters
- **start** (int) - Optional - Starting index of the digest slice.
- **stop** (int) - Optional - Ending index of the digest slice.

### Returns
- **bytes** - The digest (or slice thereof).
```

--------------------------------

### Encrypt and decrypt with skein.StreamCipher

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/stream.html

Create a StreamCipher with a secret key, encrypt a message, and decrypt it back. The example shows that the ciphertext is a bytes object and that decrypting with a new StreamCipher using the same key recovers the original plaintext.

```python
>>> import skein
>>> sc = skein.StreamCipher(b"secret")
>>> x = sc.encrypt(b"squeamish ossifrage")
>>> x
b'\x94!\xc5\xbfM\xb5%{\x96qPw\x7f\x16]\xf3\x1cEc'
>>> sc = skein.StreamCipher(b"secret")
>>> sc.decrypt(x)
b'squeamish ossifrage'
```

--------------------------------

### Create a Skein-512 hash object

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Demonstrates initializing a Skein-512 hash object, updating it with data, and retrieving the digest and metadata.

```python
>>> from skein import skein256, skein512, skein1024
>>> h = skein512()
>>> h.update(b'Nobody inspects')
>>> h.update(b' the spammish repetition')
>>> h.digest()
b'\x1bN\x03+\xcb\x1d\xa4Rs\x01\x1c\xa9Ee\xef\x10|f+\x0b\xd3\r[5\xfbS5Ko\xced#\xa5\xeb\x10\xda\xe6\xf3v\xd6\xb2JNQ}\x85\xc7&\xfc\x01\xfb\x87J\x8f\xe2m\xe9Y\x1f\xa5\x9f\xa3\xc7\xd4'
>>> h.digest_size, h.digest_bits
(64, 512)
>>> h.block_size, h.block_bits
(64, 512)
>>> h.hashed_bits
312
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize skein.Random with bytes seed

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/random.html

Demonstrates initializing the PRNG with a bytes object seed.

```python
>>> import skein
>>> r = skein.Random(b"some seed value")
>>> r.random()
0.12674259115116804
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize skein.Random with hashable object

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/random.html

Demonstrates initializing the PRNG with a hashable object, which is internally converted to a bytes seed.

```python
>>> skein.Random(12345).random()
0.1976938882004089
```

--------------------------------

### Perform tree hashing with skein256

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Demonstrates initializing a skein256 hash object with tree parameters (L, F, M) and updating it with data.

```python
>>> h = skein256(tree=(5, 2, 255))
>>> for _ in range(1000):
...     h.update(b'\0' * 10**6)
...
>>> h.update(b'foobar')
>>> h.hexdigest()
'3d5bea7b8e2ffdaef60ce9d68b1db7cb4549a6bb52b3801eda640623cbeca5bd'
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize skein.Random without seed

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/random.html

Demonstrates initializing the PRNG without a seed, causing it to derive the initial state from a system source of randomness.

```python
>>> r = skein.Random()
>>> r.random()
0.9696830103216001
```

--------------------------------

### Encrypt and Decrypt a 32-byte Block

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/threefish.txt

Demonstrates initializing a Threefish cipher object and performing basic encryption and decryption on a 32-byte block.

```python
>>> from skein import threefish
>>> t = threefish(b'key of 32,64 or 128 bytes length', b'tweak: 16 bytes ')
>>> t.block_size, t.block_bits
(32, 256)
>>> c = t.encrypt_block(b'block of data,same length as key')
>>> c
b'\x1c\xbf\x83\xbeoW\xd8\xe0f\xba\xb2\xea\x0e\x91\x0b\n\x06,\xd5:\x97\x9a\x11IaEGM\xc0\xe8\x9e\x86'
>>> t.decrypt_block(c)
b'block of data,same length as key'
```

--------------------------------

### Create a Skein-1024-384 hash object

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Demonstrates initializing a Skein-1024 hash object with a specific digest bit length.

```python
>>> h = skein1024(b'Nobody inspects the spammish repetition', digest_bits=384)
>>> h.hexdigest()
'b602b02c5e02ecb37361b17dd4da33bb41c49ff685dca0408048a425fe3dee8bfbaf6c42575e9d71d89eb0dd2ec2a2a8'
>>> h.digest_size, h.digest_bits
(48, 384)
>>> h.block_size, h.block_bits
(128, 1024)
>>> h.hashed_bits
312
```

--------------------------------

### Use Skein as a key derivation function (KDF)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Uses Skein-256 as a KDF by specifying a master key and a key identifier.

```python
>>> skein256(key=b'mastersecret', key_id=b'email', digest_bits=128).hexdigest()
'c3ad501b1abfcf25bd1bdc4ef4053348'
```

--------------------------------

### skein.skein256(init=b'', digest_bits=256, **params)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Creates a new Skein-256 hash object. Optionally accepts an initial data chunk, desired digest length in bits, and keyword-only parameters for key, personalization, public key, key ID, nonce, and tree hashing.

```APIDOC
## skein.skein256(init=b'', digest_bits=256, **params)

### Description
Creates a new Skein-256 hash object with 256-bit internal state. Optionally takes an initial chunk of data and the desired digest length in bits.

### Parameters
- **init** (bytes) - Optional - Initial chunk of data to hash.
- **digest_bits** (int) - Optional - Desired digest length in bits, must be < 2**31.
- **key** (bytes) - Optional - Private key.
- **pers** (bytes) - Optional - Personalization string.
- **public_key** (bytes) - Optional - Public key.
- **key_id** (bytes) - Optional - Key identifier.
- **nonce** (bytes) - Optional - Nonce value.
- **tree** (tuple) - Optional - Tree hashing parameters: (leaf, fan_out, max_height).

### Returns
A Skein-256 hash object.
```

--------------------------------

### Use a personalization string

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Specifies a personalization string for personalized hashing using Skein-256.

```python
>>> skein256(b'message', pers=b'20100101 me@example.com').hexdigest()
'00c4f6aa109902e8db81d4c9324d2980265adcda583090aa894447511ca5f773'
```

--------------------------------

### Read bytes and bits from skein.Random

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/random.html

Demonstrates reading raw bytes and bits directly from the random stream.

```python
>>> r = skein.Random(b"seed")
>>> r.read(5)
b'\xfe\xe6j\x8d\xb6'
>>> r.getrandbits(4)
9
```

--------------------------------

### Use a nonce for randomized hashing

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Specifies a nonce for randomized hashing using Skein-256.

```python
>>> skein256(b'message', nonce=b'foobar').hexdigest()
'e01f8f8d57521f28d08390be94da96390177eff11932eaa59e2976686ac4a280'
```

--------------------------------

### hash.copy()

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Returns a clone of the hash object, useful for efficiently computing hashes of data sharing a common prefix.

```APIDOC
## hash.copy()

### Description
Returns a clone of the hash object, e.g., to efficiently compute hashes of data sharing a common prefix.

### Returns
- **hash object** - A copy of the current hash object.
```

--------------------------------

### Generate a message authentication code (MAC)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Uses the key parameter to generate a MAC with Skein-256.

```python
>>> skein256(b'message', key=b'secret').hexdigest()
'aee7b931f0e5e134b7af4ac1a7958f5c5f5f7e20dd68cfeab474c0aae0290de7'
```

--------------------------------

### skein.skein1024(init=b'', digest_bits=1024, **params)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Creates a new Skein-1024 hash object with 1024-bit internal state. Accepts the same optional parameters as skein256.

```APIDOC
## skein.skein1024(init=b'', digest_bits=1024, **params)

### Description
Creates a new Skein-1024 hash object with 1024-bit internal state. Optionally takes an initial chunk of data and the desired digest length in bits.

### Parameters
- **init** (bytes) - Optional - Initial chunk of data to hash.
- **digest_bits** (int) - Optional - Desired digest length in bits, must be < 2**31.
- **key** (bytes) - Optional - Private key.
- **pers** (bytes) - Optional - Personalization string.
- **public_key** (bytes) - Optional - Public key.
- **key_id** (bytes) - Optional - Key identifier.
- **nonce** (bytes) - Optional - Nonce value.
- **tree** (tuple) - Optional - Tree hashing parameters: (leaf, fan_out, max_height).

### Returns
A Skein-1024 hash object.
```

--------------------------------

### skein.skein512(init=b'', digest_bits=512, **params)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Creates a new Skein-512 hash object with 512-bit internal state. Accepts the same optional parameters as skein256.

```APIDOC
## skein.skein512(init=b'', digest_bits=512, **params)

### Description
Creates a new Skein-512 hash object with 512-bit internal state. Optionally takes an initial chunk of data and the desired digest length in bits.

### Parameters
- **init** (bytes) - Optional - Initial chunk of data to hash.
- **digest_bits** (int) - Optional - Desired digest length in bits, must be < 2**31.
- **key** (bytes) - Optional - Private key.
- **pers** (bytes) - Optional - Personalization string.
- **public_key** (bytes) - Optional - Public key.
- **key_id** (bytes) - Optional - Key identifier.
- **nonce** (bytes) - Optional - Nonce value.
- **tree** (tuple) - Optional - Tree hashing parameters: (leaf, fan_out, max_height).

### Returns
A Skein-512 hash object.
```

--------------------------------

### hash.name

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the name of the algorithm, e.g., 'Skein-256', 'Skein-512', or 'Skein-1024'.

```APIDOC
## hash.name

### Description
Attribute that returns the name of the algorithm, e.g., 'Skein-256', 'Skein-512', or 'Skein-1024'.

### Type
str

### Example
```python
print(h.name)
```
```

--------------------------------

### Threefish Block Cipher API

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/threefish.txt

Documentation for the Threefish block cipher API, including the constructor function, encryption/decryption methods, and attributes.

```APIDOC
## skein.threefish(key, tweak)

### Description
This constructor function returns a cipher object for encryption and decryption with the given key and tweak values.

### Parameters
- **key** (bytes) - Required - The key must be a bytes object of length 32, 64, or 128.
- **tweak** (bytes) - Required - The tweak must always consist of 16 bytes.

### Returns
A Threefish cipher object.

## threefish.encrypt_block(data)

### Description
Encrypt the given block of (bytes) data. The block has to have the same length as the key, i.e. 32, 64, or 128 bytes.

### Parameters
- **data** (bytes) - Required - The block of data to encrypt. Must be the same length as the key.

### Returns
The encrypted block as bytes.

## threefish.decrypt_block(data)

### Description
Decrypt the given block of (bytes) data. The block has to have the same length as the key, i.e. 32, 64, or 128 bytes.

### Parameters
- **data** (bytes) - Required - The block of data to decrypt. Must be the same length as the key.

### Returns
The decrypted block as bytes.

## threefish.tweak

### Description
This attribute is writable, allowing the tweak to be changed without creation of a new cipher object.

### Type
bytes

## threefish.block_bits

### Description
Threefish block size (as determined by the key length) in bits, i.e. 256, 512, or 1024.

### Type
int

## threefish.block_size

### Description
Threefish block size in bytes (same as the key length), i.e. 32, 64, or 128.

### Type
int

```

--------------------------------

### Hash a public key for digital signatures

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Hashes a public key into the digest for digital signature applications using Skein-256.

```python
>>> skein256(b'message', public_key=b'mypubkey').hexdigest()
'81a3a49606da1acf1a1ab3324e7ca170f310d905f8fabcff096d4ddf12aeef10'
```

--------------------------------

### hash.update(message, bits=None)

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Hashes the given message into the internal state. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with concatenated arguments. Optionally specifies the number of bits to hash.

```APIDOC
## hash.update(message, bits=None)

### Description
Hashes the given message (bytes) into the internal state. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all arguments. If bits is given, it must be <= 8*len(message) and specifies how many bits of the message are hashed.

### Parameters
- **message** (bytes) - Required - The message to hash.
- **bits** (int) - Optional - Number of bits to hash. Defaults to 8*len(message). Must be <= 8*len(message). If the number of hashed bits so far is not a multiple of 8, bits must be at most 8 - hashed_bits % 8, otherwise a ValueError is raised.

### Raises
- **ValueError** - If bits is invalid or causes improper byte alignment.
```

--------------------------------

### hash.hexdigest()

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Returns the digest as a string of hexadecimal digits.

```APIDOC
## hash.hexdigest()

### Description
Returns the digest as a string of hexadecimal digits.

### Returns
- **str** - Hexadecimal digest string.
```

--------------------------------

### Modify Cipher Tweak

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/threefish.txt

Shows how to update the tweak attribute of an existing Threefish object, which results in different ciphertext for the same input data.

```python
>>> t.tweak = b'some other tweak'
>>> c = t.encrypt_block(b'block of data,same length as key')
>>> c
b'3gE(9X|_\xab\x87\xe5\xc7\xcc\xa6m\xc4e\x06\xcb\xdbBg\xf2\xe6A\xb9\x86o\xecW\xe6\xfd'
>>> t.decrypt_block(c)
b'block of data,same length as key'
```

--------------------------------

### Hash object attributes

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/skein.html

Attributes available on each hash object: name, block_bits, block_size, digest_bits, digest_size, and hashed_bits.

```APIDOC
## Hash object attributes

### Description
Each hash object has the following attributes:

- **name** (str) - Name of the algorithm: 'Skein-256', 'Skein-512', or 'Skein-1024'.
- **block_bits** (int) - Internal state size in bits: 256, 512, or 1024.
- **block_size** (int) - Internal state size in bytes: 32, 64, or 128.
- **digest_bits** (int) - Output digest length in bits (value given to constructor or default).
- **digest_size** (int) - Digest size in bytes (rounded up).
- **hashed_bits** (int) - Number of message bits hashed so far.
```

--------------------------------

### hash.digest_bits

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the output digest length in bits, as given to the constructor or default.

```APIDOC
## hash.digest_bits

### Description
Attribute that returns the output digest length in bits, as given to the constructor or default.

### Type
int

### Example
```python
print(h.digest_bits)
```
```

--------------------------------

### hash.block_size

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the internal state size in bytes (32, 64, or 128), conforming to hashlib.

```APIDOC
## hash.block_size

### Description
Attribute that returns the internal state size in bytes (32, 64, or 128), conforming to hashlib.

### Type
int

### Example
```python
print(h.block_size)
```
```

--------------------------------

### hash.block_bits

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the internal state size in bits (256, 512, or 1024).

```APIDOC
## hash.block_bits

### Description
Attribute that returns the internal state size in bits (256, 512, or 1024).

### Type
int

### Example
```python
print(h.block_bits)
```
```

--------------------------------

### hash.digest_size

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the digest size in bytes (rounded up).

```APIDOC
## hash.digest_size

### Description
Attribute that returns the digest size in bytes (rounded up).

### Type
int

### Example
```python
print(h.digest_size)
```
```

--------------------------------

### hash.hashed_bits

Source: https://pythonhosted.org/pyskein/_sources/skein.txt

Attribute that returns the number of message bits hashed so far.

```APIDOC
## hash.hashed_bits

### Description
Attribute that returns the number of message bits hashed so far.

### Type
int

### Example
```python
print(h.hashed_bits)
```
```

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