### Quick start: load system topology and get CPU binding

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Creates a system topology using from_this_system() and prints the number of CPU cores, NUMA nodes, and the current CPU binding. Uses a context manager to ensure proper cleanup.

```python
from pyhwloc import from_this_system

# Create and load system topology
with from_this_system() as topo:
    # Get basic system information
    n_cores = topo.n_cores()
    n_numa = topo.n_numa_nodes()

    print(f"System has {n_cores} CPU cores")
    print(f"System has {n_numa} NUMA nodes")

    # Get the current CPU binding
    cpuset = topo.get_cpubind()
    print(f"Current CPU binding: {cpuset}")
```

--------------------------------

### Low-level API topology traversal example

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/intro_low_level.rst.txt

This example initializes a topology, loads it, and prints all objects using both array-style and tree-style walks. It uses ctypes and pyhwloc low-level functions. The code is a direct translation of the original C example.

```Python
import ctypes
import platform
from typing import cast

from pyhwloc.hwloc.bitmap import (
    bitmap_asprintf,
    bitmap_dup,
    bitmap_free,
    bitmap_singlify,
)
from pyhwloc.hwloc.core import (
    HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX,
    GetTypeDepth,
    MemBindFlags,
    MemBindPolicy,
    ObjPtr,
    ObjType,
    alloc_membind,
    free,
    get_nbobjs_by_depth,
    get_nbobjs_by_type,
    get_obj_by_depth,
    get_obj_by_type,
    get_root_obj,
    get_type_depth,
    get_type_or_below_depth,
    obj_attr_snprintf,
    obj_type_is_cache,
    obj_type_snprintf,
    set_area_membind,
    set_cpubind,
    topology_destroy,
    topology_get_depth,
    topology_init,
    topology_load,
    topology_t,
)


def print_children(topology: topology_t, obj: ObjPtr, depth: int) -> None:
    type_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(32)
    attr_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)

    obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, type_buf), 32, obj, 0)
    print("  " * depth + type_buf.value.decode(), end="")

    if obj.contents.os_index != HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX:
        print(f"#{obj.contents.os_index}", end="")

    obj_attr_snprintf(attr_buf, 1024, obj, " ", 0)
    if attr_buf.value:
        print(f"({attr_buf.value.decode()})", end="")

    print()

    for i in range(obj.contents.arity):
        child = obj.contents.children[i]
        print_children(topology, child, depth + 1)


def main() -> int:
    # Variable definitions from C code
    depth: int
    i: int
    n: int
    size: int
    levels: int
    string_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(128)
    topodepth: int
    m: ctypes.c_void_p
    topology = topology_t()
    cpuset = None
    obj: ObjPtr | None

    # Allocate and initialize topology object.
    topology_init(topology)

    # ... Optionally, put detection configuration here to ignore
    # some objects types, define a synthetic topology, etc....
    #
    # The default is to detect all the objects of the machine that
    # the caller is allowed to access.  See Configure Topology
    # Detection.

    # Perform the topology detection.
    topology_load(topology)

    # Optionally, get some additional topology information
    # in case we need the topology depth later.
    topodepth = topology_get_depth(topology)

    #########################################################################
    # First example:
    # Walk the topology with an array style, from level 0 (always
    # the system level) to the lowest level (always the proc level).
    #########################################################################
    for depth in range(topodepth):
        print(f"*** Objects at level {depth}")
        for i in range(get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)):
            obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, i)
            if obj:
                obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, string_buf), 128, obj, 0)
                print(f"Index {i}: {string_buf.value.decode()}")

    #########################################################################
    # Second example:
    # Walk the topology with a tree style.
    #########################################################################
    print("*** Printing overall tree")
    print_children(topology, get_root_obj(topology), 0)
```

--------------------------------

### main

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_downloads/7bf4ab1bde23c267fb85b0047b5dd961/intro_low_level.ipynb

Initializes a topology, loads it, and traverses the objects to print them. This is the main entry point of the example.

```APIDOC
## Function: main

### Description
Initializes a topology, loads it, and traverses the objects to print them. This is the main entry point of the example.

### Method
Not applicable (Python function)

### Endpoint
Not applicable

### Parameters
#### Parameters
- **None** - No parameters.

### Request Example
Not applicable

### Response
#### Success Response
- **int** - Returns 0 on success.

#### Response Example
Not applicable

### Error Handling
No explicit error handling is shown.
```

--------------------------------

### High-level pyhwloc API example

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/intro.rst.txt

Use this snippet to explore the high-level Object interface of pyhwloc. It creates a topology with a context manager, prints system overview counts, iterates objects by depth and type, navigates parent/child/sibling relationships, and shows object attributes. Requires a system with hwloc installed and accessible.

```Python
import pyhwloc


def main() -> int:
    # Create and load topology using context manager for automatic cleanup
    with pyhwloc.from_this_system() as topo:
        print(f"Topology depth: {topo.depth}")

        # Print basic system information
        print(f"""
=== System Overview ===
CPUs: {topo.n_cpus()}
Cores: {topo.n_cores()}
NUMA nodes: {topo.n_numa_nodes()}
Packages: {topo.n_packages()}
""")

        # Iterate through all objects by depth
        print("=== Objects by Depth ===")
        for depth in range(topo.depth):
            print(f"Depth {depth}:")
            for obj in topo.iter_objs_by_depth(depth):
                print(f"  {obj}")
            print()

        # Work with specific object types
        print("=== CPU Information ===")
        for cpu in topo.iter_cpus():
            print(f"CPU {cpu.logical_index}: {cpu}")

        print("=== Core Information ===")
        for core in topo.iter_cores():
            print(f"Core {core.logical_index}: {core}")
            # Print children (PUs)
            print("  PUs:")
            for pu in core.iter_children():
                print(f"    {pu}")

        print("=== NUMA Node Information ===")
        for node in topo.iter_numa_nodes():
            print(f"NUMA Node {node.logical_index}: {node}")
            print(f"  Memory: {node.total_memory // (1024 * 1024)} MB")
            # Local memory is specific to the NumaNode object type.
            print(f"  Local memory: {node.local_memory // (1024 * 1024)} MB")

        # Demonstrate object navigation
        print()
        print("=== Object Navigation ===")
        # Get first CPU and navigate the topology
        first_cpu = next(topo.iter_cpus(), None)
        if first_cpu:
            print(f"First CPU: {first_cpu}")

            # Walk up the hierarchy
            current = first_cpu
            while current.parent:
                current = current.parent
                print(f"Parent: {current}")

            print()
            # Explore first core's children
            first_core = next(topo.iter_cores(), None)
            if first_core:
                print(f"First core: {first_core}")
                print("Children:")
                for child in first_core.iter_children():
                    print(f"  {child}")

                print("Siblings:")
                for sibling in first_core.iter_siblings():
                    print(f"  {sibling}")

        # Object comparison and attributes
        print()
        print("=== Object Attributes ===")
        root = topo.get_obj_by_depth(0, 0)  # Root object
        assert root is not None
        print(f"Root object: {root}")
        print(f"Type: {root.type}")
        print(f"Name: {root.name}")
        print(f"Subtype: {root.subtype}")
        print(f"OS Index: {root.os_index}")
        print(f"Depth: {root.depth}")
        print(f"Logical Index: {root.logical_index}")
        print(f"Arity: {root.arity}")
        print(f"Symmetric Subtree: {root.symmetric_subtree}")

    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

--------------------------------

### Low-level hwloc API example: topology walk and cache computation

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/intro_low_level.html

Direct translation of the original C hwloc example. It initializes a topology, loads it, and walks the topology in four ways: array-style by depth, tree-style via recursion, counting packages, and summing cache sizes above the first logical processor. Requires pyhwloc and ctypes; the default detection covers all objects the caller is allowed to access.

```python
import ctypes
import platform
from typing import cast

from pyhwloc.hwloc.bitmap import (
    bitmap_asprintf,
    bitmap_dup,
    bitmap_free,
    bitmap_singlify,
)
from pyhwloc.hwloc.core import (
    HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX,
    GetTypeDepth,
    MemBindFlags,
    MemBindPolicy,
    ObjPtr,
    ObjType,
    alloc_membind,
    free,
    get_nbobjs_by_depth,
    get_nbobjs_by_type,
    get_obj_by_depth,
    get_obj_by_type,
    get_root_obj,
    get_type_depth,
    get_type_or_below_depth,
    obj_attr_snprintf,
    obj_type_is_cache,
    obj_type_snprintf,
    set_area_membind,
    set_cpubind,
    topology_destroy,
    topology_get_depth,
    topology_init,
    topology_load,
    topology_t,
)


def print_children(topology: topology_t, obj: ObjPtr, depth: int) -> None:
    type_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(32)
    attr_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)

    obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, type_buf), 32, obj, 0)
    print("  " * depth + type_buf.value.decode(), end="")

    if obj.contents.os_index != HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX:
        print(f"#{obj.contents.os_index}", end="")

    obj_attr_snprintf(attr_buf, 1024, obj, " ", 0)
    if attr_buf.value:
        print(f"({attr_buf.value.decode()})", end="")

    print()

    for i in range(obj.contents.arity):
        child = obj.contents.children[i]
        print_children(topology, child, depth + 1)


def main() -> int:
    # Variable definitions from C code
    depth: int
    i: int
    n: int
    size: int
    levels: int
    string_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(128)
    topodepth: int
    m: ctypes.c_void_p
    topology = topology_t()
    cpuset = None
    obj: ObjPtr | None

    # Allocate and initialize topology object.
    topology_init(topology)

    # ... Optionally, put detection configuration here to ignore
    # some objects types, define a synthetic topology, etc....
    #
    # The default is to detect all the objects of the machine that
    # the caller is allowed to access.  See Configure Topology
    # Detection.

    # Perform the topology detection.
    topology_load(topology)

    # Optionally, get some additional topology information
    # in case we need the topology depth later.
    topodepth = topology_get_depth(topology)

    #########################################################################
    # First example:
    # Walk the topology with an array style, from level 0 (always
    # the system level) to the lowest level (always the proc level).
    #########################################################################
    for depth in range(topodepth):
        print(f"*** Objects at level {depth}")
        for i in range(get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)):
            obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, i)
            if obj:
                obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, string_buf), 128, obj, 0)
                print(f"Index {i}: {string_buf.value.decode()}")

    #########################################################################
    # Second example:
    # Walk the topology with a tree style.
    #########################################################################
    print("*** Printing overall tree")
    print_children(topology, get_root_obj(topology), 0)

    #########################################################################
    # Third example:
    # Print the number of packages.
    #########################################################################
    depth = get_type_depth(topology, ObjType.PACKAGE)
    if depth == GetTypeDepth.UNKNOWN:
        print("*** The number of packages is unknown")
    else:
        print(f"*** {get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)} package(s)")

    #########################################################################
    # Fourth example:
    # Compute the amount of cache that the first logical processor
    # has above it.
    #########################################################################
    levels = 0
    size = 0
    obj = get_obj_by_type(topology, ObjType.PU, 0)
    while obj:
        if obj_type_is_cache(obj.contents.type):
            levels += 1
            size += obj.contents.attr.contents.cache.size
        obj = obj.contents.parent
    print(f"*** Logical processor 0 has {levels} caches totaling {size // 1024}KB")
```

--------------------------------

### Example of wrapping membind setter as property

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/dev.rst.txt

Shows a hypothetical property-style API for membind, illustrating an alternative design that was considered but not adopted.

```python
topology.membind[proc_id] = Membind(policy, flags)
```

--------------------------------

### Install pyhwloc editable on Windows

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/build.rst.txt

Performs an editable installation of pyhwloc on Windows, using the specified hwloc root. Useful for development without building a wheel.

```powershell
pip install -e . --no-deps --no-build-isolation --config-settings=hwloc-root-dir="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX"
```

--------------------------------

### Build pyhwloc binary wheel on Windows

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/build.rst.txt

Creates a binary wheel for pyhwloc on Windows, specifying the hwloc root directory via --config-settings. Requires the hwloc installation from the previous step.

```powershell
pip wheel -v . --no-build-isolation --no-deps --wheel-dir dist --config-settings=hwloc-root-dir="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX"
```

--------------------------------

### Editable install of pyhwloc on Linux

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Installs pyhwloc in editable mode on Linux using a pre-built hwloc.

```bash
pip install -e . --no-build-isolation

```

--------------------------------

### Build pyhwloc binary wheel on Windows

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Creates a binary wheel for pyhwloc on Windows. Requires specifying the hwloc root directory because CMake cannot find the installation automatically.

```bash
pip wheel -v . --no-build-isolation --no-deps --wheel-dir dist --config-settings=hwloc-root-dir="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX"

```

--------------------------------

### Python low-level hwloc topology traversal example

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_downloads/7bf4ab1bde23c267fb85b0047b5dd961/intro_low_level.ipynb

This snippet is a direct translation of the original C example from the hwloc documentation. It uses the pyhwloc low-level API to initialize a topology, traverse its objects, and print their attributes. The code defines a recursive function `print_children` that prints object types, OS indices, and attributes, and then sets up the main function to allocate and initialize the topology object.

```python
import ctypes
import platform
from typing import cast

from pyhwloc.hwloc.bitmap import (
    bitmap_asprintf,
    bitmap_dup,
    bitmap_free,
    bitmap_singlify,
)
from pyhwloc.hwloc.core import (
    HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX,
    GetTypeDepth,
    MemBindFlags,
    MemBindPolicy,
    ObjPtr,
    ObjType,
    alloc_membind,
    free,
    get_nbobjs_by_depth,
    get_nbobjs_by_type,
    get_obj_by_depth,
    get_obj_by_type,
    get_root_obj,
    get_type_depth,
    get_type_or_below_depth,
    obj_attr_snprintf,
    obj_type_is_cache,
    obj_type_snprintf,
    set_area_membind,
    set_cpubind,
    topology_destroy,
    topology_get_depth,
    topology_init,
    topology_load,
    topology_t,
)


def print_children(topology: topology_t, obj: ObjPtr, depth: int) -> None:
    type_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(32)
    attr_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)

    obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, type_buf), 32, obj, 0)
    print("  " * depth + type_buf.value.decode(), end="")

    if obj.contents.os_index != HWLOC_UNKNOWN_INDEX:
        print(f"#{obj.contents.os_index}", end="")

    obj_attr_snprintf(attr_buf, 1024, obj, " ", 0)
    if attr_buf.value:
        print(f"({attr_buf.value.decode()})", end="")

    print()

    for i in range(obj.contents.arity):
        child = obj.contents.children[i]
        print_children(topology, child, depth + 1)


def main() -> int:
    # Variable definitions from C code
    depth: int
    i: int
    n: int
    size: int
    levels: int
    string_buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(128)
    topodepth: int
    m: ctypes.c_void_p
    topology = topology_t()
    cpuset = None
    obj: ObjPtr | None

    # Allocate and initialize topology object.
    topology_init(topology)

    # ... Optionally, put detection configuration here to ignore
    # some objects types, define a synthetic topology, etc....
    #
    # The default is to detect all the objects of the machine that
    # the caller is allowed to access.
```

--------------------------------

### Editable install of pyhwloc on Windows

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Installs pyhwloc in editable mode on Windows. Requires specifying the hwloc root directory.

```bash
pip install -e . --no-deps --no-build-isolation --config-settings=hwloc-root-dir="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX"

```

--------------------------------

### Install PyHwloc with pip

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Install the pyhwloc package using pip. Supported on Linux (tested with latest Ubuntu LTS) and latest Windows. Optional CUDA 13 plugin support is available in the binaries on PyPI.

```sh
pip install pyhwloc
```

--------------------------------

### Build pyhwloc binary wheel on Linux

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Creates a binary wheel for pyhwloc on Linux using a pre-built hwloc in the system or conda environment. Assumes hwloc is built and installed into the conda environment.

```bash
pip wheel -v . -w dist/ --no-build-isolation

```

--------------------------------

### Bind to last core and allocate memory on last NUMA node

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples/intro_low_level.html

Shows how to bind the calling thread to a single logical processor of the last core using set_cpubind, and how to allocate memory on the last NUMA node with alloc_membind and bind existing memory with set_area_membind (Linux only). The example ends by destroying the topology object and returning 0.

```python
    #########################################################################
    # Fifth example:
    # Bind to only one thread of the last core of the machine.
    #
    # First find out where cores are, or else smaller sets of CPUs if
    # the OS doesn't have the notion of a "core".
    #########################################################################
    depth = get_type_or_below_depth(topology, ObjType.CORE)

    # Get last core.
    obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth) - 1)
    if obj:
        # Get a copy of its cpuset that we may modify.
        cpuset = bitmap_dup(obj.contents.cpuset)

        # Get only one logical processor (in case the core is
        # SMT/hyper-threaded).
        bitmap_singlify(cpuset)

        # And try to bind ourself there.
        try:
            set_cpubind(topology, cpuset, 0)
        except Exception as e:
            cpu_str = bitmap_asprintf(obj.contents.cpuset)
            print(f"Couldn't bind to cpuset {cpu_str}: {e}")

        # Free our cpuset copy
        bitmap_free(cpuset)

    #########################################################################
    # Sixth example:
    # Allocate some memory on the last NUMA node, bind some existing
    # memory to the last NUMA node.
    #########################################################################
    # Get last node. There's always at least one.
    n = get_nbobjs_by_type(topology, ObjType.NUMANODE)
    obj = get_obj_by_type(topology, ObjType.NUMANODE, n - 1)
    assert obj is not None

    size = 1024 * 1024
    m = alloc_membind(
        topology,
        size,
        obj.contents.nodeset,
        MemBindPolicy.BIND,
        MemBindFlags.BYNODESET,
    )
    free(topology, m, size)

    # Allocate using malloc equivalent and bind
    if platform.system() == "Linux":
        m = ctypes.cast(ctypes.c_char_p(b"\x00" * size), ctypes.c_void_p)
        set_area_membind(
            topology,
            m,
            size,
            obj.contents.nodeset,
            MemBindPolicy.BIND,
            MemBindFlags.BYNODESET,
        )

    # Destroy topology object.
    topology_destroy(topology)

    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

--------------------------------

### Build hwloc from source on Windows with CMake

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/build.rst.txt

Builds hwloc from source on Windows using CMake with Ninja, enabling plugins and installing to the conda prefix. Requires the hwloc source directory and a conda environment.

```powershell
cd hwloc\contrib\windows-cmake\
cmake -GNinja -DHWLOC_ENABLE_PLUGINS=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo  -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON ..
ninja
ninja install
```

--------------------------------

### Build hwloc from source on Windows using CMake

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Commands to build hwloc from source on Windows using CMake with Ninja. Requires the mingw environment is not supported. The install prefix is set to the conda environment.

```bash
cd hwloc\contrib\windows-cmake\
cmake -GNinja -DHWLOC_ENABLE_PLUGINS=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$Env:CONDA_PREFIX" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo  -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON ..
ninja
ninja install

```

--------------------------------

### Build pyhwloc docs with PYHWLOC_XML_PATH

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Build the pyhwloc sphinx documentation, informing it of the XML path via the PYHWLOC_XML_PATH environment variable. Run from the pyhwloc/docs directory.

```bash
cd pyhwloc/docs
PYHWLOC_XML_PATH=/path/hwloc/doc/doxygen-doc/xml make html

```

--------------------------------

### Generate hwloc doxygen XML

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Run doxygen with the HWLOC_DOXYGEN_GENERATE_XML=YES environment variable to generate XML documentation for hwloc. Must be executed from the hwloc/doc directory.

```bash
cd hwloc/doc
HWLOC_DOXYGEN_GENERATE_XML=YES doxygen ./doxygen.cfg

```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.GetTypeDepth

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Constants for getting type depth.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.GetTypeDepth

### Description
Constants for getting type depth.
```

--------------------------------

### Build fat wheel for pyhwloc

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Builds a fat wheel that fetches and bundles hwloc from source. This is mainly for the PyPI package and is not recommended for complex use cases due to potential symbol conflicts.

```bash
pip wheel -v . --config-settings=fetch-hwloc=True --wheel-dir dist/

```

--------------------------------

### List GPU devices with hwloc using NVML, CUDA runtime, CUDA driver, and OS devices

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_downloads/fb3daa40127906abae94b1c5396a1a9f/list_gpus.ipynb

Complete script that lists GPU devices using four different hwloc backends: OS devices, CUDA runtime, CUDA driver, and NVML. The main block runs the OS device and CUDA runtime listings on all platforms, and only runs the CUDA driver and NVML listings on non-Windows systems. Requires the cuda.bindings, pynvml, and pyhwloc packages.

```python
import sys

import cuda.bindings.driver as cuda
import cuda.bindings.runtime as cudart

from pyhwloc import from_this_system
from pyhwloc.hwobject import GetTypeDepth, ObjType, OsDevice
from pyhwloc.topology import TypeFilter


def list_with_nvml() -> None:
    import pynvml

    from pyhwloc.nvml import get_cpu_affinity, get_device

    try:
        pynvml.nvmlInit()

        with from_this_system().set_io_types_filter(TypeFilter.KEEP_ALL) as topo:
            status, cnt = cudart.cudaGetDeviceCount()
            assert status == cudart.cudaError_t.cudaSuccess
            for i in range(cnt):
                # Create a NVML device
                dev = get_device(topo, i)
                # Get the hwloc native device type
                osdev = dev.get_osdev()
                assert osdev is not None
                print(osdev, ":", osdev.format_attr())
                print("cpuset:", dev.get_affinity().to_sched_set())
                print("cpuset from nvml:", get_cpu_affinity(i).to_sched_set())
    finally:
        pynvml.nvmlShutdown()


def list_with_cudart() -> None:
    from pyhwloc.cuda_runtime import get_device

    with from_this_system().set_io_types_filter(TypeFilter.KEEP_ALL) as topo:
        status, cnt = cudart.cudaGetDeviceCount()
        assert status == cudart.cudaError_t.cudaSuccess
        for i in range(cnt):
            # Create a CUDA runtime device
            dev = get_device(topo, i)
            # Get the hwloc native device type
            osdev = dev.get_osdev()
            assert osdev is not None
            print(osdev, ":", osdev.format_attr())
            print("cpuset:", dev.get_affinity().to_sched_set())


def list_with_cuda() -> None:
    from pyhwloc.cuda_driver import get_device

    with from_this_system().set_io_types_filter(TypeFilter.KEEP_ALL) as topo:
        status, cnt = cuda.cuDeviceGetCount()
        assert status == cuda.CUresult.CUDA_SUCCESS
        for i in range(cnt):
            # Create a CUDA driver device
            dev = get_device(topo, i)
            # Get the hwloc native device type
            osdev = dev.get_osdev()
            assert osdev is not None
            print(osdev, ":", osdev.format_attr())
            print("cpuset:", dev.get_affinity().to_sched_set())


def list_with_osdev() -> None:
    # GPU is categorized as IO device.
    # Hwloc lists devices from both NVML and CUDA.
    with from_this_system().set_io_types_filter(TypeFilter.KEEP_ALL) as topo:
        # Look for OS devices (which include GPUs)
        for obj in topo.iter_objs_by_type(ObjType.OS_DEVICE):
            # Check if it's a GPU device
            if isinstance(obj, OsDevice) and obj.is_gpu():
                assert obj.depth == GetTypeDepth.OS_DEVICE
                print(obj, ":", obj.format_attr())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("List by hwloc OS device\n")
    list_with_osdev()
    print("\nList by CUDA runtime\n")
    list_with_cudart()

    is_windows = sys.platform == "win32"
    if not is_windows:
        print("\nList by CUDA driver\n")
        list_with_cuda()
        print("\nList by NVML\n")
        list_with_nvml()
```

--------------------------------

### Convert bitmap to and from sched_set

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Shows how to convert a bitmap to a Python set using to_sched_set and construct a bitmap from an integer set using from_sched_set. Useful for interoperability with os.sched_ module.

```python
import os

from pyhwloc.bitmap import Bitmap

affinity = os.sched_getaffinity(0)
cpuset = Bitmap.from_sched_set(affinity)
print(cpuset)
```

--------------------------------

### Use simple enum values with MemBindPolicy

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Shows how to use a simple enum value directly and get its human-readable name. The enum value BIND corresponds to integer 2.

```python
from pyhwloc.topology import MemBindPolicy

# Use enum values directly (integer 2)
policy = MemBindPolicy.BIND

# Get human-readable name
policy_name = MemBindPolicy(policy).name
print(f"Policy: {policy_name}")
```

--------------------------------

### Build pyhwloc Docker image

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Build the container image used for GitHub actions from the dev/Dockerfile.cpu file, tagging it as pyhwloc:latest.

```bash
docker build --progress=plain -f ./Dockerfile.cpu . -t pyhwloc:latest

```

--------------------------------

### Build and print hops and cross-CPU matrices

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/gds_hops.rst.txt

Constructs two matrices: one for hop counts and one for cross-CPU distances, between each GPU and NVMe device. Uses cnt_hops() to compute values and pprint to display the results.

```python
hops_rows: list[list[str | int]] = []
cross_rows: list[list[str | bool]] = []
hops_rows.append([cast(str, dev.name) for dev in nvmes])
cross_rows.append([cast(str, dev.name) for dev in nvmes])
for i, gpu in enumerate(gpus):
    assert gpu.name is not None
    hops_row: list[str | int] = [gpu.name]
    cross_row: list[str | bool] = [gpu.name]
    for j, nvme in enumerate(nvmes):
        hops, cross = cnt_hops(gpu, nvme)
        cross_row.append(cross)
        hops_row.append(hops)
    hops_rows.append(hops_row)
    cross_rows.append(cross_row)

print("Hops:")
pprint(hops_rows)
print("Cross CPU:")
pprint(cross_rows)
```

--------------------------------

### Build test image for hwloc V3

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/dev.rst.txt

Docker command to build the test image for hwloc V3, tagging it as ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc:latest.

```sh
docker build --progress=plain ./dev -f ./dev/Dockerfile.cpu --build-arg HWLOC_MAJOR=3 -t ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc:latest
```

--------------------------------

### Bind numpy array to first NUMA node with pyhwloc membind

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_downloads/6b2f6409dfc68e0871adb0d757e44978/membind.ipynb

This Python snippet shows how to bind a numpy array to the first NUMA node using pyhwloc's Topology and membind functions. It first checks if numpy is available, then uses get_area_membind to inspect the current binding, sets it to the first node with set_area_membind, and verifies the result. Requires pyhwloc and numpy installed.

```python
from pyhwloc import Topology
from pyhwloc.topology import MemBindFlags, MemBindPolicy


def bind_np_array() -> None:
    """Show how to bind a numpy array."""
    try:
        import numpy as np
    except ImportError:
        print("Numpy is not available.")
        return

    array = np.arange(0, 8196)

    with Topology.from_this_system() as topo:
        if not topo.get_support().membind.set_area_membind:
            return

        nodeset, policy = topo.get_area_membind(array.data, MemBindFlags.BYNODESET)
        print(policy.name, nodeset)
        # >>> FIRSTTOUCH 0

        # Use to the first node.
        nodeset.only(0)
        topo.set_area_membind(array.data, nodeset, MemBindPolicy.BIND, 0)

        nodeset, policy = topo.get_area_membind(array.data, MemBindFlags.BYNODESET)
        print(policy.name, nodeset)
        # >>> BIND 0
        assert policy == MemBindPolicy.BIND


def main() -> None:
    bind_np_array()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

--------------------------------

### Convert bitmap to/from sched_set (Bitmap)

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html

Shows how to create a Bitmap from a Python sched_set (affinity) using from_sched_set(). The bitmap can be printed or used for interpolation.

```python
import os

from pyhwloc.bitmap import Bitmap

affinity = os.sched_getaffinity(0)
cpuset = Bitmap.from_sched_set(affinity)
print(cpuset)

```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.Object

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Base class for all hardware objects.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.Object

### Description
Base class for all hardware objects.

### Members
- All public members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### Build source distribution for pyhwloc

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Creates a source distribution (sdist) for pyhwloc using the build module.

```bash
python -m build --sdist

```

--------------------------------

### Build test image for hwloc V2

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/dev.rst.txt

Docker command to build the test image for hwloc V2, tagging it as ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc:v2.13.0.

```sh
docker build --progress=plain ./dev -f ./dev/Dockerfile.cpu --build-arg HWLOC_MAJOR=2 -t ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc:v2.13.0
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjOsdevType

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Enumeration of OS device types.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjOsdevType

### Description
Enumeration of OS device types.
```

--------------------------------

### Walk topology with NUMA nodes

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Iterates over NUMA nodes in the topology and prints each node's logical index and total memory in MB. Uses the Topology class directly.

```python
import pyhwloc

with pyhwloc.Topology() as topo:
    for node in topo.iter_numa_nodes():
        print(f"NUMA Node {node.logical_index}: {node}")
        print(f"  Memory: {node.total_memory // (1024 * 1024)} MB")
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.PciDevice

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Class representing a PCI device.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.PciDevice

### Description
Class representing a PCI device.

### Members
- All public members including inherited members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.topology module

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Provides the Topology class and related functions for loading and manipulating hardware topologies.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.topology module

### Description
Provides the Topology class and related functions for loading and manipulating hardware topologies.

### Members
- All public members of the module as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### Build manylinux image

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/dev.rst.txt

Docker command to build the manylinux image for portable PyPI wheels, tagging it as ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc-manylinux_2_34:latest.

```sh
docker build --progress=plain ./dev -f ./Dockerfile.manylinux_2_34 -t ghcr.io/open-mpi/pyhwloc-manylinux_2_34:latest
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.utils module

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Provides utility functions.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.utils module

### Description
Provides utility functions.

### Members
- All public members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.OsDevice

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Class representing an OS device.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.OsDevice

### Description
Class representing an OS device.

### Members
- All public members including inherited members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjType

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Enumeration of hardware object types.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjType

### Description
Enumeration of hardware object types.
```

--------------------------------

### Bind to one thread of last core using set_cpubind

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/intro_low_level.rst.txt

This snippet finds the last core (or smaller CPU set if cores are not available), duplicates its cpuset, singlifies it to one logical processor, and attempts to bind the current thread to that CPU. It handles binding errors and frees the cpuset copy. Use this to restrict execution to a single hardware thread.

```python
#########################################################################
# Fifth example:
# Bind to only one thread of the last core of the machine.
#
# First find out where cores are, or else smaller sets of CPUs if
# the OS doesn't have the notion of a "core".
#########################################################################
depth = get_type_or_below_depth(topology, ObjType.CORE)

# Get last core.
obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth) - 1)
if obj:
    # Get a copy of its cpuset that we may modify.
    cpuset = bitmap_dup(obj.contents.cpuset)

    # Get only one logical processor (in case the core is
    # SMT/hyper-threaded).
    bitmap_singlify(cpuset)

    # And try to bind ourself there.
    try:
        set_cpubind(topology, cpuset, 0)
    except Exception as e:
        cpu_str = bitmap_asprintf(obj.contents.cpuset)
        print(f"Couldn't bind to cpuset {cpu_str}: {e}")

    # Free our cpuset copy
    bitmap_free(cpuset)
```

--------------------------------

### hwloc Python low-level API: topology detection and traversal

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_downloads/7bf4ab1bde23c267fb85b0047b5dd961/intro_low_level.ipynb

This snippet demonstrates the core hwloc low-level API usage in Python: initializing and loading the topology, walking it by depth and as a tree, counting packages, computing cache levels, binding to a core, and allocating memory on a NUMA node. It includes error handling for binding failures and uses ctypes for memory management.

```python
import ctypes
import platform
from hwloc.ctypes import *
from hwloc.ctypes import ObjType, MemBindPolicy, MemBindFlags, GetTypeDepth


def main():
    # Initialize topology object.
    topology = topology_restrict(
        topology_alloc(),
        None,
        RestrictFlags.RESTRICT_FLAG_NONE,
    )

    # See Configure Topology
    # Detection.

    # Perform the topology detection.
    topology_load(topology)

    # Optionally, get some additional topology information
    # in case we need the topology depth later.
    topodepth = topology_get_depth(topology)

    #########################################################################
    # First example:
    # Walk the topology with an array style, from level 0 (always
    # the system level) to the lowest level (always the proc level).
    #########################################################################
    for depth in range(topodepth):
        print(f"*** Objects at level {depth}")
        for i in range(get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)):
            obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, i)
            if obj:
                obj_type_snprintf(cast(ctypes.c_char_p, string_buf), 128, obj, 0)
                print(f"Index {i}: {string_buf.value.decode()}")

    #########################################################################
    # Second example:
    # Walk the topology with a tree style.
    #########################################################################
    print("*** Printing overall tree")
    print_children(topology, get_root_obj(topology), 0)

    #########################################################################
    # Third example:
    # Print the number of packages.
    #########################################################################
    depth = get_type_depth(topology, ObjType.PACKAGE)
    if depth == GetTypeDepth.UNKNOWN:
        print("*** The number of packages is unknown")
    else:
        print(f"*** {get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)} package(s)")

    #########################################################################
    # Fourth example:
    # Compute the amount of cache that the first logical processor
    # has above it.
    #########################################################################
    levels = 0
    size = 0
    obj = get_obj_by_type(topology, ObjType.PU, 0)
    while obj:
        if obj_type_is_cache(obj.contents.type):
            levels += 1
            size += obj.contents.attr.contents.cache.size
        obj = obj.contents.parent
    print(f"*** Logical processor 0 has {levels} caches totaling {size // 1024}KB")

    #########################################################################
    # Fifth example:
    # Bind to only one thread of the last core of the machine.
    #
    # First find out where cores are, or else smaller sets of CPUs if
    # the OS doesn't have the notion of a \"core\".
    #########################################################################
    depth = get_type_or_below_depth(topology, ObjType.CORE)

    # Get last core.
    obj = get_obj_by_depth(topology, depth, get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth) - 1)
    if obj:
        # Get a copy of its cpuset that we may modify.
        cpuset = bitmap_dup(obj.contents.cpuset)

        # Get only one logical processor (in case the core is
        # SMT/hyper-threaded).
        bitmap_singlify(cpuset)

        # And try to bind ourself there.
        try:
            set_cpubind(topology, cpuset, 0)
        except Exception as e:
            cpu_str = bitmap_asprintf(obj.contents.cpuset)
            print(f"Couldn't bind to cpuset {cpu_str}: {e}")

        # Free our cpuset copy
        bitmap_free(cpuset)

    #########################################################################
    # Sixth example:
    # Allocate some memory on the last NUMA node, bind some existing
    # memory to the last NUMA node.
    #########################################################################
    # Get last node. There's always at least one.
    n = get_nbobjs_by_type(topology, ObjType.NUMANODE)
    obj = get_obj_by_type(topology, ObjType.NUMANODE, n - 1)
    assert obj is not None

    size = 1024 * 1024
    m = alloc_membind(
        topology,
        size,
        obj.contents.nodeset,
        MemBindPolicy.BIND,
        MemBindFlags.BYNODESET,
    )
    free(topology, m, size)

    # Allocate using malloc equivalent and bind
    if platform.system() == "Linux":
        m = ctypes.cast(ctypes.c_char_p(b"\x00" * size), ctypes.c_void_p)
        set_area_membind(
            topology,
            m,
            size,
            obj.contents.nodeset,
            MemBindPolicy.BIND,
            MemBindFlags.BYNODESET,
        )

    # Destroy topology object.
    topology_destroy(topology)

    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.cpukinds module

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Provides functions for querying CPU kinds.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.cpukinds module

### Description
Provides functions for querying CPU kinds.

### Members
- All public members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### Walk topology with iter_numa_nodes()

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html

Iterates over NUMA nodes in the topology and prints their logical index and total memory. Use this to explore the topology structure.

```python
import pyhwloc

with pyhwloc.Topology() as topo:
    for node in topo.iter_numa_nodes():
        print(f"NUMA Node {node.logical_index}: {node}")
        print(f"  Memory: {node.total_memory // (1024 * 1024)} MB")

```

--------------------------------

### Print number of packages using get_type_depth and get_nbobjs_by_depth

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/intro_low_level.rst.txt

This snippet checks the depth of the PACKAGE object type and prints the number of packages. If the depth is unknown, it prints a message indicating that. Use this to query the number of packages in the topology.

```python
#########################################################################
# Third example:
# Print the number of packages.
#########################################################################
depth = get_type_depth(topology, ObjType.PACKAGE)
if depth == GetTypeDepth.UNKNOWN:
    print("*** The number of packages is unknown")
else:
    print(f"*** {get_nbobjs_by_depth(topology, depth)} package(s)")
```

--------------------------------

### Use runtime-defined object type

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/intro.rst.txt

Iterates NUMA nodes and uses isinstance to check the runtime type against NumaNode and Object. Shows how to handle objects whose type is only known at runtime.

```python
import pyhwloc
from pyhwloc.hwobject import NumaNode, Object
```

--------------------------------

### Compute cache amount above first logical processor

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/examples/intro_low_level.rst.txt

This snippet walks up the parent chain of the first logical processor (PU) and sums the sizes of all cache objects. It prints the total cache size in KB. Use this to determine the cache hierarchy above a given processing unit.

```python
#########################################################################
# Fourth example:
# Compute the amount of cache that the first logical processor
# has above it.
#########################################################################
levels = 0
size = 0
obj = get_obj_by_type(topology, ObjType.PU, 0)
while obj:
    if obj_type_is_cache(obj.contents.type):
        levels += 1
        size += obj.contents.attr.contents.cache.size
    obj = obj.contents.parent
print(f"*** Logical processor 0 has {levels} caches totaling {size // 1024}KB")
```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.nvml module

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Provides functions for NVML integration.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.nvml module

### Description
Provides functions for NVML integration.

### Members
- All public members as documented by automodule
```

--------------------------------

### Run pyhwloc tests with coverage

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build.html

Run the pyhwloc test suite with pytest and pytest-cov, generating an HTML coverage report. Used to track coverage of hwloc features during early development.

```bash
pytest ./pyhwloc/tests/ --cov=pyhwloc --cov-report=html

```

--------------------------------

### pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjTypeCmp

Source: https://pyhwloc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_sources/pyhwloc_api.rst.txt

Comparison functions for object types.

```APIDOC
## pyhwloc.hwobject.ObjTypeCmp

### Description
Comparison functions for object types.
```