### KQL Command Examples

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/kusto-kql

Examples of administrative commands that can be executed alongside standard queries.

```kql
.show tables
```

```kql
.show version
```

--------------------------------

### Install Claude Code and Codex CLI

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Run either or both commands to install the AI agents. Jam SQL Studio auto-detects whichever CLIs are on your machine.

```bash
npm i -g @anthropic-ai/claude-code   # Claude Code
npm i -g @openai/codex               # Codex CLI
```

--------------------------------

### Jam SQL CLI commands for status, connections, queries, and MCP

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

A set of shell commands for the Jam SQL CLI. Use 'jam-sql doctor' to check installation and pairing, 'jam-sql status' for pairing and app status, 'jam-sql launch' to start the app, 'jam-sql connections' to list saved connections, 'jam-sql query' to execute a query, 'jam-sql tools' and 'jam-sql resources' to list MCP tools and resources, 'jam-sql call' to invoke an MCP tool, 'jam-sql read' to read an MCP resource, and 'jam-sql unpair' to remove stored credentials.

```shell
# Check installation and pairing status
jam-sql doctor

# Show pairing + app status
jam-sql status

# Launch the app if not running
jam-sql launch

# List saved connections
jam-sql connections

# Execute a query
jam-sql query -c production "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 5"

# List available MCP tools and resources
jam-sql tools
jam-sql resources

# Call any MCP tool directly
jam-sql call ui_open_tab '{"type": "query"}'

# Read an MCP resource
jam-sql read sql-studio://context/tabs

# Remove stored credentials
jam-sql unpair
```

--------------------------------

### Run a simple query to list tables

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/getting-started

Example SQL query to select the top 10 tables from the system catalog, ordered by name. Use this in the query editor after opening a new query tab.

```sql
SELECT TOP 10 * FROM sys.tables ORDER BY name;
```

--------------------------------

### Add jam-sql skill to AI agents

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Run this command to auto-detect and install the jam-sql skill for supported agents like Claude Code, Cursor, Copilot, Codex, Windsurf, and more. The CLI is bundled with the app and installed to your PATH.

```bash
jam-sql add-skill
```

--------------------------------

### Product distribution (pie chart) query

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/charts

Returns one label column and one value column for a pie chart. Uses COUNT(*) to get the count per product type.

```sql
SELECT ProductType, COUNT(*) AS Count
FROM Products
GROUP BY ProductType;
```

--------------------------------

### Compare T-SQL and PL/pgSQL for a simple order count routine

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Shows the same 'get a customer's order count' routine in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL to illustrate the four structural changes: named parameters instead of @params, a DECLARE section, SELECT ... INTO instead of SELECT @x = ..., and RETURN instead of a trailing result-set SELECT.

```sql
-- T-SQL (SQL Server)
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.GetOrderCount @CustomerId INT
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @Total INT;
    SELECT @Total = COUNT(*) FROM dbo.Orders WHERE CustomerId = @CustomerId;
    SELECT @Total AS OrderCount;
END;
```

```sql
-- PL/pgSQL (PostgreSQL)
CREATE FUNCTION get_order_count(p_customer_id INT)
RETURNS INT
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
DECLARE
    v_total INT;
BEGIN
    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_total FROM orders WHERE customer_id = p_customer_id;
    RETURN v_total;
END;
$$;
```

--------------------------------

### Create login role, group role, and grant schema privileges

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/security

SQL statements generated by the role form for creating a login role with attributes, a group role, and granting schema privileges including default privileges for future tables. The example uses the 'app' schema and roles 'app_user' and 'app_readers'.

```sql
-- Login role with attributes
CREATE ROLE "app_user" WITH
  LOGIN
  PASSWORD '…'
  CREATEDB
  CONNECTION LIMIT 10
  VALID UNTIL '2026-12-31';

-- Group role and membership
CREATE ROLE "app_readers" WITH NOLOGIN;
GRANT "app_readers" TO "app_user";

-- Schema privileges, including future tables
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA "app" TO "app_readers";
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA "app"
  GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO "app_readers";
```

--------------------------------

### DROP statements for different database engines

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/scripting

Shows engine-appropriate DROP syntax: SQL Server/PostgreSQL/MySQL/SQLite use IF EXISTS, while Oracle uses plain DROP because it lacks IF EXISTS. The example includes a comment for Oracle.

```sql
-- SQL Server / PostgreSQL / MySQL / SQLite
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS [dbo].[Customers];

-- Oracle (no IF EXISTS)
DROP TABLE HR.CUSTOMERS;
```

--------------------------------

### Grant debug privileges

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/plsql-debugger

Run these statements as DBA to grant the privileges required for the PL/SQL Debugger. The debugger checks for these privileges when a session starts and reports missing ones with the exact GRANT statements.

```sql
GRANT DEBUG CONNECT SESSION TO your_user;
GRANT DEBUG ANY PROCEDURE TO your_user;
GRANT EXECUTE ON SYS.DBMS_DEBUG TO your_user;
```

--------------------------------

### Catch duplicate-key violation in PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

PL/pgSQL example that catches a duplicate-key violation using the named condition unique_violation and raises a notice. The exception block automatically rolls back to an implicit savepoint, so statements in the block are undone when the handler is entered.

```PL/pgSQL
-- PL/pgSQL: catch a duplicate-key violation by name, not by number
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO accounts(email) VALUES (p_email);
EXCEPTION
    WHEN unique_violation THEN
        RAISE NOTICE 'Account % already exists', p_email;
END;
```

--------------------------------

### Audited INSERT snippet with tab stops

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/snippets

Use this snippet for audited INSERT statements in SQL Server. It inserts audit columns CreatedBy and CreatedAt using CURRENT_USER and GETDATE(). The tab stops ${1:table_name}, ${2:columns}, and ${3:values} guide the user through filling in the table, columns, and values, with $0 as the final cursor position.

```sql
-- Prefix: insa
-- Label: INSERT with audit columns

INSERT INTO ${1:table_name} (
    ${2:columns},
    CreatedBy,
    CreatedAt
)
VALUES (
    ${3:values},
    CURRENT_USER,
    GETDATE()
)$0
```

--------------------------------

### Claude Desktop MCP Configuration (claude_desktop_config.json)

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Configure Claude Desktop to use the jam-sql MCP server via mcp-remote proxy. Requires Node 20+ and the correct npx path. Replace /path/to/node20+/bin/npx with your actual Node 20+ npx path.

```json
{
  "mcpServers": {
    "jam-sql": {
      "command": "/path/to/node20+/bin/npx",
      "args": [
        "-y",
        "mcp-remote",
        "http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp",
        "--header",
        "Authorization:${JAM_SQL_TOKEN}"
      ],
      "env": {
        "JAM_SQL_TOKEN": "Bearer YOUR_TOKEN_HERE"
      }
    }
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Pair the CLI with the running app

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Run jam-sql pair to securely connect the CLI to a running Jam SQL Studio instance. A verification code is displayed in the terminal and must be confirmed against the dialog in the app before approving.

```bash
# Pair with the running app (one-time setup)
jam-sql pair

# A verification code is displayed — confirm it matches
# the dialog shown in Jam SQL Studio, then approve.
```

--------------------------------

### Add a connection via jam-sql CLI

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Use this command to add a new database connection from the CLI. It reads the password from stdin, test-connects first, and persists with the password encrypted at rest. If the test fails, nothing is saved.

```bash
echo "$DB_PASSWORD" | jam-sql connection add \
  --engine mssql --alias prod-analytics \
  --server db.example.com --port 1433 \
  --login app_reader --password-stdin \
  --database AnalyticsDb
```

--------------------------------

### Sample exported Azure Data Studio connections JSON

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/export-azure-data-studio-connections

Shows the structure of an exported connections JSON file with a SQL Server connection and a connection group. The connection includes options like server, database, user, authenticationType, and providerName.

```json
{
  "datasource.connections": [
    {
      "options": {
        "connectionName": "Production AdventureWorks",
        "server": "prod-sql-01.example.com,1433",
        "database": "AdventureWorks2019",
        "user": "reporting_user",
        "authenticationType": "SqlLogin",
        "applicationName": "azdata",
        "trustServerCertificate": true,
        "encrypt": "Mandatory"
      },
      "groupId": "C777F06B-202E-4480-B475-FA416154D458",
      "providerName": "MSSQL",
      "savePassword": true,
      "id": "8f9d1e4a-1c2b-4a0e-9c2a-1f2e3d4c5b6a"
    }
  ],
  "datasource.connectionGroups": [
    {
      "name": "Production",
      "id": "C777F06B-202E-4480-B475-FA416154D458",
      "parentId": "ROOT",
      "color": "#515151"
    }
  ]
}
```

--------------------------------

### Revenue by region over time (grouped/stacked bar) query

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/charts

Returns Month, Region, and Revenue columns for a grouped or stacked bar chart. In the builder, set X = Month, Value = Revenue (Sum), and Group By = Region.

```sql
SELECT Month, Region, Revenue
FROM MonthlySales;
-- In the builder: X = Month, Value = Revenue (Sum), Group By = Region
```

--------------------------------

### Create user, role, and grants for SQL Server

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/security

DDL for creating a database user mapped to a login, creating a database role, adding the user to the role, and granting/denying schema permissions. SQL Server is the only supported engine with DENY.

```sql
-- User mapped to a login
CREATE USER [app_user] FOR LOGIN [app_user]
  WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = [dbo];

-- Database role and membership
CREATE ROLE [app_readers];
ALTER ROLE [app_readers] ADD MEMBER [app_user];

-- Grant on a schema (SQL Server supports DENY as well as GRANT/REVOKE)
GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA::[app] TO [app_readers];
DENY DELETE ON SCHEMA::[app] TO [app_readers];
```

--------------------------------

### Export results via CLI (ui_export_results)

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Use the jam-sql CLI to export query results to a file. The agent does not choose the destination; the app opens a save dialog. Formats include csv, json, xlsx, markdown, and sql. The scope can be set to all-rows for CSV exports.

```bash
jam-sql call ui_export_results tabId=tab-1 format=xlsx
jam-sql call ui_export_results tabId=tab-1 format=csv scope=all-rows
```

--------------------------------

### JamSQL blueprint folder layout

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/database-blueprint

Shows the folder layout of a JamSQL blueprint. The manifest jamsql-blueprint.json links databases and included object types; jamsql-meta-Dev.json holds per-link MetaInfo. Data artefacts are tracked and shared, while .jamsql/snapshots are per-user and gitignored.

```text
my-blueprint/
├── jamsql-blueprint.json           ← manifest (linked DBs, included object types, schemas)
├── jamsql-meta-Dev.json         ← per-link MetaInfo (loose FKs, JSON, enums)
├── README.md
├── .gitignore
├── Schemas/
│   └── dbo.sql
├── Tables/
│   ├── dbo.Users.sql
│   └── dbo.Orders.sql
├── Views/
│   └── dbo.OrderSummary.sql
├── Sequences/                   ← PostgreSQL / Oracle / SQL Server
│   └── dbo.OrderNumber.sql
├── Programmability/
│   ├── Stored Procedures/
│   │   └── dbo.usp_UpdateOrder.sql
│   ├── Functions/
│   │   └── dbo.fn_OrderTotal.sql
│   └── User-Defined Types/      ← SQL Server table / alias / CLR types
│       └── dbo.IntegerKeyValueList.sql
├── Data/                        ← table data artefacts (tracked — shared with teammates)
│   ├── dbo.Users.data.sql       ← upsert / replay SQL for the table data
│   └── dbo.Users.data.json      ← row sidecar (PK, column types, captured rows)
└── .jamsql/
    └── snapshots/               ← per-user baseline cache (not shared, gitignored)

```

--------------------------------

### Generate Script for Adding Column and Index

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/schema-compare

Generated script for adding a column and index to the orders table, used in the promote dev → staging → production workflow. Save as 2026-05-06-orders-shipped-at.sql and apply with Open & Execute after backup.

```sql
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[orders] ADD [shipped_at] DATETIME2 NULL;
GO
CREATE INDEX [IX_orders_shipped_at] ON [dbo].[orders] ([shipped_at]);
GO
```

--------------------------------

### Configure MCP server in Codex CLI config.toml

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Add this configuration to ~/.codex/config.toml to register the Jam SQL MCP server with Codex CLI. The bearer token is read from the environment variable JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN, which you must export in your shell profile.

```toml
[mcp_servers.jam-sql]
url = "http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp"
bearer_token_env_var = "JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN"
```

--------------------------------

### Declare metadata via CLI (metainfo_declare)

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Use the jam-sql CLI to declare metadata for enum or JSON columns. The agent may suggest this when it finds itself redoing metadata work. The saved entry is badged AI-created or AI-updated.

```bash
jam-sql call metainfo_declare kind=enum connectionId=abc123 database=mydb \
  schema=dbo table=Orders column=status
jam-sql call metainfo_declare kind=json connectionId=abc123 database=mydb \
  schema=dbo table=Orders column=metadata
```

--------------------------------

### Check Node.js Version

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Verify Node.js version is v20.0.0 or higher, required for mcp-remote proxy used by Claude Desktop.

```bash
node --version  # Must be v20.0.0 or higher
```

--------------------------------

### Register MCP server with Claude Code

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Use this command to add the Jam SQL MCP server to Claude Code with a bearer token. The endpoint is http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp and the token is YOUR_TOKEN_HERE. The --scope user flag registers it for the current user.

```bash
claude mcp add --transport http jam-sql http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp \
  --header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_TOKEN_HERE" \
  --scope user
```

--------------------------------

### Codex CLI Add MCP Server

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Use the Codex CLI to add the jam-sql MCP server with the specified URL.

```bash
codex mcp add jam-sql --url http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp
```

--------------------------------

### Sales by category (bar chart) query

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/charts

Returns one category column and one value column for a bar chart. In the builder, set X = Category and Value = Amount with aggregation Sum, which allows skipping GROUP BY.

```sql
SELECT Category, Amount
FROM Orders;
-- In the builder: X = Category, Value = Amount (Sum)
```

--------------------------------

### Engine SQL equivalents for property = on path $.address.city

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/json-columns

Shows the SQL emitted by Jam SQL Studio for the `property =` operator on path `$.address.city` across different database engines. The path syntax accepts JSONPath or shorthand, and the engine normalizes it.

```PostgreSQL
data #>> '{address,city}' = 'Boston'
```

```MySQL
JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(data, '$.address.city')) = 'Boston'
```

```SQL Server
JSON_VALUE(data, '$.address.city') = 'Boston'
```

```Oracle
JSON_VALUE(data, '$.address.city') = 'Boston'
```

```SQLite
json_extract(data, '$.address.city') = 'Boston'
```

```Azure Data Explorer (Kusto)
| where tostring(data.address.city) == "Boston"
```

--------------------------------

### Monthly revenue (line chart) query

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/charts

Returns a date/period column on X and a numeric measure on Y for a line chart. Uses FORMAT to group by month and orders the result.

```sql
SELECT FORMAT(OrderDate, 'yyyy-MM') AS Month,
       SUM(Amount) AS Revenue
FROM Orders
GROUP BY FORMAT(OrderDate, 'yyyy-MM')
ORDER BY Month;
```

--------------------------------

### Claude Code Project Scope Configuration (.mcp.json)

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Configure the jam-sql MCP server for a specific project by creating .mcp.json in the project root. Supports environment variable expansion with ${VAR} syntax.

```json
{
  "mcpServers": {
    "jam-sql": {
      "type": "http",
      "url": "${JAM_SQL_MCP_ENDPOINT:-http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp}",
      "headers": {
        "Authorization": "Bearer ${JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN}"
      }
    }
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Execute stored procedure template for SQL Server

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/scripting

SQL Server template for executing a stored procedure with parameters. It includes comments listing parameter types and directions, and uses OUTPUT markers for output parameters. The template is not auto-run; you fill in values and execute manually.

```sql
-- Execute stored procedure [dbo].[GetCustomerOrders]
-- Parameters:
--   @CustomerID int
--   @StartDate datetime
--   @EndDate datetime
--   @OrderStatus varchar (OUT)

EXEC [dbo].[GetCustomerOrders]
  @CustomerID = <value>,
  @StartDate = <value>,
  @EndDate = <value>,
  @OrderStatus = <value> OUTPUT
```

--------------------------------

### Script as CREATE for user-defined table type

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/scripting

Script as CREATE output for a user-defined table type. Constraint names are intentionally omitted because SQL Server auto-generates them per instance, which would otherwise cause the script to fail when re-creating the type under a different name or differ between servers.

```sql
CREATE TYPE [dbo].[IntegerKeyValueList] AS TABLE (
    [Key] INT NULL,
    [Value] INT NULL
);
```

--------------------------------

### Direct HTTP POST to MCP Endpoint

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Make a JSON-RPC 2.0 request to list available tools on the MCP endpoint. Requires a valid bearer token.

```bash
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_TOKEN_HERE" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"tools/list","id":1}'
```

--------------------------------

### Loop in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Looping with WHILE in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
WHILE @i < 10 BEGIN ... END
```

```PL/pgSQL
WHILE i < 10 LOOP ... END LOOP;
```

--------------------------------

### Script as CREATE for alias type

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/scripting

Script as CREATE output for a user-defined data type (alias type). Lengths are declared in characters, not the bytes stored in the catalog.

```sql
CREATE TYPE [dbo].[Clave] FROM NVARCHAR(50) NOT NULL;
```

--------------------------------

### Claude Code Verify MCP Connection

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Run 'claude mcp list' to verify the MCP server is connected. Alternatively, type /mcp inside Claude Code to see connected servers.

```bash
claude mcp list
```

--------------------------------

### If/else in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Conditional execution with IF/ELSE in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
IF @n > 0 BEGIN ... END ELSE BEGIN ... END
```

```PL/pgSQL
IF n > 0 THEN ... ELSE ... END IF;
```

--------------------------------

### SQL Server script header for non-atomic sync

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/schema-compare

Header comment generated in sync scripts when the 'Wrap in a single transaction' option is unticked or not available. States that each GO batch commits independently and that a failure leaves earlier statements applied, advising regeneration with the wrap option for atomicity.

```sql
-- Atomicity: NONE — each GO batch commits on its own. If a statement fails,
-- everything before it stays applied. Re-generate with
-- "Wrap in a single transaction" for all-or-nothing.
```

--------------------------------

### Set MCP Environment Variables

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Export the MCP endpoint and token as environment variables for custom integrations that support environment-based configuration.

```bash
export JAM_SQL_MCP_ENDPOINT="http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp"
export JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN="YOUR_TOKEN_HERE"
```

--------------------------------

### Print/debug in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Prints a debug message in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
PRINT 'msg';
```

```PL/pgSQL
RAISE NOTICE 'msg';
```

--------------------------------

### Claude Code User Scope Configuration (~/.claude.json)

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Configure the jam-sql MCP server for all projects by editing ~/.claude.json. Uses HTTP transport with a static bearer token.

```json
{
  "mcpServers": {
    "jam-sql": {
      "type": "http",
      "url": "http://127.0.0.1:14507/mcp",
      "headers": {
        "Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_TOKEN_HERE"
      }
    }
  }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Check debug compilation with ALL_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/plsql-debugger

Verify that a program unit is compiled with debug information. Replace YOUR_SCHEMA and YOUR_OBJECT with the actual schema and object names. If the plsql_debug column does not indicate debug compilation, breakpoints will not be hit.

```sql
SELECT name, plsql_debug
FROM ALL_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS
WHERE owner = 'YOUR_SCHEMA' AND name = 'YOUR_OBJECT';
```

--------------------------------

### Set JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN Environment Variable

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/ai-integrations-mcp

Export the JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN environment variable in your shell profile (~/.zshrc or ~/.bashrc) for Codex CLI to use.

```bash
export JAM_SQL_MCP_TOKEN="YOUR_TOKEN_HERE"
```

--------------------------------

### Windows authentication login DDL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/security

Generated statement for creating a Windows authentication login from a domain account.

```sql
CREATE LOGIN [DOMAIN\username] FROM WINDOWS WITH DEFAULT_DATABASE = [mydb];
```

--------------------------------

### SQL authentication login DDL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/security

Generated statement for creating a SQL authentication login with password, default database, and password policy check.

```sql
CREATE LOGIN [app_user] WITH PASSWORD = N'…', DEFAULT_DATABASE = [mydb], CHECK_POLICY = ON;
```

--------------------------------

### Enum Column Filtering

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/kusto-kql

The filter chip emits a where clause using the in operator for low-cardinality columns.

```kql
| where Column in ("A", "B")
```

--------------------------------

### JSON Column Path Filtering

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/kusto-kql

Filtering on dynamic JSON columns emits a KQL dynamic accessor.

```kql
| where customDimensions.tenant == "acme"
```

--------------------------------

### Loop over rows in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Looping over rows: T-SQL uses a cursor with DECLARE ... CURSOR FOR ... and FETCH, while PL/pgSQL uses FOR r IN SELECT ... LOOP ... END LOOP. The PL/pgSQL form is shorter and faster because it avoids materializing a server cursor.

```T-SQL
DECLARE ... CURSOR FOR ...
```

```PL/pgSQL
FOR r IN SELECT ... LOOP ... END LOOP;
```

--------------------------------

### Return a result set in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Returns a result set: T-SQL uses an implicit SELECT, while PL/pgSQL uses RETURN QUERY SELECT ... in a function that returns TABLE.

```T-SQL
SELECT ... ;
```

```PL/pgSQL
RETURN QUERY SELECT ...;
```

--------------------------------

### Raise an error in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Raises an error in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
THROW 50000, 'msg', 1;
```

```PL/pgSQL
RAISE EXCEPTION 'msg';
```

--------------------------------

### Re-raise current error in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Re-raises the current error in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
THROW;
```

```PL/pgSQL
RAISE;
```

--------------------------------

### Guarded block in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Guarded block for error handling: T-SQL uses TRY/CATCH, PL/pgSQL uses BEGIN ... EXCEPTION.

```T-SQL
BEGIN TRY ... END TRY BEGIN CATCH ... END CATCH
```

```PL/pgSQL
BEGIN ... EXCEPTION WHEN ... THEN ... END;
```

--------------------------------

### Assign from a query in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Assigns a query result to a variable in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
SELECT @n = COUNT(*) FROM t;
```

```PL/pgSQL
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO n FROM t;
```

--------------------------------

### Assign a value to a variable in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Assigns a literal value to a variable in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
SET @n = 5;
```

```PL/pgSQL
n := 5;
```

--------------------------------

### SQL query for Rails-style polymorphic association with loose FK

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/loose-foreign-keys

Use this query to join comments to posts via a loose foreign key with a source filter on commentable_type. The filter ensures only comments with commentable_type = 'Post' are joined to posts. This models a polymorphic association where commentable_id can reference different tables.

```sql
-- Rails-style polymorphic association
-- Loose FK: commentable_id → posts.id (source filter: commentable_type = 'Post')
SELECT c.id, c.body, p.title AS post_title
FROM comments c
JOIN posts p ON p.id = c.commentable_id
WHERE c.commentable_type = 'Post';
```

--------------------------------

### Error message in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Retrieves the error message in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
ERROR_MESSAGE()
```

```PL/pgSQL
SQLERRM
```

--------------------------------

### Microsoft Entra ID login DDL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/security

Generated statement for creating a login from an external provider (Microsoft Entra ID).

```sql
CREATE LOGIN [user@contoso.com] FROM EXTERNAL PROVIDER WITH DEFAULT_DATABASE = [mydb];
```

--------------------------------

### Error code in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Retrieves the error code in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
ERROR_NUMBER()
```

```PL/pgSQL
SQLSTATE
```

--------------------------------

### Declare a variable in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Declares a variable in T-SQL with DECLARE @n INT; and in PL/pgSQL with n INT; inside the DECLARE block.

```T-SQL
DECLARE @n INT;
```

```PL/pgSQL
n INT;
```

--------------------------------

### Return a scalar in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Returns a scalar value from a function or procedure in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL.

```T-SQL
RETURN @n;
```

```PL/pgSQL
RETURN n;
```

--------------------------------

### Catch a specific error in T-SQL and PL/pgSQL

Source: https://jamsql.com/docs/t-sql-vs-plpgsql

Catches a specific error: T-SQL inspects ERROR_NUMBER(), PL/pgSQL uses a named condition like WHEN unique_violation THEN ...

```T-SQL
Inspect ERROR_NUMBER()
```

```PL/pgSQL
WHEN unique_violation THEN ...
```

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