### Install modshim

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Install modshim using pip. This command installs the latest version of the library.

```bash
pip install modshim
```

--------------------------------

### Install modshim

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim/0.5.1

Install the modshim library using pip. Ensure you specify the version if needed.

```bash
pip install modshim

```

--------------------------------

### Use the shimmed textwrap module

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Import and use functions from the newly created `super_textwrap` module. This example demonstrates using the `wrap` function with the custom `prefix` argument.

```python
from super_textwrap import wrap

text = "This is a long sentence that will be wrapped into multiple lines."
for line in wrap(text, width=30, prefix="> "):
    print(line)

```

--------------------------------

### Monkey-Patching Example

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This demonstrates the traditional monkey-patching approach, which involves altering a module or class at runtime. Modshim offers an alternative to this method.

```python
# The monkey-patching way
import textwrap
from my_enhancements import PrefixedTextWrapper

```

--------------------------------

### Enhance TextWrapper with Prefix

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This example shows how to subclass TextWrapper to add a prefix to each wrapped line and then use modshim to make this enhanced version available.

```python
from textwrap import TextWrapper as OriginalTextWrapper
from modshim import shim

class TextWrapper(OriginalTextWrapper):
    """Enhanced TextWrapper that adds a prefix to each line."""

    def __init__(self, *args, prefix: str = "", **kwargs) -> None:
        self.prefix = prefix
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def wrap(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        original_lines = super().wrap(text)
        if not self.prefix:
            return original_lines
        return [f"{self.prefix}{line}" for line in original_lines]

shim(lower="textwrap")
```

```python
from super_textwrap import wrap

text = "This is a long sentence that will be wrapped into multiple lines."
for line in wrap(text, width=30, prefix="* "):
    print(line)
```

--------------------------------

### Create Enhancement Package for Requests

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This example outlines the creation of an enhancement package 'requests_extra' that overlays the original 'requests' package using modshim. It sets up the entry point to merge submodules automatically.

```python
# requests_extra/__init__.py

from modshim import shim

# This overlays our 'requests_extra' package on the original 'requests' package.
# Because 'mount' isn't specified, it defaults to our package name ('requests_extra').
# When a submodule like 'requests_extra.sessions' is imported, modshim will
# automatically merge it with the original 'requests.sessions'.
shim(lower="requests")
```

--------------------------------

### Mount Enhanced TextWrapper Over Original

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This example demonstrates how to use modshim to completely replace the original 'textwrap' module with an enhanced version, allowing existing code to use the new functionality without import changes.

```python
from modshim import shim

shim(
    lower="textwrap",
    upper="prefixed_textwrap",
    mount="textwrap",  # Mount over the original module name
)
```

```python
# my_app/main.py
from my_app import setup_enhancements  # Apply the shim first

# Now the standard import gets our enhanced version!
from textwrap import wrap

text = "This is a long sentence that will be wrapped into multiple lines."
for line in wrap(text, width=30, prefix=">> "):
    print(line)
```

--------------------------------

### Define TextWrapper subclass in prefixed_textwrap.py

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Create a Python module to hold your modifications. For classes, subclass the original and redefine methods. This example extends `textwrap.TextWrapper` to add a `prefix` argument.

```python
# prefixed_textwrap.py

# Import the class you want to extend from the original module
from textwrap import TextWrapper as OriginalTextWrapper

# Sub-class to override and extend functionality
class TextWrapper(OriginalTextWrapper):
    """Enhanced TextWrapper that adds a prefix to each line."""

    def __init__(self, *args, prefix: str = "", **kwargs) -> None:
        self.prefix = prefix
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def wrap(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Wrap text and add prefix to each line."""
        original_lines = super().wrap(text)
        if not self.prefix:
            return original_lines
        return [f"{self.prefix}{line}" for line in original_lines]

```

--------------------------------

### Use Enhanced Requests with Automatic Retries

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Configure logging to observe retry attempts. Use the enhanced `requests_extra` module, which automatically uses the shimmed Session class for functions like `get()`.

```python
# Configure logging to show the retry attempts
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger("urllib3.util.retry")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())

# Use our enhanced module
import requests_extra
try:
    response = requests_extra.get("https://httpbin.org/status/503")
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

```

--------------------------------

### Global Namespace Pollution Example

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim/0.5.1

This demonstrates how directly assigning to a module attribute pollutes the global namespace, affecting all code. Avoid this approach due to unpredictability and fragility.

```python
import textwrap

class PrefixedTextWrapper(textwrap.TextWrapper):
    pass

textwrap.TextWrapper = PrefixedTextWrapper
```

--------------------------------

### Global Namespace Pollution Example

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This code demonstrates how directly assigning to a module's attribute pollutes the global namespace, affecting all code in the application. This approach is discouraged due to unpredictable behavior and fragility.

```python
textwrap.TextWrapper = PrefixedTextWrapper
```

--------------------------------

### Create Enhancement Package for Requests

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim/0.5.1

Sets up an enhancement package ('requests_extra') that overlays the original 'requests' package. This allows for extending 'requests' functionality, such as adding retries, by mirroring the original package structure.

```python
# requests_extra/__init__.py

from modshim import shim

# This overlays our 'requests_extra' package on the original 'requests' package.
# Because 'mount' isn't specified, it defaults to our package name ('requests_extra').
# When a submodule like 'requests_extra.sessions' is imported, modshim will
# automatically merge it with the original 'requests.sessions'.
shim(lower="requests")
```

```python
# requests_extra/sessions.py

from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Original Module Unchanged

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim/0.5.1

Demonstrates that the original module is unaffected by the shim operation. Attempts to use new features with the original module will result in errors.

```python
# The original module is untouched
>>> from textwrap import wrap
>>> 
# It works as it always did, without the 'prefix' argument
>>> text = "This is a long sentence that will be wrapped into multiple lines."
>>> for line in wrap(text, width=30):
...     print(line)
... 
This is a long sentence that
will be wrapped into
multiple lines.

# Trying to use our new feature with the original module will fail, as expected
>>> wrap(text, width=30, prefix="> ")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
TypeError: TextWrapper.__init__() got an unexpected keyword argument 'prefix'

```

--------------------------------

### Shim Module and Rewrite Imports in Extras

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Use the `shim` function to replace a module with an enhanced version. The `extras` parameter allows specifying additional packages where imports of the original module should be rewritten to use the enhanced version.

```python
from modshim import shim

# Shim json with json_enhanced
# Also rewrite imports in configparser to use the shimmed version
shim(
    lower="json",
    upper="json_enhanced",
    extras=["configparser"],
)

```

--------------------------------

### Verify original textwrap module is unchanged

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Confirm that the original `textwrap` module remains unaffected by the shimming process. This highlights the non-destructive nature of `modshim` compared to monkey-patching.

```python
# The original module is untouched
>>> from textwrap import wrap
# It works as it always did, without the 'prefix' argument
>>> text = "This is a long sentence that will be wrapped into multiple lines."
>>> for line in wrap(text, width=30):
...     print(line)
...
This is a long sentence that
will be wrapped into
multiple lines.
# Trying to use our new feature with the original module will fail, as expected
>>> wrap(text, width=30, prefix="> ")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
TypeError: TextWrapper.__init__() got an unexpected keyword argument 'prefix'

```

--------------------------------

### Shim textwrap module with prefixed_textwrap modifications

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Use `modshim.shim` to merge the original `textwrap` module with your modifications from `prefixed_textwrap`. The result is a new module named `super_textwrap`.

```python
from modshim import shim
shim(
    lower="textwrap",           # Original module to enhance
    upper="prefixed_textwrap",  # Module with your modifications
    mount="super_textwrap",     # Name for the new, merged module
)

```

--------------------------------

### Create Enhanced Session with Retries

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Subclass the original `requests.sessions.Session` to add automatic retries. Configure retry attempts, backoff factor, and status codes to force retries.

```python
from requests.sessions import Session as OriginalSession
from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter


class Session(OriginalSession):
    """
    Enhanced Session that adds automatic, configurable retries via a mounted HTTPAdapter.

    Accepts new keyword arguments in its constructor:
    - retries (int): Total number of retries to allow.
    - backoff_factor (float): A factor to apply between retry attempts.
    - status_forcelist (iterable): A set of HTTP status codes to force a retry on.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Extract our custom arguments before calling the parent constructor
        retries = kwargs.pop("retries", 3)
        backoff_factor = kwargs.pop("backoff_factor", 0.1)
        status_forcelist = kwargs.pop("status_forcelist", (500, 502, 503, 504))

        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # If retries are configured, create a retry strategy and mount it
        if retries > 0:
            retry_strategy = Retry(
                total=retries,
                backoff_factor=backoff_factor,
                status_forcelist=status_forcelist,
            )
            adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry_strategy)
            self.mount("https://", adapter)
            self.mount("http://", adapter)

```

--------------------------------

### Enhance JSON Across Dependencies with Modshim

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

Use this snippet to make a module like `urllib.request` use an enhanced version of a dependency like `json`. Ensure the enhanced module (`json_enhanced`) is available.

```python
from modshim import shim

shim(
    lower="json",
    upper="json_enhanced",
    mount="json_enhanced",
    extras=["urllib.request"],
)

# Now urllib.request will use json_enhanced internally
import urllib.request
# Any JSON operations within urllib.request use json_enhanced

```

--------------------------------

### Subclassing Session for Enhanced Retries

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim/0.5.1

Subclass the original `requests.sessions.Session` to add automatic, configurable retries. This enhanced Session can be mounted as an HTTPAdapter.

```python
from requests.sessions import Session as OriginalSession
from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter


class Session(OriginalSession):
    """
    Enhanced Session that adds automatic, configurable retries via a mounted HTTPAdapter.

    Accepts new keyword arguments in its constructor:
    - retries (int): Total number of reties to allow.
    - backoff_factor (float): A factor to apply between retry attempts.
    - status_forcelist (iterable): A set of HTTP status codes to force a retry on.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Extract our custom arguments before calling the parent constructor
        retries = kwargs.pop("retries", 3)
        backoff_factor = kwargs.pop("backoff_factor", 0.1)
        status_forcelist = kwargs.pop("status_forcelist", (500, 502, 503, 504))

        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # If retries are configured, create a retry strategy and mount it
        if retries > 0:
            retry_strategy = Retry(
                total=retries,
                backoff_factor=backoff_factor,
                status_forcelist=status_forcelist,
            )
            adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry_strategy)
            self.mount("https://", adapter)
            self.mount("http://", adapter)

```

--------------------------------

### Define Enhanced Session Class for Requests

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This code defines an enhanced 'Session' class within 'requests_extra/sessions.py' that subclasses the original 'requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter' to add custom retry logic.

```python
# requests_extra/sessions.py

from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
```

--------------------------------

### Apply Transparent Bug Fix to JSON Module

Source: https://pypi.org/project/modshim

This snippet shows how to use modshim to apply a bug fix or security patch to a library like 'json' globally, affecting all subsequent imports without modifying individual import statements.

```python
from modshim import shim

# Apply our fix to the json module globally
shim(lower="json", upper="json_fixes", mount="json")
```

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