OpenWrt

https://openwrt.org/docs
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OpenWrt is a highly extensible GNU/Linux distribution for embedded devices, typically wireless...
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### opkg install examples

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/additional-software/opkg

Examples of installing a package by name, by URL, and by local file path.

```bash
opkg install hiawatha
opkg install http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/trunk/ar71xx/packages/hiawatha_7.7-2_ar71xx.ipk
opkg install /tmp/hiawatha_7.7-2_ar71xx.ipk
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start WiFiDog with opkg

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/captive-portal/wireless.hotspot.wifidog

Install and start WiFiDog on OpenWrt. The sequence updates package lists, installs the wifidog package, opens the configuration file for editing, enables the service to start on boot, starts it, and then checks listening ports with netstat.

```shell
opkg update
opkg install wifidog
vi /etc/wifidog.conf
/etc/init.d/wifidog enable
/etc/init.d/wifidog start
netstat -a
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start uMurmur

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/voip/umurmur

Install the OpenSSL-based uMurmur package, edit the configuration file, enable and start the service, and check the log output to verify that uMurmurd started successfully.

```shell
opkg install umurmur-openssl
vi /etc/umurmur.conf
/etc/init.d/umurmur enable
/etc/init.d/umurmur start
logread
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start Privoxy with opkg

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/proxy/privoxy

Install the privoxy package with opkg, edit its UCI configuration, enable the init script, and start the proxy server.

```shell
opkg update
opkg install privoxy
vi /etc/config/privoxy
/etc/init.d/privoxy enable
/etc/init.d/privoxy start
```

--------------------------------

### Example output of installed USB packages

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/storage/usb-installing

Example output from the opkg list-installed command showing installed USB packages.

```text
kmod-usb-core - 4.9.58-1
kmod-usb-storage - 4.9.58-1
kmod-usb3 - 4.9.58-1
...
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start TFTP server (tftpd-hpa) for DIR-300

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/installation/generic.flashing.tftp

Installs and starts a TFTP server (tftpd-hpa) on the host, then copies the firmware image to the TFTP root directory. The example uses /srv/tftp as the root, but the actual directory may vary; check with 'ps -ef | grep tftp'.

```bash
sudo apt install tftpd-hpa tftp-hpa
sudo cp ~/uboot/arch/arm/boot/uboot.img /srv/tftp/Copy
```

--------------------------------

### Automated setup via wget and source

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/advanced/ipset_extras

Downloads the setup script from the OpenWrt wiki and sources it to perform the automated configuration. Uses an empty User-Agent (-U "") to avoid potential blocks.

```shell
wget -U "" -O ipset-extras.sh "https://openwrt.org/_export/code/docs/guide-user/advanced/ipset_extras?codeblock=0"
. ./ipset-extras.sh
```

--------------------------------

### Control USB watchdog procd service

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/hardware/watchdog

Controls the installed USB watchdog procd service as normal, for example to start, stop, or check its status.

```shell
/etc/init.d/usb_watchdog
```

--------------------------------

### Install packages and configure IP sets with UCI

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/advanced/ipset_extras

Installs resolveip, configures a dhcp ipset section named 'example' with domains, CIDRs, ASNs, and GeoIP entries, then runs 'ipset setup' to populate the sets. Requires the profile script from the previous step.

```shell
# Install packages
opkg update
opkg install resolveip
 
# Configure IP sets, domains, CIDRs and ASNs
uci set dhcp.example="ipset"
uci add_list dhcp.example.name="example"
uci add_list dhcp.example.name="example6"
uci add_list dhcp.example.domain="example.com"
uci add_list dhcp.example.domain="example.net"
uci add_list dhcp.example.cidr="9.9.9.9/32"
uci add_list dhcp.example.cidr="2620:fe::fe/128"
uci add_list dhcp.example.asn="2906"
uci add_list dhcp.example.asn="40027"
uci add_list dhcp.example.geoip="cn"
uci add_list dhcp.example.geoip="ru"
uci commit dhcp
 
# Populate IP sets
ipset setup
```

--------------------------------

### Install packages and configure IP sets and firewall rules

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/firewall/fw3_configurations/dns_ipset

Install resolveip, configure DHCP IP sets for example.com and example.net, create IPv4 and IPv6 firewall rules to reject LAN-to-WAN traffic matching the IP sets, and populate the IP sets with 'ipset setup'.

```shell
# Install packages
opkg update
opkg install resolveip

# Configure IP sets
uci -q delete dhcp.filter
uci set dhcp.filter="ipset"
uci add_list dhcp.filter.name="filter"
uci add_list dhcp.filter.name="filter6"
uci add_list dhcp.filter.domain="example.com"
uci add_list dhcp.filter.domain="example.net"
uci commit dhcp

# Filter LAN client traffic with IP sets
for IPV in 4 6
do
uci -q delete firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}="rule"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.name="Filter-IPset-DNS-Forward"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.src="lan"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.dest="wan"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.proto="all"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.family="ipv${IPV}"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.ipset="filter${IPV%4} dest"
uci set firewall.fwd_filter${IPV%4}.target="REJECT"
done
uci commit firewall

# Populate IP sets
ipset setup
```

--------------------------------

### Prepare package sources with make package/_example_/prepare

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/toolchain/using_the_sdk

Extracts the sources, applies patches, and downloads if necessary for the specified package.

```bash
make package/_example_/prepare
```

--------------------------------

### Memory starting address example

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/installation/restore_art_partition

Example output showing the memory starting address, here 0x80000000.

```text
0x80000000Copy
```

--------------------------------

### Install setuptools from source

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/automation/pywws

Install setuptools from source using the ez_setup.py script, avoiding the need for the full Python package.

```bash
python ez_setup.py
```

--------------------------------

### Buildroot to VirtualBox quick setup script

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/virtualization/virtualbox-advanced

Creates and registers a VirtualBox VM from an OpenWrt buildroot VDI, copying the VDI into the VM folder and attaching it via a SATA controller. Requires CONFIG_VMDK_IMAGES=y in .config and an existing buildroot VDI at bin/targets/x86/64/openwrt-x86-64-combined-ext4.vdi; exits with status 1 or 2 if those prerequisites are missing.

```bash
#!/bin/bash
 
sNAME="openwrtx64-`date +%Y%m%d-%H%M`"
VMFOLD="`cat ~/.config/VirtualBox/VirtualBox.xml | grep -i SystemProperties | cut -d'"' -f2`"
VDI="${sNAME}.vdi"; DISKSIZE='512000000'; VDIOSZ='1920'; VIDMEM="16"
VMNAME="${sNAME}"
VBOXMANAGE="VBoxManage"
brvdi="bin/targets/x86/64/openwrt-x86-64-combined-ext4.vdi"
 
cat .config | grep -q '^CONFIG_VMDK_IMAGES=y' || echo "Enable vm-image creation and run make" && exit 1
if [ ! -f "${brvdi}" ]; then echo "You no built vdi at: $brvdi ... ran make?" && exit 2
 
echo "Creating VM: $VMNAME" && sleep 2
$VBOXMANAGE createvm --name $VMNAME --register 2>/dev/null >/dev/null
 
echo "Copying buildroot vdi to ${VMFOLD}/${VMNAME}/${VDI}"
cp $brvdi ${VMFOLD}/${VMNAME}/${VDI}
 
$VBOXMANAGE modifyvm $VMNAME --description "openwrt vbox" --ostype "Linux26" \
    --memory "512" --vram "$VIDMEM" --cpus "1" \
    --nic1 "nat" --nictype1 82540EM \
    --nic2 "nat" --nictype2 82540EM 2>/dev/null >/dev/null
 
$VBOXMANAGE storagectl $VMNAME --name "SATA Controller" --add "sata" \
    --portcount "4" --hostiocache "on" \
    --bootable "on" 2>/dev/null >/dev/null
$VBOXMANAGE storageattach $VMNAME --storagectl "SATA Controller" \
    --port "1" --type "hdd" --nonrotational "on" \
    --medium $VMFOLD/${VMNAME}/$VDI 2>/dev/null >/dev/null
 
exit 0Copy
```

--------------------------------

### Automated PBR setup with wget and source

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/advanced/pbr_extras

Downloads the PBR extras script from the OpenWrt documentation and sources it to automatically set up PBR. This is the automated setup method.

```shell
wget -U "" -O pbr-extras.sh "https://openwrt.org/_export/code/docs/guide-user/advanced/pbr_extras?codeblock=0"
. ./pbr-extras.sh
```

--------------------------------

### Set up PBR with pbr setup

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/advanced/pbr_extras

Runs the pbr command with the setup sub-command to configure policy-based routing as defined in the profile script. This is the manual example for setting up PBR.

```shell
# Set up PBR
pbr setup
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start ntpd

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/ntp/client-server

Install the ntpd package, disable the default sysntpd daemon, enable and start ntpd, and verify it is listening on the NTP port.

```shell
opkg update
opkg install ntpd
/etc/init.d/sysntpd disable
/etc/init.d/ntpd enable
/etc/init.d/ntpd start
netstat -l | grep ntp
```

--------------------------------

### Create and enable PulseAudio server startup script

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/hardware/audio/pulseaudio

Create a startup script that runs all server-side commands and make it executable, then add it to /etc/rc.local so PulseAudio starts after reboot.

```bash
cat << "EOF" > /root/pulseaudioserver.sh
#!/bin/sh
udevd --daemon
chmod 0777 /dev/snd/*
mkdir -p /var/lib/pulse
pulseaudio --system --disallow-module-loading --disallow-exit --no-cpu-limit &
socat TCP-LISTEN:4000,fork UNIX-CONNECT:/tmp/run/pulse/native &
EOF
chmod +x /root/pulseaudioserver.sh
sed -i -e "
$i /root/pulseaudioserver.sh
" /etc/rc.local
```

--------------------------------

### Install PPTP client packages and set configuration variables

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/vpn/pptp/client

Install the required packages and define configuration parameters for the VPN client. Replace the placeholder values with your actual server address, username, and password.

```bash
# Install packages
opkg update
opkg install ppp-mod-pptp kmod-nf-nathelper-extra
 
# Configuration parameters
VPN_IF="vpn"
VPN_SERV="SERVER_ADDRESS"
VPN_USER="USERNAME"
VPN_PASS="PASSWORD"
```

--------------------------------

### Start picocom terminal

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/network/wan/wwan/at_commands

Starts the picocom terminal program on the specified serial device. Install picocom with 'opkg install picocom' or through the web interface.

```bash
root@OpenWrt:~# picocom /dev/ttyUSB2Copy
```

--------------------------------

### Install and configure p910nd

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/print_server/p910nd.server

Install, configure, start, and enable the p910nd print server on OpenWrt. Requires kmod-usb-printer and p910nd packages; edit /etc/config/p910nd before starting.

```shell
opkg update
opkg install kmod-usb-printer p910nd
vi /etc/config/p910nd
/etc/init.d/p910nd start
/etc/init.d/p910nd enable
```

--------------------------------

### Boot output example

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/bootloader/realtek

Shows the boot sequence output including chip info and rootfs signature checks.

```text
Booting...

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@
@ chip__no chip__id mfr___id dev___id cap___id size_sft dev_size chipSize
@ 0000000h 0c84018h 00000c8h 0000040h 0000018h 0000000h 0000018h 1000000h
@ blk_size blk__cnt sec_size sec__cnt pageSize page_cnt chip_clk chipName
@ 0010000h 0000100h 0001000h 0001000h 0000100h 0000010h 000002dh GD25Q128
@ 
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 
---RealTek(RTL8196D)at 2013.12.26-08:32+0800 v1.1 [16bit](700MHz)
no rootfs signature at 000E0000!
no rootfs signature at 000F0000!
no rootfs signature at 00130000!
no rootfs signature at 000E1000!
no rootfs signature at 000E2000!
...
[skipped]
...
no rootfs signature at 0015E000!
no rootfs signature at 0015F000!
P0phymode=03, embedded phy

---Ethernet init Okay!

<RealTek>Copy
```

--------------------------------

### Install block-mount

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/storage/usb-drives

Installs the block tool to get more info about existing partitions.

```bash
opkg install block-mount
```

--------------------------------

### Example make info output

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/additional-software/extroot_configuration

Example output from 'make info' showing a profile entry. The first line is the profile name, the second is the device description, and the third lists default packages.

```text
tl-wr1043nd-v1:
    TP-LINK TL-WR1043N/ND v1
    Packages: kmod-usb-core kmod-usb2 kmod-ledtrig-usbdev
```

--------------------------------

### Make setupjool.sh executable

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/network/ipv6/nat64

Makes the setup script executable. Execute it once after this command.

```shell
chmod +x setupjool.sh
```

--------------------------------

### Start Transmission daemon

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/downloading_and_filesharing/transmission

Starts the Transmission daemon after installing the new web interface.

```shell
service transmission start
```

--------------------------------

### Start and enable ntpd

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/ntp/gps

Start and enable the ISC ntpd service for the Globalsat setup.

```shell
/etc/init.d/ntpd start
/etc/init.d/ntpd enable
```

--------------------------------

### Complete etherwake configuration example

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/w_o_l/etherwake

A full example combining a setup section and a target section. The setup uses interface eth0.2 and broadcast on; the target 'popeye' uses a specific MAC and password.

```uci
config 'etherwake' 'setup'
	option 'pathes' '/usr/bin/etherwake'
	option 'sudo' 'off'
	option 'interface' 'eth0.2'
	option 'broadcast' 'on'

config 'target'
	option 'name' 'popeye'
	option 'mac' '00:22:33:44:55:66'
	option 'password' 'AABBCCDDEEFF'   # password in hex without any delimiters
	option 'wakeonboot' 'off'
```

--------------------------------

### All-in-one script for OpenWrt builder container setup

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/toolchain/nspawn

Automates the entire setup of an OpenWrt builder container using systemd-nspawn and debootstrap. It detects the distribution from /etc/os-release and installs systemd-container and debootstrap using the appropriate package manager (apt, pacman, dnf, or yum). It creates the container directory, bootstraps a minimal Debian stable filesystem with essential packages, and sets the hostname to 'container'. Must be run as root or with sudo.

```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Desired hostname for the container
HOSTNAME_VAR="container"

BASEDIR="/var/lib/machines"
CONTAINERNAME="openwrt-builder"
TEMPDIR="${BASEDIR}/${CONTAINERNAME}"

check_systemd_container() {
    if command -v systemd-nspawn &> /dev/null; then
        echo "systemd-container capability (systemd-nspawn) is already available."
        return 0
    else
        echo "systemd-container capability (systemd-nspawn) is NOT available."
        return 1
    fi
}

install_systemd_container_debian() {
    apt-get -y update
    apt-get install -y systemd-container
}

install_systemd_container_arch() {
    pacman -Sy --noconfirm systemd
}

install_systemd_container_rhel() {
    if command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        dnf install -y systemd-container || echo "systemd-container package not available in dnf repositories"
    elif command -v yum &> /dev/null; then
        yum install -y systemd-container || echo "systemd-container package not available in yum repositories"
    else
        echo "dnf or yum package manager not found"
    fi
}

install_debian() {
    apt-get install -y debootstrap
}

install_arch() {
    pacman -Sy --noconfirm debootstrap
}

install_rhel() {
    if command -v dnf &> /dev/null; then
        dnf install -y debootstrap || echo "debootstrap not available in dnf repositories"
    elif command -v yum &> /dev/null; then
        yum install -y debootstrap || echo "debootstrap not available in yum repositories"
    else
        echo "dnf or yum package manager not found"
    fi
}

if [ -f /etc/os-release ]; then
    . /etc/os-release
else
    echo "/etc/os-release not found. Cannot detect OS."
    exit 1
fi

echo "Detected distribution: $ID"

if ! check_systemd_container; then
    echo "Attempting to install systemd-container capability..."
    case "$ID" in
        debian|ubuntu)
            install_systemd_container_debian
            ;;
        arch|manjaro)
            install_systemd_container_arch
            ;;
        rhel|centos|fedora|almalinux)
            install_systemd_container_rhel
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Unsupported distribution: $ID"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
fi

if command -v debootstrap &> /dev/null; then
    echo "debootstrap is already installed."
else
    echo "Installing debootstrap..."
    case "$ID" in
        debian|ubuntu)
            install_debian
            ;;
        arch|manjaro)
            install_arch
            ;;
        rhel|centos|fedora|almalinux)
            install_rhel
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Unsupported distribution: $ID"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
fi

if [ ! -d /etc/systemd/nspawn ]; then
    echo -n "Creating directory /etc/systemd/nspawn..."
    mkdir -p /etc/systemd/nspawn
    echo "done"
else
    echo "Directory /etc/systemd/nspawn already exists"
fi

if [ -d "$TEMPDIR" ]; then
    echo "Container directory $TEMPDIR already exists. Please remove it or choose a different name."
    exit 1
else
    echo -n "Creating container directory ${TEMPDIR}..."
    mkdir -p "$TEMPDIR"
    echo "done"
fi

# Set ownership and permissions
chown -R root:root "$TEMPDIR"
chmod 755 "$TEMPDIR"

echo -n "Bootstrapping minimal Debian filesystem in $TEMPDIR with essential packages..."
debootstrap --arch=amd64 --include=dbus,libpam-systemd,locales stable "$TEMPDIR" http://deb.debian.org/debian >/dev/null
echo "done"

echo -n "Setting hostname inside the container filesystem to '${HOSTNAME_VAR}'..."
echo "$HOSTNAME_VAR" > "$TEMPDIR/etc/hostname"
echo "done"
```

--------------------------------

### Enable and start Samba on boot

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/nas/cifs.server

Enables Samba to start on boot (creates symlink /etc/rc.d/S60samba) and starts it immediately.

```bash
service samba4 enable
service samba4 start
```

--------------------------------

### Enable and start syslog-ng service

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/perf_and_log/log.syslog-ng3

Enables and starts the syslog-ng service on OpenWrt. Run these commands after installation to ensure syslog-ng starts at boot.

```shell
# /etc/init.d/syslog-ng enable
# /etc/init.d/syslog-ng start
```

--------------------------------

### Expected Shorewall-lite installation output

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/firewall/other_firewall_rules_builders/shorewall

Example output shown after running the Shorewall-lite install script, indicating successful installation of version 5.0.8-RC2.

```text
Installing OpenWRT-specific configuration...
Installing Shorewall Lite Version 5.0.8-RC2
...
Shorewall Lite Version 5.0.8-RC2 Installed
```

--------------------------------

### Example .config from make menuconfig

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/firewall/other_firewall_rules_builders/shorewall

Example .config output after using make menuconfig to select the target device and enable ip-full, tc, and Atheros regdomain support.

```config
CONFIG_TARGET_ar71xx=y
CONFIG_TARGET_ar71xx_generic=y
CONFIG_TARGET_ar71xx_generic_DIR601A1=y
CONFIG_ATH_USER_REGD=y
CONFIG_PACKAGE_ip-full=y
CONFIG_PACKAGE_kmod-sched-core=y
CONFIG_PACKAGE_tc=y
```

--------------------------------

### Download package sources with make package/_example_/download

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-developer/toolchain/using_the_sdk

Downloads the sources of the specified package (_example_). Replace _example_ with the actual package name.

```bash
make package/_example_/download
```

--------------------------------

### Start and enable uHTTPd

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/webserver/lamp

Start uHTTPd manually and enable it at boot if it was installed via opkg.

```shell
/etc/init.d/uhttpd start
/etc/init.d/uhttpd enable
```

--------------------------------

### Install and start bandwidthd-pgsql package

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/network_monitoring/bandwidthd

Install the bandwidthd-pgsql package and enable/start the uhttpd and bandwidthd services. Do not install uhttpd if you do not plan for the router to perform the graphs.

```shell
opkg install bandwidthd-pgsql uhttpd
/etc/init.d/uhttpd enable
/etc/init.d/uhttpd start
/etc/init.d/bandwidthd enable
/etc/init.d/bandwidthd start
```

--------------------------------

### Set up a local opkg repository

Source: https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/additional-software/opkg

Sets up a local package repository on the device for offline or customized use. Installs rsync, creates a sync script that mirrors the target and package repositories with a bandwidth limit, then configures opkg to use the local file path and shares it via /www. Finally, configures clients to use the local HTTP repository.

```shell
# Install packages
opkg update
opkg install rsync

# Save the script
cat << "EOF" > local-repo-sync.sh
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/os-release
REPO_LOCAL="file://${1:-/${ID}}/"
REPO_URL="rsync://rsync.${HOME_URL#*//}"
case "${VERSION_ID}" in
(snapshot) REPO_DIR="downloads/snapshots" ;;
(*) REPO_DIR="downloads/releases/${VERSION_ID}" ;;
esac
REPO_CORE="${REPO_DIR}/targets/${OPENWRT_BOARD}"
REPO_PKGS="${REPO_DIR}/packages/${OPENWRT_ARCH}"
for REPO_DIR in "${REPO_CORE}" "${REPO_PKGS}"
do mkdir -p "${REPO_LOCAL#*//}${REPO_DIR#*/}"
rsync --bwlimit="8M" --del -r -t -v \
"${REPO_URL}${REPO_DIR}/" \
"${REPO_LOCAL#*//}${REPO_DIR#*/}/"
done
EOF
chmod +x local-repo-sync.sh

# Run the script
./local-repo-sync.sh /openwrt

# Configure Opkg to use local repo
. /etc/os-release
REPO_LOCAL="file:///${ID}/"
REPO_URL="https://downloads.${HOME_URL#*//}"
sed -i -e "s|${REPO_URL}|${REPO_LOCAL}|" /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf

# Share the repository on the LAN
ln -f -s ${REPO_LOCAL#*//} /www/${ID}

# Configure Opkg on the clients
. /etc/os-release
REPO_LOCAL="http://192.168.1.1/${ID}/"
REPO_URL="https://downloads.${HOME_URL#*//}"
sed -i -e "s|${REPO_URL}|${REPO_LOCAL}|" /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf
```
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