### Start IncusOS VM Installation

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/getting-started/installation/virtual-incus

Starts the IncusOS virtual machine to begin the installation process. This command initiates the boot sequence from the attached ISO image.

```bash
incus start IncusOS

```

--------------------------------

### Start IncusOS Installation in VM

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/_sources/getting-started/installation/virtual-incus.md.txt

Starts the IncusOS virtual machine to begin the installation process and attaches to its console via VGA.

```bash
incus start IncusOS
incus console IncusOS --type=vga
```

--------------------------------

### Start VM and connect to console

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_create.md.txt

Starts the virtual machine and connects to its serial console, which may display an installer menu.

```bash
incus start iso-vm --console
```

--------------------------------

### Cloud-init Configuration for Installing Packages

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/cloud-init.md.txt

Specify packages to be installed during instance setup using the 'packages' key.

```yaml
config:
  cloud-init.user-data: |
    #cloud-config
    packages:
      - git
      - openssh-server
```

--------------------------------

### Install incus-benchmark tool

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/benchmark_performance.md.txt

Install the `incus-benchmark` tool using Go. Ensure Go is installed and configured.

```bash
go install github.com/lxc/incus/cmd/incus-benchmark@latest
```

--------------------------------

### Start Windows VM and Open Console

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/distrobuilder/docs/latest/_sources/tutorials/use.md.txt

Starts the 'win10' Incus VM and opens a VGA console, allowing for the graphical installation of Windows.

```bash
incus start win10 --console=vga
```

--------------------------------

### Start and Console into Windows VM in Incus

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/distrobuilder/docs/latest/tutorials/use

Start the configured Windows VM and open a VGA console to begin the graphical installation.

```bash
incus start win10 --console=vga

```

--------------------------------

### Show information for containers matching a pattern

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/manpages/man1/lxc-info.1.html

This example demonstrates how to display information for all containers whose names start with 'ubuntu'. The wildcard '*' is used for pattern matching.

```shell
lxc-info -n 'ubuntu.*'
```

--------------------------------

### instance_create_start

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/api-extensions.md.txt

Adds a `start` field to `POST /1.0/instances` to automatically start an instance upon creation.

```APIDOC
## `instance_create_start`

Adds a new `start` field to the `POST /1.0/instances` API which when set to `true` will have the instance automatically start upon creation. In this scenario, the creation and startup is part of a single background operation.
```

--------------------------------

### Install distrobuilder using Go

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/distrobuilder/docs/latest/_sources/howto/install.md.txt

Install distrobuilder using the Go toolchain. Ensure you have Go installed and configured.

```bash
go install github.com/lxc/distrobuilder/cmd/distrobuilder@latest
```

--------------------------------

### Start the VM instance

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_routed_nic_vm.md.txt

Starts the 'bookworm' virtual machine instance after its network configuration has been applied.

```bash
incus start bookworm
```

--------------------------------

### Start an instance (CLI)

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_manage.md.txt

Use this command to start a stopped instance. The --console flag can be used to immediately attach to the console upon starting.

```bash
incus start <instance_name>
```

```bash
incus start <instance_name> --console
```

--------------------------------

### Install Distrobuilder using Snap (Stable)

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/distrobuilder/news/2019_10_21_22_10.html

Installs the stable version of Distrobuilder using snap.

```bash
snap install distrobuilder --classic

```

--------------------------------

### Create a project with configuration from a file

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/project/create.md.txt

Create a project and apply configuration settings defined in a YAML file.

```bash
incus project create p1 < config.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Start instance with VGA console attached

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_console.md.txt

Start an instance and immediately attach to its VGA console. This is particularly useful for virtual machines to access graphical output.

```bash
incus start <instance_name> --console=vga
```

--------------------------------

### Start instance with console attached

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_console.md.txt

Immediately attach to the instance's console upon starting it. This is useful for observing the boot process from the very beginning.

```bash
incus start <instance_name> --console
```

--------------------------------

### Python API Example: Create, Start, Stop, Destroy Container

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/documentation

Provides an end-to-end example using the LXC Python bindings to create, start, query, stop, and destroy a container. It mirrors the functionality shown in the C API example.

```python
#!/usr/bin/python3
import lxc
import sys

# Setup the container object
c = lxc.Container("apicontainer")
if c.defined:
    print("Container already exists", file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)

# Create the container rootfs
if not c.create("download", lxc.LXC_CREATE_QUIET, {"dist": "ubuntu",
                                                   "release": "trusty",
                                                   "arch": "i386"}):
    print("Failed to create the container rootfs", file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)

# Start the container
if not c.start():
    print("Failed to start the container", file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)

# Query some information
print("Container state: %s" % c.state)
print("Container PID: %s" % c.init_pid)

# Stop the container
if not c.shutdown(30):
    print("Failed to cleanly shutdown the container, forcing.")
    if not c.stop():
        print("Failed to kill the container", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)


```

--------------------------------

### Launch Instance and Execute Command

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/incus_alias

Demonstrates launching a Debian instance and then executing a command to switch to the 'debian' user.

```bash
$ incus launch images:debian/12/cloud mycontainer
Launching mycontainer
$ incus exec mycontainer -- su -l debian
debian@mycontainer:~$ 

```

--------------------------------

### IncusOS Install Seed with Certificate

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/_sources/getting-started/download.md.txt

Example of an IncusOS install seed configuration, including a client certificate, for trusted installation.

```yaml
apply_defaults: true
preseed:
    certificates:
        - name: demo
          type: client
          certificate: |
            -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
            MIIB4TCCAWagAwIBAgIQVrBNb+LgEvX/aDNNOLM2iTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAzA4MRkw
            FwYDVQQKExBMaW51eCBDb250YWluZXJzMRswGQYDVQQDDBJnaWJtYXRAZnV0dXJm
            dXNpb24wHhcNMjUwNjA1MTgwODAwWhcNMzUwNjAzMTgwODAwWjA4MRkwFwYDVQQK
            ExBMaW51eCBDb250YWluZXJzMRswGQYDVQQDDBJnaWJtYXRAZnV0dXJmdXNpb24w
            djAQBgcqhkjOPQIBBgUrgQQAIgNiAAS8Tsj87gyhkR6gUoTa9dooWhwApI9MlsZS
            M9HkNdgLG+0d2yU3JXru4AbCD+pslsL5mnSjbmF7BhqSAT0opQtyFMfB7hrCJkVB
            nnebLNOqzrOVnxYqnD1HnfKo6RVmXpGjNTAzMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIFoDATBgNV
            HSUEDDAKBggrBgEFBQcDAjAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMAoGCCqGSM49BAMDA2kAMGYC
            MQC/Y4nAuV09z/zeh0aN+XV+kI9WLnITFprSHREIaES3r49cTkpoV8wFCwdLjbSb
            NwECMQCx5H/H3hyXJen3uLbqRxTzw5jjx1M4dO4fru+VmoOKmTSmKVq3r2j449iD
            GrzY7EQ=
            -----END CERTIFICATE-----
```

--------------------------------

### Instance creation with configuration file

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/launch.md.txt

Create and start a container named "c2" from the "debian/12" image, applying configuration from a local file.

```bash
incus launch images:debian/12 c2 < config.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Instance Boot Time Metrics

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/news/index.html

Shows how to list instances and query Incus metrics to retrieve boot time and current time for an instance.

```bash
stgraber@dakara:~$ incus list a1
+------+---------+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| NAME |  STATE  |        IPV4         |                    IPV6                     |   TYPE    | SNAPSHOTS |
+------+---------+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| a1   | RUNNING | 172.17.0.177 (eth0) | 2602:fc62:c:1000:1266:6aff:fe2d:30e5 (eth0) | CONTAINER | 0         |
+------+---------+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
stgraber@dakara:~$ incus query /1.0/metrics | grep a1 | grep time
incus_boot_time_seconds{name="a1",project="default",type="container"} 1.772214792e+09
incus_time_seconds{name="a1",project="default",type="container"} 1.772216491e+09

```

--------------------------------

### Run QMP commands before VM start

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/reference/instance_options

Use `raw.qemu.pre-start` to provide a JSON encoded list of QMP commands to run after Incus has added all its devices but before the VM starts.

```json
raw.qemu.pre-start: |
  [
    {"execute": "qmp_command", "arguments": {}}
  ]

```

--------------------------------

### Install Colima with Incus Runtime (macOS)

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/installing.md.txt

Installs Colima and starts it with Incus as the runtime, enabling Incus support on macOS.

```bash
brew install colima
colima start --runtime incus
```

--------------------------------

### Example lxc-start-netns Script

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/news/2018_03_27_21_03.html

A sample script for the lxc.hook.start-host, demonstrating how to set up network interfaces within the container's namespace.

```shell
echo "starting" > /tmp/debug
ip link add host1 type veth peer name peer1
ip link set host1 master lxcbr0
ip link set host1 up
ip link set peer1 netns "${LXC_PID}"
```

--------------------------------

### Create an instance with configuration from a file

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/create.md.txt

Creates a new instance using the 'debian/12' image and applies configuration specified in 'config.yaml'.

```bash
incus create images:debian/12 u1 < config.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Install Incus on Alpine Linux

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/installing.md.txt

Installs Incus and its client, along with VM support if needed. Enables and starts the Incus service.

```bash
apk update
apk add incus incus-client
apk add incus-vm
rc-update add incusd
rc-service incusd start
```

--------------------------------

### Attach to instance console after starting

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/start.md.txt

This flag immediately attaches the user to the console of the instance after it has been started. This is useful for interactive setup or monitoring.

```bash
incus start --console <instance_name>
```

--------------------------------

### Launch Instance with Direct Network Connection

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/tutorials/network-direct-attach

Launch a new instance and configure it to use the 'enp5s0' network for direct connection to the host's physical network.

```bash
gibmat@futurfusion:~$ incus launch images:debian/13 debian-direct --network enp5s0
Launching debian-direct

```

--------------------------------

### Install OVN host component

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/network_ovn_setup.md.txt

Installs the OVN host package on machines that will only run OVN controllers and enables the service to start on boot.

```bash
sudo apt install ovn-host
systemctl enable ovn-host
```

--------------------------------

### Start an instance using API

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/instances_manage

Send a PUT request to the `/1.0/instances/<instance_name>/state` API endpoint with the action set to 'start' to initiate an instance.

```bash
incus query --request PUT /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/state --data '{"action":"start"}'

```

--------------------------------

### Eject CDROM and reset VM after IncusOS install

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/_sources/getting-started/installation/virtual-libvirt.md.txt

Once the IncusOS installation is complete, eject the CDROM device and reset the virtual machine to finalize the setup.

```bash
virsh change-media IncusOS sdb --eject
virsh reset IncusOS
```

--------------------------------

### Start IncusOS VM for First Boot

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/getting-started/installation/virtual-incus

Starts the IncusOS virtual machine for its initial boot configuration after installation. The --console=vga flag attaches to the console for monitoring.

```bash
incus start IncusOS --console=vga

```

--------------------------------

### Create a storage bucket from a configuration file

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/storage/bucket/create.md.txt

This example shows how to create a storage bucket using configuration details provided in a YAML file.

```bash
incus storage bucket create p1 b01 < config.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Run QMP commands after VM start

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/reference/instance_options

Use `raw.qemu.post-start` to provide a JSON encoded list of QMP commands to run immediately after the VM starts.

```json
raw.qemu.post-start: |
  [
    {"execute": "qmp_command", "arguments": {}}
  ]

```

--------------------------------

### Cloud-init YAML configuration example

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/cloud-init

Example of how to configure cloud-init user data using YAML's literal style. This is typically used for instance-specific configurations and should start with '#cloud-config'.

```yaml
config:
  cloud-init.user-data: |
    #cloud-config
    package_upgrade: true
    packages:
      - package1
      - package2

```

--------------------------------

### Basic instance creation

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/launch.md.txt

Create and start a container named "c1" from the "debian/12" image.

```bash
incus launch images:debian/12 c1
```

--------------------------------

### Container Last Used At

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/api-extensions

Adds a `last_used_at` field to the `GET /1.0/containers/<name>` endpoint. This field provides a timestamp indicating the last time the container was started. For containers that have been created but not yet started, it defaults to `1970-01-01T00:00:00Z`.

```APIDOC
## `container_last_used_at`

A `last_used_at` field was added to the `GET /1.0/containers/<name>` endpoint. It is a timestamp of the last time the container was started. If a container has been created but not started yet, `last_used_at` field will be `1970-01-01T00:00:00Z`
```

--------------------------------

### Get Incus Client Certificate

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/_sources/getting-started/download.md.txt

Run this command to obtain your initial trusted client certificate for IncusOS installation.

```bash
incus remote get-client-certificate
```

--------------------------------

### C API Example: Create, Start, Stop, Destroy Container

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/documentation

Demonstrates the usage of the LXC C API to perform basic container operations: creation, starting, querying state, stopping, and destroying. Ensure lxccontainer.h is included and linked.

```c
#include <stdio.h>

#include <lxc/lxccontainer.h>

int main() {
    struct lxc_container *c;
    int ret = 1;

    /* Setup container struct */
    c = lxc_container_new("apicontainer", NULL);
    if (!c) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to setup lxc_container struct\n");
        goto out;
    }

    if (c->is_defined(c)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Container already exists\n");
        goto out;
    }

    /* Create the container */
    if (!c->createl(c, "download", NULL, NULL, LXC_CREATE_QUIET,
                    "-d", "ubuntu", "-r", "trusty", "-a", "i386", NULL)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create container rootfs\n");
        goto out;
    }

    /* Start the container */
    if (!c->start(c, 0, NULL)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start the container\n");
        goto out;
    }

    /* Query some information */
    printf("Container state: %s\n", c->state(c));
    printf("Container PID: %d\n", c->init_pid(c));

    /* Stop the container */
    if (!c->shutdown(c, 30)) {
        printf("Failed to cleanly shutdown the container, forcing.\n");
        if (!c->stop(c)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to kill the container.\n");
            goto out;
        }
    }

    /* Destroy the container */
    if (!c->destroy(c)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to destroy the container.\n");
        goto out;
    }

    ret = 0;
out:
    lxc_container_put(c);
    return ret;
}

```

--------------------------------

### Starting a Container with Custom ID Mapping and Rootfs

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/news/2019_03_12_15_03.html

This snippet demonstrates how to start a container with specific user and group ID mappings, and a custom root filesystem path. It also shows how to specify an init command.

```bash
lxc-start -n <container-name> -f /path/to/conf \
-s 'lxc.id_map = u 0 100000 65536' \
-s 'lxc.id_map = g 0 100000 65536' \
-s 'lxc.rootfs = /path/to/rootfs' \
-s 'lxc.init_cmd = /path/to/initcmd'
```

--------------------------------

### BPF Filesystem Mount Example

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/explanation/bpf-tokens.md.txt

This example shows how the BPF filesystem is mounted with specific delegated capabilities for commands, maps, programs, and attachments. It reflects the configuration options set for BPF delegation.

```bash
$ mount -t bpf
none on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,relatime,delegate_cmds=map_create:obj_get:link_create,delegate_maps=hash:array:devmap:queue:stack,delegate_progs=socket_filter:kprobe:cgroup_sysctl,delegate_attachs=any)
```

--------------------------------

### Template Generator Example

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/distrobuilder/docs/latest/_sources/reference/generators.md.txt

Creates a custom Incus template file. The 'when' key specifies when the template should be applied (create, copy, or start).

```yaml
files:
    - generator: template
      name: my-template.tpl
      path: /etc/my-template.conf
      template:
          properties:
              my_variable: "some_value"
          when:
              - create
              - start
```

--------------------------------

### Create and launch containers

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/benchmark_performance.md.txt

Use the `launch` action to both create and start containers. The `--freeze` flag can be used to measure pure launch times.

```bash
incus-benchmark launch --count 10 <image>
```

```bash
incus-benchmark launch --count 10 <image> --freeze
```

--------------------------------

### LXC Host Start Hook for CNI

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/news/2018_03_27_21_03.html

A hook executed on the host after container setup and before init. Used here to integrate CNI network configuration.

```shell
lxc.net.0.type = "empty"
```

```shell
lxc.hook.start-host = "/bin/lxc-start-netns"
```

--------------------------------

### Complex LXC Container Configuration

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/manpages/man5/lxc.container.conf.5.html

An example demonstrating a complex setup involving advanced networking, control groups, hostname, mounts, and root filesystem options.

```bash
lxc.uts.name = complex
lxc.net.0.type = veth
lxc.net.0.flags = up
lxc.net.0.link = br0
lxc.net.0.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:bf
lxc.net.0.ipv4.address = 10.2.3.5/24 10.2.3.255
lxc.net.0.ipv6.address = 2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3597
lxc.net.0.ipv6.address = 2003:db8:1:0:214:5432:feab:3588
lxc.net.1.type = macvlan
lxc.net.1.flags = up
lxc.net.1.link = eth0
lxc.net.1.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:bd
lxc.net.1.ipv4.address = 10.2.3.4/24
lxc.net.1.ipv4.address = 192.168.10.125/24
lxc.net.1.ipv6.address = 2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3596
lxc.net.2.type = phys
lxc.net.2.flags = up
lxc.net.2.link = dummy0
lxc.net.2.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:ff
lxc.net.2.ipv4.address = 10.2.3.6/24
lxc.net.2.ipv6.address = 2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3297
lxc.cgroup.cpuset.cpus = 0,1
lxc.cgroup.cpu.shares = 1234
lxc.cgroup.devices.deny = a
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = c 1:3 rw
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = b 8:0 rw
lxc.mount.fstab = /etc/fstab.complex
lxc.mount.entry = /lib /root/myrootfs/lib none ro,bind 0 0
lxc.rootfs.path = dir:/mnt/rootfs.complex
lxc.rootfs.options = idmap=container
lxc.cap.drop = sys_module mknod setuid net_raw
lxc.cap.drop = mac_override
```

--------------------------------

### Create and start a virtual machine with custom disk settings

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/reference/manpages/incus/create.md.txt

Creates and starts a virtual machine instance named 'v2' from the 'debian/12' image. It overrides the default disk size to 50GiB and sets the disk bus to 'nvme'.

```bash
incus launch images:debian/12 v2 --vm -d root,size=50GiB -d root,io.bus=nvme
```

--------------------------------

### Attach to IncusOS VM Console

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/getting-started/installation/virtual-incus

Attaches to the virtual machine's console via VGA to monitor and interact with the IncusOS installer. This is typically done after starting the VM.

```bash
incus console IncusOS --type=vga

```

--------------------------------

### Create a basic project

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/projects_create.md.txt

Use this command to create a new project with default settings. The project name is required.

```bash
incus project create my-project
```

--------------------------------

### Start VGA Console for VM

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/instances_console

Use this command to initiate a VGA console connection to a virtual machine. Ensure you have a SPICE client like 'remote-viewer' or 'spicy' installed.

```bash
incus console <vm_name> --type vga

```

--------------------------------

### Launching an Instance with a YAML Configuration File

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/instances_create

Instead of using command-line flags, you can provide instance configuration details via a YAML file. This is useful for complex configurations.

```bash
incus launch images:debian/12 debian-config < config.yaml

```

--------------------------------

### Basic Cloud-init User Data Configuration

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/cloud-init.md.txt

Example of a basic cloud-init user data configuration using the literal style format to include package upgrade and installation instructions.

```yaml
config:
  cloud-init.user-data: |
    #cloud-config
    package_upgrade: true
    packages:
      - package1
      - package2
```

--------------------------------

### Get Project Configuration Key with Property Flag

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/reference/manpages/incus/project/get

This example demonstrates retrieving a project configuration key using the `--property` flag, which treats the key as a project property.

```bash
incus project get -p, --property <key>
```

--------------------------------

### Launch Ubuntu container and install Nginx

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/news/2024_09_06_23_09.html

Launches an Ubuntu container and installs the Nginx web server. This is a prerequisite for setting up backends for the load-balancer.

```bash
root@server01:~# incus launch images:ubuntu/24.04 c1
Launching c1
root@server01:~# incus exec c1 -- apt-get install --yes nginx
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  nginx-common
Suggested packages:
  fcgiwrap nginx-doc ssl-cert
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  nginx nginx-common
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 552 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1596 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble/main amd64 nginx-common all 1.24.0-2ubuntu7 [31.2 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble/main amd64 nginx amd64 1.24.0-2ubuntu7 [521 kB]
Fetched 552 kB in 1s (619 kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package nginx-common.
(Reading database ... 16176 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../nginx-common_1.24.0-2ubuntu7_all.deb ...
Unpacking nginx-common (1.24.0-2ubuntu7) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nginx.
Preparing to unpack .../nginx_1.24.0-2ubuntu7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nginx (1.24.0-2ubuntu7) ...
Setting up nginx (1.24.0-2ubuntu7) ...
Setting up nginx-common (1.24.0-2ubuntu7) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.

```

--------------------------------

### Configure Firewall for LXC Network Bridge

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/getting-started

If containers are not getting IP addresses, configure the host's firewall (ufw example) to allow traffic on the LXC network bridge (`lxcbr0`).

```bash
root@host:~# ufw allow in on lxcbr0
root@host:~# ufw route allow in on lxcbr0
root@host:~# ufw route allow out on lxcbr0
```

--------------------------------

### Example Instance Placement Scriptlet

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/explanation/clustering

Demonstrates a basic instance placement scriptlet in Starlark, including logging and conditional logic for instance placement.

```starlark
def instance_placement(request, candidate_members):
    # Example of logging info, this will appear in Incus' log.
    log_info("instance placement started: ", request)

    # Example of applying logic based on the instance request.
    if request.name == "foo":
        # Example of logging an error, this will appear in Incus' log.
        log_error("Invalid name supplied: ", request.name)

        fail("Invalid name") # Exit with an error to reject instance placement.

    # Place the instance on the first candidate server provided.
    set_target(candidate_members[0].server_name)

    return # Return empty to allow instance placement to proceed.

```

--------------------------------

### Troubleshoot systemd Startup Failure

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_troubleshoot.md.txt

This example demonstrates diagnosing a systemd startup failure in an unprivileged container. It shows how to view the console log, identify missing /sys and /proc mounts, and temporarily change the init system to /bin/bash for further investigation.

```bash
incus console --show-log systemd

Console log:

Failed to insert module 'autofs4'
Failed to insert module 'unix'
Failed to mount sysfs at /sys: Operation not permitted
Failed to mount proc at /proc: Operation not permitted
[!!!!!!] Failed to mount API filesystems, freezing.

```

```bash
incus config set systemd raw.lxc 'lxc.init.cmd = /bin/bash'
```

```bash
incus start systemd
```

```bash
incus console --show-log systemd

Console log:

[root@systemd /]#

```

```bash
incus exec systemd -- bash

[root@systemd ~]# ls
[root@systemd ~]# mount
mount: failed to read mtab: No such file or directory
[root@systemd ~]# cd /
[root@systemd /]# ls /proc/
sys
[root@systemd /]# exit

```

--------------------------------

### Deactivate a network link using increased capabilities

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/manpages/man1/lxc-attach.1.html

Deactivate a network link within a container when the container lacks the NET_ADMIN capability. This example uses the -e option for increased capabilities, assuming the 'ip' tool is installed.

```bash
lxc-attach -n container -e -- /sbin/ip link delete eth1
```

--------------------------------

### Install lxc-to-incus Tool

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/migrate_from_lxc.md.txt

Install the `lxc-to-incus` tool using `go install`. Ensure you have Go installed.

```bash
go install github.com/lxc/incus/cmd/lxc-to-incus@latest
```

--------------------------------

### Start migrated instances and verify

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus-os/docs/main/_sources/tutorials/storage-import-unencrypted-incus-pool.md.txt

Starts all instances that have been migrated to the new encrypted storage pool and then lists them to verify their running state and network configuration. This confirms the successful migration and accessibility of instances.

```bash
gibmat@futurfusion:~$ for instance in $(incus list --columns n --format compact,noheader); do incus start $instance; done
gibmat@futurfusion:~$ incus list
+-------------+---------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
|    NAME     |  STATE  |         IPV4          |                      IPV6                      |      TYPE       | SNAPSHOTS |
+-------------+---------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
| debian13    | RUNNING | 10.119.172.82 (eth0)  | fd42:d040:6b43:6e18:1266:6aff:fe87:2cc (eth0)  | CONTAINER       | 0         |
+-------------+---------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
| debian13-vm | RUNNING | 10.119.172.185 (eth0) | fd42:d040:6b43:6e18:1266:6aff:fe63:ab3c (eth0) | VIRTUAL-MACHINE | 0         |
+-------------+---------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+
```

--------------------------------

### Display Instance Startup Time with 'incus info'

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/news/2024_05_07_21_05.html

Shows how to use 'incus info' to retrieve the startup timestamp of an instance. The 'StartedAt' field is displayed.

```bash
stgraber@dakara:~$ incus info speedtest | grep Started
Started: 2024/04/29 11:03 EDT
```

--------------------------------

### Launch a virtual machine

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_create.md.txt

Create a virtual machine instance using a specified image. The `--vm` flag is essential for VM creation.

```bash
incus launch images:debian/12 debian-vm --vm
```

--------------------------------

### Enable and Start Incus Service on Alpine Linux

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/installing

Enable the Incus service to start on boot and start it immediately.

```shell
rc-update add incusd
rc-service incusd start

```

--------------------------------

### Install Incus on Gentoo

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/installing.md.txt

Installs Incus and its dependencies from the Gentoo main repository. Also installs QEMU for VM support.

```bash
emerge -av app-containers/incus
emerge -av app-emulation/qemu
```

--------------------------------

### startl

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/apidoc/structlxc__container.html

Starts an LXC container using a variadic list of arguments for the init process. This is an alternative to the `start` function for passing init arguments.

```APIDOC
## startl
bool(* lxc_container::startl) (struct lxc_container *c, int useinit, ...)

### Description
Start the container (list variant).

### Parameters
- **c** (struct lxc_container *) - Container.
- **useinit** (int) - Use lxcinit rather than `/sbin/init`.
- **...** - Command-line to pass to init (must end in `NULL`).

### Returns
`true` on success, else `false`.

### Note
Identical to start except that that the init arguments are specified via a list rather than an array of pointers.
```

--------------------------------

### Enable and Start LINSTOR Controller Service

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/storage_linstor_setup

Enables the LINSTOR controller service to start automatically on boot and starts it immediately.

```bash
sudo systemctl enable --now linstor-controller

```

--------------------------------

### Example Logging Configuration

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/server_config

Demonstrates how to configure logging to Loki and syslog targets. Includes settings for addresses, authentication, and log types.

```yaml
logging.loki01.target.type: loki
logging.loki01.target.address: https://loki01.int.example.net
logging.loki01.target.username: foo
logging.loki01.target.password: bar
logging.loki01.types: lifecycle,network-acl
logging.loki01.lifecycle.types: instance

logging.syslog01.target.type: syslog
logging.syslog01.target.address: syslog01.int.example.net
logging.syslog01.target.facility: security
logging.syslog01.types: logging
logging.syslog01.logging.level: warning

```

--------------------------------

### Create Container with Autostart Configuration

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/getting-started

Copy the default LXC configuration, add the autostart setting, and use this new configuration file with `lxc-create` for new containers.

```bash
root@host:~# cp /etc/lxc/default.conf /etc/lxc/autostart.conf
root@host:~# echo "lxc.start.auto = 1" >>/etc/lxc/autostart.conf
root@host:~# lxc-create --name containera --config /etc/lxc/autostart.conf --template download -- --dist alpine --release 3.19 --arch amd64
```

--------------------------------

### Enable and Start LINSTOR Satellite Service

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/storage_linstor_setup

Enables the LINSTOR satellite service to start automatically on boot and starts it immediately.

```bash
sudo systemctl enable --now linstor-satellite

```

--------------------------------

### Install Incus Agent on macOS

Source: https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/_sources/howto/instances_create.md.txt

Install the Incus agent on macOS by mounting a 9p share and running the installation script as root.

```shell
mount_9p config
cd /Volumes/config
./install.sh
```