### PlacementGrid.place method example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/grid/placement.html

This example demonstrates creating a PlacementGrid and using the place method to position an instance at specific grid coordinates.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, PlacementGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> #
>>> # Create a grid (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> #
>>> gx  = OneDimGrid(name="gx", scope=[0, 20], elements=[0])
>>> gy  = OneDimGrid(name="gy", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0])
>>> g   = PlacementGrid(name="test", vgrid=gx, hgrid=gy)
>>> #
>>> # Create an instance
>>> #
>>> i0 = Instance(libname="tlib", cellname="t0", name="I0", xy=[0, 0])
>>> print(inst0.xy)
[100, 100]
>>> #
>>> # Place the created instance
>>> #
>>> g.place(inst=i0, mn=[10,10])
>>> # Print parameters of the placed instance.
>>> print(i0.xy)
[200, 1000]
```

--------------------------------

### generate method with full routing example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/template/routing.html

Generates a routing mesh and returns a VirtualInstance. The example shows grid construction, node creation, mesh setup, and expected output for horizontal and vertical wires.

```python
def generate(self):
    """Generate a routing mesh.

    Returns
    -------
    laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance: the generated routing object.

    Example
    -------
    >>> import laygo2
    >>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
    >>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
    >>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
    >>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
    >>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance, Rect
    >>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
    >>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
    >>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
    >>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
    >>> wh = CM([10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
    >>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
    >>> eh = CM([10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
    >>> e0v = CM([5])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
    >>> e0h = CM([5])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
    >>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
    >>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']], dtype=object)
    >>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
    >>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']], dtype=object)
    >>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # not multi-patterned
    >>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
    >>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
    >>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
    >>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
    >>> g = RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
    >>>                 vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
    >>>                 vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
    >>>                 vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
    >>>                 pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
    >>>                 viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
    >>>                 xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
    >>>                 vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
    >>> # Create node objects.
    >>> r0 = Rect(xy=[[45, -5], [55, 5]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], netname = "A")
    >>> r1 = Rect(xy=[[95, -5], [105, 5]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], netname = "A")
    >>> i0_pins = dict()
    >>> i0_pins['X'] = laygo2.object.physical.Pin(xy=[[45, 95], [55, 105]],
    >>>     layer = ['M1', 'drawing'], netname = 'A')
    >>> i0 = laygo2.object.physical.Instance(name="I0", xy=[150,0],
    >>>     libname="mylib", cellname="mycell", shape=[3, 2], pitch=[200,200],
    >>>     unit_size=[100, 100], pins=i0_pins, transform='R0')
    >>>
    >>> # Create a routing mesh.
    >>> rm = laygo2.object.routing.RoutingMesh(grid = g)
    >>> rm.add_track(name = "A", index = [None, 5], netname = "A")
    >>> rm.add_node(r0)
    >>> rm.add_node(r1)
    >>> rm.add_node(i0)
    >>> rinst = rm.generate()
    >>>
    >>> # Print horizontal wire
    >>> print(rinst.pins["A"].xy)
    [[ 50 250]
     [200 250]]
    >>> # Vertical wire to r0
    >>> print(rinst.native_elements["A_0_0"].xy)
    [[ 50   0]
     [ 50 250]]
    >>> # Vertical wire to r1
    >>> print(rinst.native_elements["A_1_0"].xy)
    [[100   0]
     [100 250]]
    >>> # Vertical wire to i0
    >>> print(rinst.native_elements["A_2_0"].xy)
    [[200 100]
     [200 250]]
    """
    g = self.grid
    tr = self.tracks
    nds = self.nodes
```

--------------------------------

### RoutingGrid construction and routing example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid.html

This example demonstrates constructing a RoutingGrid with OneDimGrid, CircularMapping, and CircularMappingArray, then routing a multi-point net using the route method. It shows the expected output objects (Instances and Rects) with their properties.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> #
>>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> #
>>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
>>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 40, 60])
>>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
>>> wh = CM([20, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
>>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
>>> eh = CM([10, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
>>> e0v = CM([15])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> e0h = CM([15, 15, 15])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
>>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
>>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # not multi-patterned
>>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
>>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
>>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
>>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
>>> g = laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
                                       vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
                                       vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
                                       vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
                                       pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
                                       viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
                                       xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
                                       vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
>>> #
>>> # Routing on grid
>>> #
>>> mn_list = [[0, -2], [0, 1], [2, 1], [5,1] ]
>>> route = g.route(mn=mn_list, via_tag=[True, False, True, True])
>>> for r in route:
>>>     print(r)
<laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x0000016939A23A90>
    name: None,
    class: Instance,
    xy: [0, -60],
    params: None,
    size: [0, 0]
    shape: None
    pitch: [0, 0]
    transform: R0
    pins: {}
<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x0000016939A23880>
    name: None,
    class: Rect,
    xy: [[0, -60], [0, 40]],
    params: None, , layer: ['M1' 'drawing'], netname: None
<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x0000016939A21BA0>
    name: None,
    class: Rect,
    xy: [[0, 40], [100, 40]],
    params: None, , layer: ['M2' 'drawing'], netname: None
<laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x0000016939A21B70>
    name: None,
    class: Instance,
    xy: [100, 40],
    params: None,
    size: [0, 0]
    shape: None
    pitch: [0, 0]
    transform: R0
    pins: {}
<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x0000016939A21D80>
    name: None,
    class: Rect,
    xy: [[100, 40], [250, 40]],
    params: None, , layer: ['M2' 'drawing'], netname: None
<laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x0000016939A22350>
    name: None,
    class: Instance,
    xy: [250, 40],
    params: None,
    size: [0, 0]
    shape: None
    pitch: [0, 0]
    transform: R0
    pins: {}

```

--------------------------------

### Constructor example for NativeInstanceTemplate

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/template/core.html

Example from the __init__ docstring: creates a NativeInstanceTemplate with two pins and prints the object's info. The output expects the default repr format with object memory address.

```Python
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Pin
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> p = dict() 
>>> p['i'] = Pin(xy=[[0, 0], [10, 10]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], 
                 netname='i')
>>> p['o'] = Pin(xy=[[90, 90], [100, 100]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], 
                 netname='o')
>>> nt = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='mylib', cellname='mytemp', 
                                bbox=[[0, 0], [100, 100]], pins=p)
<laygo2.object.template.NativeInstanceTemplate object>
>>> print(nt)
<laygo2.object.template.NativeInstanceTemplate object at 0x0000013C01..> 
 name: mytemp, class: NativeInstanceTemplate, bbox: [[0, 0], [100, 100]], 
 pins: {'i': <laygo2.object.physical.Pin object at 0x0000013C01CEFDC0>, 
        'o': <laygo2.object.physical.Pin object at 0x0000013C01C30BE0>},
```

--------------------------------

### Design class usage with laygo2_tech setup

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.database.Design.html

Shows how to use the Design class with a technology setup (laygo2_tech). It loads templates and grids from the technology, creates a design, places an instance, routes, and exports to a template or skill script.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> import laygo2.interface
>>> import laygo2_tech_quick_start as tech  # target tech's laygo2_tech
>>> from laygo2.object.database import Design
>>> templates = tech.load_templates()
>>> mytemplate = templates['nmos']
>>> grids = tech.load_grids(templates=templates)
>>> gp = grids['placement_basic']
>>> gr = grids['routing_23_cmos']
>>> # Create a design
>>> dsn = Design(name="mycell", libname="genlib")
>>> # Create an instance
>>> i0 = tnmos.generate(name='MN0', params={'nf': 4})
>>> # Place the instance
>>> dsn.place(inst=i0, grid=gp, mn=[10,10])
>>> # Routing on grid
>>> mn_list = [[0, -2], [0, 1], [2, 1], [5,1] ]
>>> route = dsn.route(grid=gr, mn=mn_list,
                      via_tag=[True, None, True, True])
>>> #
>>> # Display generated design.
>>> print(dsn)
<laygo2.object.database.Design object at 0x000001C71AE3A110>
    ...
>>> #
>>> # Export to a NativeInstanceTemplate for reuse in higher levels.
>>> nt0 = dsn.export_to_template()
>>> nt0.dsn.export_to_template()
>>> print(nt0)
    ...
>>> #
>>> # Export to a skill script.
>>> lib = laygo2.object.database.Library(name="mylib")
>>> lib.append(dsn)
>>> scr = laygo2.interface.skill.export(lib, filename="myscript.il")
>>> print(scr)
    ...

```

--------------------------------

### RoutingGrid construction and route_via_track example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid.html

Example showing how to construct a RoutingGrid with OneDimGrid, CircularMapping, and CircularMappingArray, then use route_via_track to route a track. The output shows the resulting list of Rect and VirtualInstance objects.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
>>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 40, 60])
>>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
>>> wh = CM([20, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
>>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
>>> eh = CM([10, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
>>> e0v = CM([15])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> e0h = CM([15, 15, 15])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
>>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
>>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # not multi-patterned
>>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
>>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
>>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
>>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
>>> g = laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
                                       vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
                                       vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
                                       vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
                                       pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
                                       viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
                                       xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
                                       vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
>>> # Routing on grid
>>> mn_list = [[0, -2], [1, 0], [2, 5], [3, 4], [4, 5], [5, 5]]
>>> track = g.route_via_track(mn=mn_list, track=[None, 0])
>>> print(track)
[[<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>,
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>],
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>,
 [<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>,
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>],
 [<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>,
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>],
 [<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>,
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>],
 [<laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>,
  <laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance object>],
  <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object>]

```

--------------------------------

### RoutingGrid pin_hlayer example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid.html

Shows how to construct a RoutingGrid with pin layers and print the pin_hlayer property. The example demonstrates creating OneDimGrids, CircularMapping for widths, extensions, layers, and viamap, then prints the resulting pin_hlayer.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
>>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 40, 60])
>>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
>>> wh = CM([20, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
>>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
>>> eh = CM([10, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
>>> e0v = CM([15])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> e0h = CM([15, 15, 15])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
>>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
>>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # not multi-patterned
>>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
>>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
>>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
>>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
>>> g = laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
                                       vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
                                       vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
                                       vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
                                       pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
                                       viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
                                       xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
                                       vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
>>> print(g.pin_hlayer)
<laygo2.object.grid.CircularMapping object >
    class: CircularMapping,
    elements: [['M1', 'pin'], ['M1', 'pin'], ['M1', 'pin']]
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize OneDimGrid

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.OneDimGrid.html

Example showing how to instantiate a OneDimGrid object with a name, scope, and elements.

```python
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid
>>> g1_x = OneDimGrid(name='xgrid', scope=[0, 180], elements=[0, 35, 85, 130, 50])
>>> print(g1_x)
OneDimGrid object name: xgrid, class: OneDimGrid, scope: [0, 180], elements: [0, 35, 85, 130  50]
```

--------------------------------

### NativeInstanceTemplate class with libname example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/template/core.html

Starts the NativeInstanceTemplate subclass, showing the libname attribute with a doctest example that creates Pin objects and a NativeInstanceTemplate instance, then accesses nt.libname to get 'mylib'. The cellname attribute is also declared.

```python
class NativeInstanceTemplate(Template):
    """
    NativeInstanceTemplate class implements the template that generate Instance.

    """

    libname = None
    """str: Library name.

    Example
    -------
    >>> from laygo2.object.physical import Pin
    >>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
    >>> p = dict() 
    >>> p['i'] = Pin(xy=[[0, 0], [10, 10]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], 
                     netname='i')
    >>> p['o'] = Pin(xy=[[90, 90], [100, 100]], layer=['M1', 'drawing'], 
                     netname='o')
    >>> nt = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='mylib', cellname='mytemp', 
                                    bbox=[[0, 0], [100, 100]], pins=p)
    >>> nt.libname 
    'mylib'
    
    .. image:: ../assets/img/object_template_NativeInstanceTemplate_libname.png
          :height: 250

    """

    cellname = None
    """str: Cell name.
```

--------------------------------

### Run quick_start.py to generate NAND gate layout

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/trial.html

Commands to clone the repository, navigate to the laygo2 directory, and run the quick start script to generate a NAND gate layout. Includes an alternative method using ipython.

```bash
# 1. Clone the laygo2 repository to your local machine.
# 2. Navigate to the laygo2 directory.
>>> cd laygo2 
# 3. Run the quick start script by typing the following command:
>>> python -m quick_start.py
# 4. Alternatively, you can run ipython and type the following command:
>>> run 'quick_start.py'

```

--------------------------------

### Get grid width with PlacementGrid.width

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.PlacementGrid.html

Shows how to get the width of the coordinate system region using the `width` property. The example grid has an x-scope of [0, 100], so the width is 100.

```python
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, Grid
>>> g1_x = OneDimGrid(name='xgrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 10, 20, 40, 50 ])
>>> g1_y = OneDimGrid(name='ygrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[10, 20, 40, 50, 60 ])
>>> g2   = Grid(name="test", vgrid = g1_x, hgrid = g1_y )
>>> g2.width
100

```

--------------------------------

### Creating a Library and Design with Layout Objects

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/database.html

This example demonstrates how to initialize a library and design, then populate the design with Rect, Path, Pin, and Instance objects.

```python
# Test
lib = Library(name="mylib")
dsn = Design(name="mycell")
lib.append(dsn)
rect0 = Rect(
    xy=[[0, 0], [100, 100]],
    layer=["M1", "drawing"],
    name="R0",
    netname="net0",
    params={"maxI": 0.005},
)
dsn.append(rect0)
rect1 = Rect(
    xy=[[200, 0], [300, 100]],
    layer=["M1", "drawing"],
    netname="net0",
    params={"maxI": 0.005},
)
dsn.append(rect1)
path0 = Path(
    xy=[[0, 0], [0, 100]],
    width=10,
    extension=5,
    layer=["M1", "drawing"],
    netname="net0",
    params={"maxI": 0.005},
)
dsn.append(path0)
pin0 = Pin(
    xy=[[0, 0], [100, 100]],
    layer=["M1", "pin"],
    netname="n0",
    master=rect0,
    params={"direction": "input"},
)
dsn.append(pin0)
# text0 = Text(xy=[0, 0], layer=['text', 'drawing'], text='test', params=None)
# dsn.append(text0)
inst0_pins = dict()
inst0_pins["in"] = Pin(xy=[[0, 0], [10, 10]], layer=["M1", "drawing"], netname="in")
inst0_pins["out"] = Pin(xy=[[90, 90], [100, 100]], layer=["M1", "drawing"], netname="out")
inst0 = Instance(
    name="I0",
    xy=[100, 100],
    libname="mylib",
    cellname="mycell",
    shape=[3, 2],
    pitch=[100, 100],
    unit_size=[100, 100],
    pins=inst0_pins,
    transform="R0",
)
dsn.append(inst0)
print(lib)
print(dsn)
```

--------------------------------

### Get grid height with PlacementGrid.height

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.PlacementGrid.html

Shows how to get the height of the coordinate system region using the `height` property. The example grid has a y-scope of [0, 100], so the height is 100.

```python
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, Grid
>>> g1_x = OneDimGrid(name='xgrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 10, 20, 40, 50 ])
>>> g1_y = OneDimGrid(name='ygrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[10, 20, 40, 50, 60 ])
>>> g2   = Grid(name="test", vgrid = g1_x, hgrid = g1_y )
>>> g2.height
100

```

--------------------------------

### Constructor example: create a Library and print it

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.database.Library.html

Demonstrates the __init__ method of Library by creating a library named 'mylib' and printing it to show its default empty elements dictionary.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> lib = laygo2.object.database.Library(name='mylib')
>>> print(lib)
<laygo2.object.database.Library > name: mylib, params: None elements: {} >

```

--------------------------------

### Get grid shape with PlacementGrid.shape

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.grid.PlacementGrid.html

Shows how to get the two-dimensional element length of the coordinate system using the `shape` property. The example grid has 5 elements in each axis, so the shape is [5, 5].

```python
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, Grid
>>> g1_x = OneDimGrid(name='xgrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 10, 20, 40, 50 ])
>>> g1_y = OneDimGrid(name='ygrid', scope=[0, 100], elements=[10, 20, 40, 50, 60 ])
>>> g2   = Grid(name="test", vgrid = g1_x, hgrid = g1_y )
>>> g2.shape
[5, 5]

```

--------------------------------

### Create and inspect a VirtualInstance

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/_modules/laygo2/object/physical.html

This example demonstrates how to define pins and native elements, then instantiate a VirtualInstance.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> vinst0_pins = dict()
>>> # Pin information
>>> vinst0_pins['in'] = laygo2.object.physical.Pin(xy=[[0, 0], [10, 10]],
        layer=['M1', 'drawing'], netname='in')
>>> vinst0_pins['out'] = laygo2.object.physical.Pin(xy=[[90, 90], [100, 100]],
        layer=['M1', 'drawing'], netname='out')
>>> # Element information
>>> native_elements = dict()
>>> native_elements['R0'] = laygo2.object.physical.Rect(xy=[[0, 0], [10, 10]],
        layer=['M1', 'drawing'])
>>> native_elements['R1'] = laygo2.object.physical.Rect(xy=[[90, 90], [100, 100]],
        layer=['M1', 'drawing'])
>>> native_elements['R2'] = laygo2.object.physical.Rect(xy=[[0, 0], [100, 100]],
        layer=['prBoundary', 'drawing'])
>>> vinst0 = laygo2.object.physical.VirtualInstance(name='I0', libname='mylib',
        cellname='myvcell', xy=[500, 500], native_elements=native_elements,
        shape=[3, 2], pitch=[100, 100], unit_size=[100, 100], pins=vinst0_pins,
        transform='R0')
>>> vinst0.native_elements
{'R0': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x00000204AAFCE170>,
 'R1': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x00000204AAFCEA40>,
 'R2': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x00000204AAFCE0B0>}
```

--------------------------------

### Placing instances using Design.place()

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.database.Design.place.html

This example demonstrates setting up a placement grid, creating a design, and placing both a single instance and multiple instances using the place() method.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, PlacementGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.database import Design
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> # Create a grid (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> gx  = OneDimGrid(name="gx", scope=[0, 20], elements=[0])
>>> gy  = OneDimGrid(name="gy", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0])
>>> g   = PlacementGrid(name="test", vgrid=gx, hgrid=gy)
>>> # Create a design
>>> dsn = Design(name="mycell", libname="genlib")
>>> # Create an instance
>>> i0 = Instance(libname="tlib", cellname="t0", name="I0", xy=[0, 0])
>>> print(inst0.xy)
[100, 100]
>>> ######################
>>> # Place the instance #
>>> ######################
>>> dsn.place(inst=i0, grid=g, mn=[10,10])
>>> # Print parameters of the placed instance.
>>> print(i0.xy)
[200, 1000]
>>> print(dsn)
<laygo2.object.database.Design object at 0x000002803D4C0F40>
    name: mycell
    params: None
    elements:
        {'I0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at
                0x000002803D57F010>}
    libname:genlib
    rects:{}
    paths:{}
    pins:{}
    texts:{}
    instances:
        {'I0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000002803D57F010>}
    virtual instances:{}
>>> # When placing multiple instances by wrapping them with a list:
>>> i1 = Instance(libname="tlib", cellname="t1", name="I1", xy=[0, 0])
>>> i2 = Instance(libname="tlib", cellname="t2", name="I2", xy=[0, 0])
>>> i3 = Instance(libname="tlib", cellname="t3", name="I3", xy=[0, 0])
>>> dsn.place(inst= [i1, i2, i3], grid=g, mn=[10,10])
>>> print(dsn)
<laygo2.object.database.Design object at 0x000002803D4C0F40>
    name: mycell
    params: None
    elements:
        {'I0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at
                0x000002803D57F010>,
         'I1': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at
                0x000002803D57F011>,
         'I2': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at
                0x000002803D57F012>,
         'I3': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at
                0x000002803D57F013>
                }
    libname:genlib
    rects:{}
    paths:{}
    pins:{}
    texts:{}
    instances:
        {'I0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000002803D57F010>,
         'I1': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000002803D57F011>,
         'I2': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000002803D57F012>,
         'I3': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000002803D57F013>
        }
    virtual instances:{}
```

--------------------------------

### Create a Design and Place a Pin

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.database.Design.html

This example demonstrates setting up a routing grid, initializing a Design object, and placing a pin on the grid.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> from laygo2.object.database import Design
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
>>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 40, 60])
>>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
>>> wh = CM([20, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
>>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
>>> eh = CM([10, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
>>> e0v = CM([15])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> e0h = CM([15, 15, 15])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
>>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
>>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # Not multipatterned
>>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
>>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
>>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
>>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
>>> g = laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
                                       vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
                                       vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
                                       vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
                                       pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
                                       viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
                                       xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
                                       vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
>>> # Create a design
>>> dsn = Design(name="mycell", libname="genlib")
>>> ###############
>>> # Place a pin #
>>> ###############
>>> mn = [[0, 0], [10, 10]]
>>> pin = dsn.pin(name="pin", grid=g, mn=mn)
>>> print(pin)
<laygo2.object.physical.Pin object at 0x0000028DABE3AB90>
    name: pin,
    class: Pin,
    xy: [[0, -10], [500, 350]],
    params: None, , layer: ['M2' 'pin'], netname: pin, shape: None,
    master: None
>>> print(dsn)
<laygo2.object.database.Design object at 0x0000028DABE3A110> name: mycell, params: None
    elements: {'pin': <laygo2.object.physical.Pin object at
    0x0000028DABE3AB90>}
    libname:genlib
    rects:{}
    paths:{}
    pins:{'pin': <laygo2.object.physical.Pin object at 0x0000028DABE3AB90>}
    texts:{}
    instances:{}
    virtual instances:{}
```

--------------------------------

### Get bottom_right property example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObjectGroup.html

Shows how to create a PhysicalObject and access its bottom_right property, returning the bottom-right coordinate as a numpy array.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> obj = laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObject(xy = [[0, 0], [200, 200]])
>>> obj.bottom_right
array([200,   0])
```

--------------------------------

### Get bottom_left property example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObjectGroup.html

Shows how to create a PhysicalObject and access its bottom_left property, returning the bottom-left coordinate as a numpy array.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> obj = laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObject(xy = [[0, 0], [200, 200]])
>>> obj.bottom_left
array([  0,   0])
```

--------------------------------

### Create and Route a Design

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.database.Design.html

This example demonstrates setting up a routing grid, creating a Design object, and performing routing on the grid.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMapping as CM
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import CircularMappingArray as CMA
>>> from laygo2.object.grid import OneDimGrid, RoutingGrid
>>> from laygo2.object.template import NativeInstanceTemplate
>>> from laygo2.object.database import Design
>>> from laygo2.object.physical import Instance
>>> # Routing grid construction (not needed if laygo2_tech is set up).
>>> gv = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 50], elements=[0])
>>> gh = OneDimGrid(name="gv", scope=[0, 100], elements=[0, 40, 60])
>>> wv = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) width
>>> wh = CM([20, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) width
>>> ev = CM([10])           # vertical (xgrid) extension
>>> eh = CM([10, 10, 10])   # horizontal (ygrid) extension
>>> e0v = CM([15])          # vert. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> e0h = CM([15, 15, 15])  # hori. extension (for zero-length wires)
>>> lv = CM([['M1', 'drawing']], dtype=object)  # layer information
>>> lh = CM([['M2', 'drawing']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> plv = CM([['M1', 'pin']], dtype=object) # pin layers
>>> plh = CM([['M2', 'pin']]*3, dtype=object)
>>> xcolor = CM([None], dtype=object)  # not multipatterned
>>> ycolor = CM([None]*3, dtype=object)
>>> primary_grid = 'horizontal'
>>> tvia = NativeInstanceTemplate(libname='tlib', cellname='via0')  # via
>>> viamap = CMA(elements=[[tvia, tvia, tvia]], dtype=object)
>>> g = laygo2.object.grid.RoutingGrid(name='mygrid', vgrid=gv, hgrid=gh,
                                       vwidth=wv, hwidth=wh,
                                       vextension=ev, hextension=eh,
                                       vlayer=lv, hlayer=lh,
                                       pin_vlayer=plv, pin_hlayer=plh,
                                       viamap=viamap, primary_grid=primary_grid,
                                       xcolor=xcolor, ycolor=ycolor,
                                       vextension0=e0v, hextension0=e0h)
>>> # Create a design
>>> dsn = Design(name="mycell", libname="genlib")
>>> #################
>>> # Route on grid #
>>> #################
>>> mn_list = [[0, -2], [0, 1], [2, 1], [5,1] ]
>>> route = dsn.route(grid=g, mn=mn_list,
                      via_tag=[True, None, True, True])
>>> # Display generated design.
>>> print(dsn)
<laygo2.object.database.Design object at 0x000001C71AE3A110>
    name: mycell, params: None
    elements: {
    'NoName_0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3BA90>,
    'NoName_1': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE3B820>,
    'NoName_2': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE3ABF0>,
    'NoName_3': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3A140>,
    'NoName_4': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE39DB0>,
    'NoName_5': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3AB60>}
    libname:genlib
    rects: {  # wires
    'NoName_1': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE3B820>,
    'NoName_2': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE3ABF0>,
    'NoName_4': <laygo2.object.physical.Rect object at 0x000001C71AE39DB0>}
    paths:{}
    pins:{}
    texts:{}
    instances:{  # vias
    'NoName_0': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3BA90>,
    'NoName_3': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3A140>,
    'NoName_5': <laygo2.object.physical.Instance object at 0x000001C71AE3AB60>}
    virtual instances:{}
```

--------------------------------

### Get bottom property example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObjectGroup.html

Shows how to create a PhysicalObject and access its bottom property, returning the bottom-center coordinate as a numpy array.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> obj = laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObject(xy = [[0, 0], [200, 200]])
>>> obj.top
array([100,   0])
```

--------------------------------

### Get bbox property example

Source: https://laygo2.github.io/laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObjectGroup.html

Shows how to create a PhysicalObject and access its bbox property, returning a numpy array of the bounding box coordinates.

```python
>>> import laygo2
>>> obj = laygo2.object.physical.PhysicalObject(xy = [[0, 0], [200, 200]])
>>> obj.bbox
array([[  0,   0],
       [200, 200]])
```