### Install and configure Grafana and Prometheus

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Adds Helm repositories and installs the kube-prometheus-stack with custom values for scraping kindnet metrics.

```bash
helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo add grafana https://grafana.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update
helm install monitoring prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack --namespace monitoring --values grafana-prometheus-kindnet-scrape-config.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Access and query SQLite3 database

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Commands to open the SQLite3 database and perform example queries.

```sql
sqlite3 db/kindnet-j7s8r-cni.db

SQLite version 3.43.2 2023-10-10 13:08:14
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> .tables
ipam_ranges      pods             portmap_entries

sqlite> select * from pods limit 1;
159d3e9f868f1fdb36c4ace370888f4a900ebdabb5bf623b298f28a2f243b440|local-path-provisioner-57c5987fd4-gq4jb|local-path-storage|91e3e22d-5cdb-4851-b3c8-5211dba96b5d|/var/run/netns/cni-37f62d39-c60c-6257-d150-d4cc6c790403|192.168.1.209||192.168.1.0||knetc098226f|65535|2025-02-04 16:37:33

sqlite> select * from ipam_ranges;
1|192.168.1.0/24|
```

--------------------------------

### Copy script execution output

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Example output after executing the file copy script.

```text
Getting pods on worker node: home-lab-worker
Copying files from pod: kindnet-sgtxm, container: kindnet-cni
Getting pods on worker node: home-lab-worker2
Copying files from pod: kindnet-j7s8r, container: kindnet-cni
Files copied to ./db
```

--------------------------------

### Install Kindnet via kubectl

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/quick-start

Use this command to apply the Kindnet manifest directly from the official repository to your Kubernetes cluster.

```bash
kubectl create -f
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aojea/kindnet/main/install-kindnet.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### kind cluster config with disableDefaultCNI and podSubnet

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/multi-node-k8s-no-cni.yaml

Defines a kind cluster with one control-plane and two worker nodes. Disables the default CNI (disableDefaultCNI: true) and sets the pod subnet to 192.168.0.0/16, which is required when installing a custom CNI like kindnet.

```yaml
kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
nodes:
- role: control-plane
- role: worker
- role: worker
networking:
    disableDefaultCNI: true
    podSubnet: 192.168.0.0/16

```

--------------------------------

### kindnet Custom Resources YAML

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-custom-resources.yaml

This YAML defines the Kubernetes resources for kindnet: a ClusterRole with permissions for nodes, configmaps, pods, namespaces, and networkpolicies; a ClusterRoleBinding binding the kindnet ClusterRole to the kindnet ServiceAccount in kube-system; a ServiceAccount named kindnet; a DaemonSet running kindnetd with hostNetwork, init container to install CNI binaries, and various flags; and a Service exposing kindnet-metrics on port 19080.

```yaml
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: kindnet
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
      - patch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/proxy
      - nodes/configz
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
     - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - pods
      - namespaces
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
     - "networking.k8s.io"
    resources:
      - networkpolicies
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: kindnet
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kindnet
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: kindnet
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: kindnet
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kindnet
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: kindnet
    k8s-app: kindnet
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: kindnet
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: kindnet
        k8s-app: kindnet
    spec:
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: kindnet
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni-bin
        image: ghcr.io/aojea/kindnetd:stable
        command: ['sh', '-c', 'cat /opt/cni/bin/cni-kindnet > /cni/cni-kindnet ; chmod +x /cni/cni-kindnet']
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni-bin
          mountPath: /cni
      containers:
      - name: kindnet-cni
        image: ghcr.io/aojea/kindnetd:stable
        command:
        - /bin/kindnetd
        - --hostname-override=$(NODE_NAME)
        - --network-policy=true
        - --admin-network-policy=false
        - --baseline-admin-network-policy=false
        - --masquerading=true
        - --dns-caching=true
        - --disable-cni=false
        - --fastpath-threshold=20
        - --ipsec-overlay=false
        - --nat64=true
        - --v=2
        env:
        - name: HOST_IP
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: status.hostIP
        - name: POD_IP
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: status.podIP
        - name: NODE_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: spec.nodeName
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: var-lib-kindnet
          mountPath: /var/lib/cni-kindnet
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: true
      volumes:
      - name: cni-bin
        hostPath:
          path: /opt/cni/bin
          type: DirectoryOrCreate
      - name: cni-cfg
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/cni/net.d
          type: DirectoryOrCreate
      - name: var-lib-kindnet
        hostPath:
          path: /var/lib/cni-kindnet
          type: DirectoryOrCreate
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: kindnet-metrics
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  selector:
    app: kindnet
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 19080
    targetPort: 19080

```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve Grafana admin password

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Gets the admin password from the Grafana secret in the monitoring namespace.

```bash
kubectl get secrets --namespace monitoring monitoring-grafana -o jsonpath="{.data.admin-password}" | base64 -d ; echo
```

--------------------------------

### Set up monitoring namespace and config map

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Creates a monitoring namespace and a config map for the kindnet dashboard, then labels it for Grafana.

```bash
kubectl apply -f monitoring-namespace.yaml
kubectl create configmap kindnet-dashboards --from-file=kindnet-dashboard.json -n monitoring
kubectl label configmap kindnet-dashboards grafana_dashboard=1 -n monitoring
```

--------------------------------

### Deploy iperf client and server pods

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/fastpath

Use kubectl to run the agnhost image as both a client and a server for network performance testing.

```bash
$ kubectl run client --image=registry.k8s.io/e2e-test-images/agnhost:2.53
$ kubectl run server --image=registry.k8s.io/e2e-test-images/agnhost:2.53
```

--------------------------------

### List nftables table kindnet-fastpath

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/fastpath

Use this command to inspect the nftables configuration for the Kindnet fastpath. The output shows the flowtable with the list of interfaces and the chain with a counter. If the counter does not increase, no connections are being accelerated.

```bash
$ nft list table inet kindnet-fastpath
table inet kindnet-fastpath {
        comment "rules for kindnet fastpath"
        flowtable kindnet-flowtables {
                hook ingress priority filter
                devices = { eth0, knet379d0a5f, knetabb40db0 }
        }

        chain kindnet-fastpath-chain {
                type filter hook forward priority -110; policy accept;
                ct packets > 20 flow add @kindnet-flowtables counter packets 1 bytes 7292
        }
}

```

--------------------------------

### Bash script to copy SQLite3 database files

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

A script to copy SQLite3 database files from Kindnet pods to a local directory.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

NAMESPACE="kube-system"
LABEL_SELECTOR="app=kindnet"
CONTAINER_NAME="kindnet-cni"
DEST_DIR="./db"

# Create destination directory if it doesn't exist
mkdir -p $DEST_DIR

# Get the names of worker nodes
WORKER_NODES=$(kubectl get nodes -o json | jq -r '.items[] | select(.metadata.labels["node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane"] | not) | .metadata.name')

# Loop through each worker node and get the Kindnet pods running on them
for NODE in $WORKER_NODES; do
  echo "Getting pods on worker node: $NODE"
  PODS=$(kubectl get pods -n $NAMESPACE -l $LABEL_SELECTOR --field-selector spec.nodeName=$NODE -o custom-columns=:metadata.name)
  
  # Loop through each pod and copy the files
  for POD in $PODS; do
    echo "Copying files from pod: $POD, container: $CONTAINER_NAME"
    kubectl cp $NAMESPACE/$POD:var/lib/cni-kindnet/cni.db $DEST_DIR/$POD-cni.db -c $CONTAINER_NAME 2>/dev/null
    kubectl cp $NAMESPACE/$POD:var/lib/cni-kindnet/cni.db-wal $DEST_DIR/$POD-cni.db-wal -c $CONTAINER_NAME 2>/dev/null
    kubectl cp $NAMESPACE/$POD:var/lib/cni-kindnet/cni.db-shm $DEST_DIR/$POD-cni.db-shm -c $CONTAINER_NAME 2>/dev/null
  done
done

echo "Files copied to $DEST_DIR"
```

--------------------------------

### Run iperf test with fastpath enabled

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/fastpath

Execute the same iperf test after enabling fastpath to observe the performance improvement in throughput.

```bash
$ kubectl exec -it client -- iperf -c 10.244.1.32            
------------------------------------------------------------
Client connecting to 10.244.1.32, TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 16.0 KByte (default)
------------------------------------------------------------
[  1] local 10.244.2.93 port 42212 connected with 10.244.1.32 port 5001
[ ID] Interval       Transfer     Bandwidth
[  1] 0.00-10.00 sec  44.4 GBytes  38.1 Gbits/sec
```

--------------------------------

### Configure kindnet CNI

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Applies the kindnet CNI configuration to the cluster.

```bash
kubectl apply -f kindnet-custom-resources.yaml
```

--------------------------------

### Retrieve Kindnet logs

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Command to retrieve and follow the logs of the Kindnet DaemonSet in the kube-system namespace.

```bash
kubectl -n kube-system logs ds/kindnet -f
```

--------------------------------

### Kindnet binary location

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

The path to the Kindnet lightweight daemon binary file.

```text
/bin/kindnetd
```

--------------------------------

### Run iperf test without fastpath

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/fastpath

Execute an iperf test from the client pod to the server pod to establish a baseline performance measurement.

```bash
$ kubectl exec -it client -- iperf -c 10.244.1.32
------------------------------------------------------------
Client connecting to 10.244.1.32, TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 16.0 KByte (default)
------------------------------------------------------------
[  1] local 10.244.2.93 port 55398 connected with 10.244.1.32 port 5001
[ ID] Interval       Transfer     Bandwidth
[  1] 0.00-10.01 sec  37.5 GBytes  32.1 Gbits/sec
```

--------------------------------

### Verify logs for a specific pod

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Command to verify logs for a specific pod identified by name.

```bash
kubectl -n kube-system logs kindnet-z5tst -f
```

--------------------------------

### CNI configuration file path

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

The path to the configuration file used by the CNI.

```text
/etc/cni/net.d/10-kindnet.conflist
```

--------------------------------

### Create kind cluster without CNI

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Creates a kind cluster without a CNI plugin using a multi-node configuration file.

```bash
kind create cluster --config multi-node-k8s-no-cni.yaml --name home-lab
```

--------------------------------

### CNI configuration file for cni-kindnet

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/design/cni

Configuration file for the cni-kindnet plugin. It expects the 'ranges' field to be populated with IP ranges for Pods, and enables the portMappings capability for hostPort support.

```json
{
  "cniVersion": "0.4.0",
  "name": "kindnet",
  "plugins": [
    {
      "type": "cni-kindnet",
      "ranges": [
        "10.244.2.0/24"
      ],
      "capabilities": {"portMappings": true}
    }
  ]
}
```

--------------------------------

### CNI plugin binary location

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

The path to the CNI plugin binary file.

```text
/opt/cni/bin/cni-kindnet
```

--------------------------------

### Identify Kindnet pod name

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Command to find the name of a specific Kindnet pod running on a selected node.

```bash
kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l app=kindnet -o custom-columns=NAME:.metadata.name,NODE:.spec.nodeName
```

--------------------------------

### SQLite schema for ipam_ranges table

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/design/cni

Creates the ipam_ranges table to store IP ranges used for Pod IP allocation. The subnet is in CIDR notation and an optional description is allowed.

```sql
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ipam_ranges (
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, -- Unique identifier for the IP range
  subnet TEXT NOT NULL,                 -- Subnet in CIDR notation (e.g., "10.244.0.0/16")
  description TEXT                      -- Optional description of the IP range
);
```

--------------------------------

### Edit Kindnet configuration

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/troubleshooting/faq

Command to edit the Kindnet DaemonSet configuration to change log verbosity.

```bash
kubectl -n kube-system edit ds/kindnet
```

--------------------------------

### Configure fastpath threshold in Kindnet

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/fastpath

Set the --fastpath-threshold flag in the container arguments to define the packet count required to trigger offloading. Setting this value to 0 disables the feature.

```yaml
      containers:
      - args:
        - /bin/kindnetd
        - --hostname-override=$(NODE_NAME)
        - --fastpath-threshold=6
        - --v=2
```

--------------------------------

### SQLite schema for portmap_entries table

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/design/cni

Creates the portmap_entries table to store hostPort mappings. Entries are automatically deleted when the associated Pod is deleted from the pods table via a foreign key with ON DELETE CASCADE.

```sql
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS portmap_entries (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
    container_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    host_ip TEXT NOT NULL,
    host_port INTEGER NOT NULL,
    protocol TEXT NOT NULL,
    container_ip TEXT NOT NULL,
    container_port INTEGER NOT NULL,
    FOREIGN KEY (container_id) REFERENCES pods(container_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (host_ip, host_port, protocol) -- Unique constraint
);
```

--------------------------------

### SQLite schema for pods table

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/design/cni

Creates the pods table to store Pod information including container ID, network namespace, assigned IPs, gateways, and interface details. Enforces uniqueness on IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

```sql
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pods (
  container_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,     -- ID of the pod Sandbox on the container runtime
  name TEXT,                -- Kubernetes name of the pod
  namespace TEXT,           -- Kubernetes namespace of the pod
  uid TEXT,           			  -- Kubernetes UID of the pod
  netns TEXT NOT NULL,      -- Network namespace path of the pod
  ip_address_v4 TEXT,       -- IPv4 address assigned to the pod
  ip_address_v6 TEXT,       -- IPv6 address assigned to the pod
  ip_gateway_v4 TEXT,       -- IPv4 gateway assigned to the pod
  ip_gateway_v6 TEXT,       -- IPv6 gateway assigned to the pod
  interface_name TEXT NOT NULL,      -- Name of the network interface of the pod in the host
  interface_mtu INTEGER,             -- Interface mtu
  creation_timestamp DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, -- Timestamp of pod creation
  UNIQUE (ip_address_v4),           -- Unique constraint for IPv4 address
  UNIQUE (ip_address_v6)            -- Unique constraint for IPv6 address
);
```

--------------------------------

### Configure Prometheus Scrape Job for Kindnet

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/monitoring

Add this configuration to your prometheus.yml file to enable Prometheus to scrape metrics from the Kindnet endpoint. Adjust the targets field if your Kindnet metrics are exposed on a different address or port.

```yaml
scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'kindnet'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:19080']
```

--------------------------------

### Forward port for Grafana

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana

Forwards the Grafana service port to localhost for browser access.

```bash
kubectl port-forward --namespace monitoring svc/monitoring-grafana 3000:80
```

--------------------------------

### Grafana dashboard JSON for Kindnet

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Full dashboard configuration with two panels: 'Connection errors' (timeseries) and 'TCP connection latency' (gauge). Uses Prometheus datasource and queries kindnet metrics.

```json
{
  "datasource": {
    "type": "prometheus",
    "uid": "prometheus"
  },
  "fieldConfig": {
    "defaults": {
      "color": {
        "mode": "palette-classic"
      },
      "custom": {
        "axisBorderShow": false,
        "axisCenteredZero": false,
        "axisColorMode": "text",
        "axisLabel": "",
        "axisPlacement": "auto",
        "barAlignment": 0,
        "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
        "drawStyle": "line",
        "fillOpacity": 0,
        "gradientMode": "none",
        "hideFrom": {
          "legend": false,
          "tooltip": false,
          "viz": false
        },
        "insertNulls": false,
        "lineInterpolation": "linear",
        "lineWidth": 1,
        "pointSize": 5,
        "scaleDistribution": {
          "type": "linear"
        },
        "showPoints": "auto",
        "spanNulls": false,
        "stacking": {
          "group": "A",
          "mode": "none"
        },
        "thresholdsStyle": {
          "mode": "off"
        }
      },
      "mappings": [],
      "thresholds": {
        "mode": "absolute",
        "steps": [
          {
            "color": "green",
            "value": null
          },
          {
            "color": "red",
            "value": 80
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "overrides": []
  },
  "gridPos": {
    "h": 8,
    "w": 9,
    "x": 9,
    "y": 16
  },
  "id": 8,
  "options": {
    "legend": {
      "calcs": [],
      "displayMode": "list",
      "placement": "bottom",
      "showLegend": true
    },
    "tooltip": {
      "hideZeros": false,
      "mode": "single",
      "sort": "none"
    }
  },
  "pluginVersion": "11.5.2",
  "targets": [
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}"
      },
      "disableTextWrap": false,
      "editorMode": "builder",
      "expr": "sum(rate(kindnet_conntrack_stats_error_total[5m]))",
      "fullMetaSearch": false,
      "includeNullMetadata": true,
      "legendFormat": "__auto",
      "range": true,
      "refId": "A",
      "useBackend": false
    }
  ],
  "title": "Connection errors",
  "type": "timeseries"
}
```

```json
{
  "datasource": {
    "type": "prometheus",
    "uid": "prometheus"
  },
  "fieldConfig": {
    "defaults": {
      "color": {
        "mode": "palette-classic"
      },
      "mappings": [],
      "thresholds": {
        "mode": "absolute",
        "steps": [
          {
            "color": "green",
            "value": null
          },
          {
            "color": "red",
            "value": 80
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "overrides": []
  },
  "gridPos": {
    "h": 8,
    "w": 6,
    "x": 18,
    "y": 16
  },
  "id": 6,
  "options": {
    "legend": {
      "calcs": [],
      "displayMode": "list",
      "placement": "bottom",
      "showLegend": true
    },
    "minVizHeight": 75,
    "minVizWidth": 75,
    "orientation": "auto",
    "reduceOptions": {
      "calcs": [
        "lastNotNull"
      ],
      "fields": "",
      "values": false
    },
    "showThresholdLabels": false,
    "showThresholdMarkers": true,
    "sizing": "auto",
    "tooltip": {
      "hideZeros": false,
      "mode": "single",
      "sort": "none"
    }
  },
  "pluginVersion": "11.5.2",
  "targets": [
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}"
      },
      "disableTextWrap": false,
      "editorMode": "builder",
      "expr": "sum(kindnet_conntrack_tcp_connection_seen_reply_latency_milliseconds_sum)",
      "fullMetaSearch": false,
      "includeNullMetadata": true,
      "legendFormat": "__auto",
      "range": true,
      "refId": "A",
      "useBackend": false
    }
  ],
  "title": "TCP connection latency",
  "type": "gauge"
}
```

--------------------------------

### Kindnet klog logging flags

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/configuration

Logging flags available because Kindnet uses klog. These control log output, file location, verbosity, and thresholds. Note that some flags have no effect when -logtostderr=true.

```text
  -add_dir_header
        If true, adds the file directory to the header of the log messages
  -alsologtostderr
        log to standard error as well as files (no effect when -logtostderr=true)
  -log_backtrace_at value
        when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace
  -log_dir string
        If non-empty, write log files in this directory (no effect when -logtostderr=true)
  -log_file string
        If non-empty, use this log file (no effect when -logtostderr=true)
  -log_file_max_size uint
        Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to (no effect when -logtostderr=true). Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited. (default 1800)
  -logtostderr
        log to standard error instead of files (default true)
  -one_output
        If true, only write logs to their native severity level (vs also writing to each lower severity level; no effect when -logtostderr=true)
  -skip_headers
        If true, avoid header prefixes in the log messages
  -skip_log_headers
        If true, avoid headers when opening log files (no effect when -logtostderr=true)
  -stderrthreshold value
        logs at or above this threshold go to stderr when writing to files and stderr (no effect when -logtostderr=true or -alsologtostderr=true) (default 2)
  -v value
        number for the log level verbosity
  -vmodule value
        comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging

```

--------------------------------

### Grafana dashboard JSON for kindnet conntrack metrics

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Full Grafana dashboard JSON configuration with two timeseries panels: one for connection packets sum (TCP and UDP) and one for connection duration using histogram_quantile. The panels use Prometheus data source and are configured with specific grid positions and options.

```json
{
  "datasource": {
    "type": "prometheus",
    "uid": "prometheus"
  },
  "fieldConfig": {
    "defaults": {
      "color": {
        "mode": "palette-classic"
      },
      "custom": {
        "axisBorderShow": false,
        "axisCenteredZero": false,
        "axisColorMode": "text",
        "axisLabel": "",
        "axisPlacement": "auto",
        "barAlignment": 0,
        "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
        "drawStyle": "bars",
        "fillOpacity": 80,
        "gradientMode": "none",
        "hideFrom": {
          "legend": false,
          "tooltip": false,
          "viz": false
        },
        "insertNulls": false,
        "lineInterpolation": "linear",
        "lineWidth": 1,
        "pointSize": 5,
        "scaleDistribution": {
          "type": "linear"
        },
        "showPoints": "auto",
        "spanNulls": false,
        "stacking": {
          "group": "A",
          "mode": "none"
        },
        "thresholdsStyle": {
          "mode": "off"
        }
      },
      "mappings": [],
      "thresholds": {
        "mode": "absolute",
        "steps": [
          {
            "color": "green",
            "value": null
          },
          {
            "color": "red",
            "value": 80
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "overrides": [
      {
        "__systemRef": "hideSeriesFrom",
        "matcher": {
          "id": "byNames",
          "options": {
            "mode": "exclude",
            "names": [
              "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(kindnet_conntrack_connection_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))"
            ],
            "prefix": "All except:",
            "readOnly": true
          }
        },
        "properties": [
          {
            "id": "custom.hideFrom",
            "value": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": true
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "gridPos": {
    "h": 8,
    "w": 12,
    "x": 0,
    "y": 8
  },
  "id": 5,
  "options": {
    "legend": {
      "calcs": [],
      "displayMode": "list",
      "placement": "bottom",
      "showLegend": true
    },
    "tooltip": {
      "hideZeros": false,
      "mode": "single",
      "sort": "none"
    }
  },
  "pluginVersion": "11.5.2",
  "targets": [
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "prometheus"
      },
      "disableTextWrap": false,
      "editorMode": "builder",
      "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(kindnet_conntrack_connection_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))",
      "fullMetaSearch": false,
      "hide": false,
      "includeNullMetadata": false,
      "instant": false,
      "legendFormat": "__auto",
      "range": true,
      "refId": "A",
      "useBackend": false
    }
  ],
  "title": "Connection duration",
  "type": "timeseries"
}
```

--------------------------------

### Kindnet feature flags

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/configuration

Flags to customize Kindnet network behavior, including control-plane endpoint, DNS caching, masquerading, NAT64, network policy, and fast path threshold. Pass these to the kind create cluster command.

```text
  -control-plane-endpoint string
        The URL of the control plane
  -dns-caching
        If set, enable Kubernetes DNS caching (default false)
  -hostname-override string
        If non-empty, will be used as the name of the Node that kube-network-policies is running on. If unset, the node name is assumed to be the same as the node's hostname.
  -masquerading
        masquerade with the Node IP the cluster to external traffic (default true)
  -metrics-bind-address string
        The IP address and port for the metrics server to serve on (default ":19080")
  -nat64
        If set, enable NAT64 using the reserved prefix 64:ff9b::/96 on IPv6 only clusters (default true on IPv6 clusters)
  -network-policy
        If set, enable Network Policies (default true)
  -no-masquerade-cidr string
        Comma seperated list of CIDRs that will not be masqueraded.
  -fastpath-threshold int
        The number of packets after the traffic is offloaded to the fast path, zero disables it (default 20).

```

--------------------------------

### Exclude IP ranges from masquerading with --no-masquerade-cidr

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/user/masquerade

Use this flag to provide a comma-separated list of CIDR ranges that should not be masqueraded by Kindnet.

```bash
--no-masquerade-cidr="192.168.1.0/24,10.10.0.0/16"
```

--------------------------------

### Grafana panel: Top talkers by connection bytes

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Grafana panel definition for the 'Top talkers by connection bytes' timeseries. Uses Prometheus datasource with expression topk(10, sum by(src_ip) (rate(kindnet_conntrack_connection_bytes_total_sum[5m]))).

```json
"id": 9,
"options": {
  "legend": {
    "calcs": [],
    "displayMode": "list",
    "placement": "bottom",
    "showLegend": true
  },
  "tooltip": {
    "hideZeros": false,
    "mode": "single",
    "sort": "none"
  }
},
"pluginVersion": "11.5.2",
"targets": [
  {
    "datasource": {
      "type": "prometheus",
      "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}"
    },
    "disableTextWrap": false,
    "editorMode": "builder",
    "expr": "topk(10, sum by(src_ip) (rate(kindnet_conntrack_connection_bytes_total_sum[5m])))",
    "fullMetaSearch": false,
    "includeNullMetadata": true,
    "legendFormat": "__auto",
    "range": true,
    "refId": "A",
    "useBackend": false
  }
],
"title": "Top talkers by connection bytes",
"type": "timeseries"
```

--------------------------------

### Grafana gridPos for top talkers panel

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Grid position for the 'Top talkers by connection bytes' panel: height 8, width 12, at x=12, y=8.

```json
"gridPos": {
  "h": 8,
  "w": 12,
  "x": 12,
  "y": 8
}
```

--------------------------------

### Grafana timeseries fieldConfig defaults

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Grafana panel field configuration for a timeseries visualization. Sets palette-classic colors, line style, and an absolute threshold with a red step at value 80.

```json
"defaults": {
  "color": {
    "mode": "palette-classic"
  },
  "custom": {
    "axisBorderShow": false,
    "axisCenteredZero": false,
    "axisColorMode": "text",
    "axisLabel": "",
    "axisPlacement": "auto",
    "barAlignment": 0,
    "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
    "drawStyle": "line",
    "fillOpacity": 0,
    "gradientMode": "none",
    "hideFrom": {
      "legend": false,
      "tooltip": false,
      "viz": false
    },
    "insertNulls": false,
    "lineInterpolation": "linear",
    "lineWidth": 1,
    "pointSize": 5,
    "scaleDistribution": {
      "type": "linear"
    },
    "showPoints": "auto",
    "spanNulls": false,
    "stacking": {
      "group": "A",
      "mode": "none"
    },
    "thresholdsStyle": {
      "mode": "off"
    }
  },
  "mappings": [],
  "thresholds": {
    "mode": "absolute",
    "steps": [
      {
        "color": "green",
        "value": null
      },
      {
        "color": "red",
        "value": 80
      }
    ]
  }
},
"overrides": []
```

--------------------------------

### Grafana panel: Packet drop

Source: https://kindnet.es/docs/tutorial/grafana/kindnet-dashboard.json

Grafana panel definition for the 'Packet drop' timeseries. Uses Prometheus datasource with expression rate(kindnet_conntrack_stats_early_drop_total[5m]).

```json
"datasource": {
  "type": "prometheus",
  "uid": "prometheus"
},
"fieldConfig": {
  "defaults": {
    "color": {
      "mode": "palette-classic"
    },
    "custom": {
      "axisBorderShow": false,
      "axisCenteredZero": false,
      "axisColorMode": "text",
      "axisLabel": "",
      "axisPlacement": "auto",
      "barAlignment": 0,
      "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
      "drawStyle": "line",
      "fillOpacity": 0,
      "gradientMode": "none",
      "hideFrom": {
        "legend": false,
        "tooltip": false,
        "viz": false
      },
      "insertNulls": false,
      "lineInterpolation": "linear",
      "lineWidth": 1,
      "pointSize": 5,
      "scaleDistribution": {
        "type": "linear"
      },
      "showPoints": "auto",
      "spanNulls": false,
      "stacking": {
        "group": "A",
        "mode": "none"
      },
      "thresholdsStyle": {
        "mode": "off"
      }
    },
    "mappings": [],
    "thresholds": {
      "mode": "absolute",
      "steps": [
        {
          "color": "green",
          "value": null
        },
        {
          "color": "red",
          "value": 80
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
  "h": 8,
  "w": 9,
  "x": 0,
  "y": 16
},
"id": 7,
"options": {
  "legend": {
    "calcs": [],
    "displayMode": "list",
    "placement": "bottom",
    "showLegend": true
  },
  "tooltip": {
    "hideZeros": false,
    "mode": "single",
    "sort": "none"
  }
},
"pluginVersion": "11.5.2",
"targets": [
  {
    "datasource": {
      "type": "prometheus",
      "uid": "${DS_PROMETHEUS}"
    },
    "disableTextWrap": false,
    "editorMode": "builder",
    "expr": "rate(kindnet_conntrack_stats_early_drop_total[5m])",
    "fullMetaSearch": false,
    "includeNullMetadata": true,
    "legendFormat": "__auto",
    "range": true,
    "refId": "A",
    "useBackend": false
  }
],
"title": "Packet drop",
"type": "timeseries"
```

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