Hetzner Robot

https://docs.hetzner.com/robot
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Hetzner Robot is Hetzner's administration panel for managing Dedicated Root Servers, Colocation,...
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### GRUB Legacy Bootloader Installation Steps

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/exchanging-hard-disks-in-a-software-raid

Interactive steps to install the GRUB legacy bootloader, including setting the root device and installing to the MBR. This example shows installing to the second drive (/dev/sdb).

```bash
grub
root (hd0,1)
setup (hd0)
device (hd0) /dev/sdb
root (hd0,1)
setup (hd0)
quit
```

--------------------------------

### VNC Installation Address Examples

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/vnc-install

Examples of VNC addresses used to access the installation routine. The port can be specified as ':1' or a specific port like ':5901'.

```text
192.168.0.1:1
192.168.0.1:5901
```

--------------------------------

### Start the 'atd' Service

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/general-information/server-relocations

Initiate the 'atd' service if it is not already active. Installation may be required if the service is not found.

```bash
/etc/init.d/atd start
```

--------------------------------

### Netplan Default Configuration Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/network/network-configuration-with-netplan

This is a typical Netplan configuration file for a fresh Ubuntu 24 installation on Hetzner, setting up the main IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, default routes, and DNS servers.

```yaml
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    enp7s0:
      addresses:
        - 10.0.0.1               # Main IPv4 for the HOST
        - 2001:db8:1234::1       # Main IPv6/64 subnet for the HOST
      routes:
        - on-link: true
          to: 0.0.0.0/0
          via: 10.0.0.129        # Gateway IPv4 of the main IPv4 address
        - to: default
          via: fe80::1           # Default Hetzner IPv6 gateway
      nameservers:
        addresses:
          - 185.12.64.2          # Nameservers from installimage process
          - 2a01:4ff:ff00::add:1 # Nameservers from installimage process
          - 185.12.64.1          # Nameservers from installimage process
          - 2a01:4ff:ff00::add:2 # Nameservers from installimage process

```

--------------------------------

### SFTP Connection Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Example of establishing an SFTP connection and the resulting prompt.

```bash
sftp holu@your_host.example.com
Connected to holu@your_host.example.com.
sftp>
```

--------------------------------

### Install Plesk Module

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/plesk

This command demonstrates how to install a specific Plesk module, using 'drweb' as an example. Ensure you have the correct module name.

```bash
/usr/local/psa/admin/sbin/autoinstaller --select-release-current --install-component drweb
```

--------------------------------

### Install All IIS Features via Command Line

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/windows-server/windows-server-iis

Use this command to install all IIS features on Windows Server 2008 R2 from the command line. Access the IIS administration console via 'Start -> Administrative Tools -> Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager'.

```batch
start /w pkgmgr /iu:IIS-WebServerRole;IIS-WebServer;IIS-CommonHttpFeatures;IIS-StaticContent;IIS-DefaultDocument;IIS-DirectoryBrowsing;IIS-HttpErrors;IIS-HttpRedirect;IIS-ApplicationDevelopment;IIS-ASPNET;IIS-NetFxExtensibility;IIS-ASP;IIS-CGI;IIS-ISAPIExtensions;IIS-ISAPIFilter;IIS-ServerSideIncludes;IIS-HealthAndDiagnostics;IIS-HttpLogging;IIS-LoggingLibraries;IIS-equestMonitor;IIS-HttpTracing;IIS-CustomLogging;IIS-ODBCLogging;IIS-Security;IIS-BasicAuthentication;IIS-WindowsAuthentication;IIS-DigestAuthentication;IIS-ClientCertificateMappingAuthentication;IIS-ISCertificateMappingAuthentication;IIS-URLAuthorization;IIS-RequestFiltering;IIS-IPSecurity;IIS-Performance;IIS-HttpCompressionStatic;IIS-HttpCompressionDynamic;IIS-WebServerManagementTools;IIS-ManagementConsole;IIS-ManagementScriptingTools;IIS-ManagementService;IIS-IIS6ManagementCompatibility;IIS-Metabase;IIS-WMICompatibility;IIS-LegacyScripts;IIS-LegacySnapIn;WAS-WindowsActivationService;WAS-ProcessModel;WAS-NetFxEnvironment;WAS-ConfigurationAPI;Microsoft-Windows-Web-Services-for-Management-IIS-Extension;IIS-WebDAV;MicrosoftWindowsPowerShellISE;NetFx3;IIS-HostableWebCore;IIS-FTPServer;IIS-FTPExtensibility;IIS-FTPSvc;BITSExtensions-Upload
```

--------------------------------

### fdisk: Show correct partition alignment

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/getting-started/partition-alignment

This example demonstrates a disk partitioned with correct 1 MB alignment. Note that the starting sectors for partitions are multiples of 2048 (for 512-byte sectors), ensuring alignment.

```bash
root@rescue ~ # fdisk -c -u /dev/sda

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0004dc67

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048     4196351     2097152   fd  Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda2         4196352     5244927      524288   fd  Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda3         5244928  1465149167   729952120   fd  Linux raid autodetect

```

--------------------------------

### UEFI System Output Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/uefi

This is an example of the output you would see when running 'efibootmgr' on a UEFI-enabled system, showing boot order and entries.

```text
BootCurrent: 0019
Timeout: 1 seconds
BootOrder: 0019,0000,004,0005
Boot0000* UEFI OS: Samsung MZVLB512HAJQ-00000
Boot0004* UEFI:Removable Device
Boot0005* UEFI:Network Device
Boot0019* UEFI: IP4 Intel(R) Ethernet Connection (2) I219-LM
```

--------------------------------

### SOL Session Operational Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintainance/ipmi

Example output showing a successful SOL session activation and login prompt on a Debian system.

```text
ipmitool -C 3 -I lanplus -H <ipaddr> -U <user> -P <pass> sol activate
[SOL Session operational.  Use ~? for help]

Debian GNU/Linux 7 Debian-70-wheezy-64-minimal ttyS0

Debian-70-wheezy-64-minimal login: 
```

--------------------------------

### Install Smartmontools (FreeBSD)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Install the Smartmontools package on FreeBSD systems using pkg_add.

```bash
pkg_add -r -v smartmontools
```

--------------------------------

### Start the installimage Script

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/installimage

Log into the Hetzner Rescue System as root and type 'installimage' to launch the script's menu interface.

```bash
root@rescue ~ # installimage
```

--------------------------------

### SOL Session Operational Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/serial-over-lan

This example shows a successful SOL session activation and the subsequent login prompt displayed on the serial console.

```bash
 $ ipmitool -C 3 -I lanplus -H <ipaddr> -U <user> -P <pass> sol activate
 [SOL Session operational.  Use ~? for help]

 Debian GNU/Linux 7 Debian-70-wheezy-64-minimal ttyS0

 Debian-70-wheezy-64-minimal login: 
```

--------------------------------

### Set New Boot Order

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/change-boot-order

Modify the boot order using `efibootmgr -o` to prioritize network booting. The example sets PXE (1) as the first entry, followed by the installed system (0), and then others (2, 3).

```bash
efibootmgr -o 1,0,2,3
```

--------------------------------

### Install GRUB2 Bootloader

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/exchanging-hard-disks-in-a-software-raid

Install the GRUB2 bootloader onto the specified drive. This is typically done on a booted system.

```bash
grub-install /dev/sdb
```

--------------------------------

### Install ipmitool on Debian

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintainance/ipmi

Install the ipmitool package on Debian-based systems using apt.

```bash
apt install ipmitool
```

--------------------------------

### Mount Rescue System for GRUB Installation

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/exchanging-hard-disks-in-a-software-raid

Prepare the chroot environment in the Rescue System by binding necessary directories. These commands are performed before chrooting into the installed system to perform GRUB installation.

```bash
mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc
mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys
```

--------------------------------

### Example Adaptec Controller Output

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/raid

This is an example output from the `lspci | grep RAID` command, indicating an Adaptec RAID controller.

```bash
03:00.0 RAID bus controller: Adaptec AAC-RAID (rev 09)
```

--------------------------------

### Start Logical Drive Initialization with perccli

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/dell-quickstart/dell-poweredge-quickstart-guide

If the logical drive is not automatically recognized by the operating system after creation, use this command to manually start the initialization process. This can also be done via the RAID BIOS.

```bash
perccli /c0/v0 start init
```

--------------------------------

### Example Firewall Rules: Incoming HTTP, Outgoing Unrestricted

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/firewall

Demonstrates a configuration where only incoming HTTP traffic is allowed, while all outgoing traffic is permitted. This is a basic setup for a server that primarily serves web content.

```firewall
Source IP: No entry
Destination IP: No entry
Source port: No entry
Destination port: 80
Protocol: tcp
TCP flags: No entry
Action: accept
```

```firewall
Source IP: No entry
Destination IP: No entry
Source port: No entry
Destination port: No entry
Protocol: *
TCP flags: No entry
Action: accept
```

--------------------------------

### Install ESXi Patches

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/virtualization/vmware-esxi

Install patches using the esxcli command. Ensure you provide the full path to the patch depot file. The system requires a reboot after successful installation.

```bash
esxcli software vib install --depot="/vmfs/volumes/datastore1/patches/ESXi510-201210001.zip"
```

--------------------------------

### Check Smartmontools Installation (Windows)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Verify that Smartmontools is installed and accessible from the command prompt on Windows.

```bash
smartctl -h
```

--------------------------------

### Domain Transfer (ChProv) Instruction

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/domain-registration-robot/email-interface

Example email instruction to start a ChProv domain transfer for supported TLDs (.de, .com, .net, .at). Requires domain holder and nameserver information.

```email
From: robot-sender@hetzner.de
Subject: Hallo Robot!
```

```email
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

user: K9999999999
job: domain
task: kk
domain: kk-domain.de
holder: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-1
generalc: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-2
abusec: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-2
ns1: ns1.first-ns.de
ns2: robotns2.second-ns.de
ns3: robotns3.second-ns.com
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org
iD8DBQE9rV0v4BzTKoUUrgMRAvi4AKCtwzjMz8V/qJCwb1ZWAYBNDYHsTQCfXXJUecYFTMuXs24oXOj21rRVzEY==PTWh
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```

--------------------------------

### Request Handle Instruction

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/domain-registration-robot/email-interface

This example demonstrates how to request a handle, specifying a URI template for domain information. A PGP signature is required.

```email
From: robot-sender@hetzner.de
Subject: Hallo Robot!

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

user: K9999999999
job: handle
task: new
tld: DE
type: REQUEST
uri: mailto:info@hetzner.de?subject=domain:{Ulabel}
handle: new
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org
iD8DBQE9rV0v4BzTKoUUrgMRAvi4AKCtwzjMz8V/qJCwb1ZWAYBNDYHsTQCfXXJUecYFTMuXs24oXOj21rRVzEY==PTWh
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```

--------------------------------

### Example parted -l Output

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/windows-server-software-raid

An example output from the 'parted -l' command, illustrating how to identify UEFI partitions based on size and filesystem type (FAT32).

```text
Model: WD Enterprise P20691
Disk /dev/sda: 2000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  101MB   100MB   primary  fat32
 2      102MB   2000GB  1999GB  primary  ntfs

Model: WD Enterprise P20691
Disk /dev/sda: 2000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  101MB   100MB   primary  fat32
 2      102MB   2000GB  1999GB  primary  ntfs
```

--------------------------------

### Activate Ubuntu Serial Console

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/ipmi

After creating the getty configuration file, use this command to start the serial console service.

```bash
start ttyS0
```

--------------------------------

### Non-UEFI System Output Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/uefi

This is an example of the output when 'efibootmgr' is run on a system that does not support EFI variables, indicating it is not in UEFI mode.

```text
EFI variables are not supported on this system.
```

--------------------------------

### RAID Rebuilding Status Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/3ware-raid-controller

Example output showing a RAID 1 array (u0) in the REBUILDING state, with 5% completion. Drive p0 is still marked as DEGRADED.

```text
Unit  UnitType  Status         %RCmpl  %V/I/M  Stripe  Size(GB)  Cache  AVrfy
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 u0    RAID-1    REBUILDING     5       -       -       698.637   ON     -

 Port   Status           Unit   Size        Blocks        Serial
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 p0     DEGRADED         u0     698.63 GB   1465149168    S13UJ1KS210609
 p1     OK               u0     698.63 GB   1465149168    S13UJ1NQ600102
```

--------------------------------

### Configure Drive Installation

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/installimage

Specify which drives to install the OS on. Drives not listed or commented out with '#' will be left untouched. Ensure the DRIVE number matches the number of drives you intend to use.

```shell
# SSDSC2BB480G4
#DRIVE1 /dev/sda
# SSDSC2BB480G4
DRIVE1 /dev/sdb
```

--------------------------------

### Create RAID 10 Array

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/lsi-raid-controller

Example of creating a RAID 10 array using four drives across two arrays. It uses the same configuration options as the RAID 1 example.

```bash
megacli -CfgSpanAdd -r10 -Array0[252:0,252:1] -Array1[252:2,252:3] WB RA Direct CachedBadBBU -a0
```

--------------------------------

### IPv6 Address in Binary Notation

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/ip/ip-basics

Shows an example of an IPv6 address converted to its binary representation, highlighting its structure.

```text
0010000000000001:0000110110111000:1111111111111111:1111111111111111:1111111111111111:1111111111111111:1111111111111111:1111111111111111
```

--------------------------------

### Example: Configured RAID0 Status

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/linux-software-raid

Displays the status of a configured RAID0 array. Note that the `/boot` partition (md0) is recommended to be RAID1 for bootability.

```text
Personalities : [raid1] [raid0]
md2 : active raid0 sda3[0] sdb3[1]
      883956736 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks

md1 : active raid0 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
      52393984 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks

md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
      523264 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]

unused devices: <none>
```

--------------------------------

### Get Drive Serial Number in Linux using hdparm

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Employ the hdparm utility in Linux to display drive information and filter for the serial number. Requires administrator privileges. Ensure hdparm is installed via 'sudo apt-get install hdparm' if needed.

```bash
sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda | grep SerialNo
```

--------------------------------

### Get All Logical Drive Information

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/lsi-raid-controller

Retrieves detailed status information for all logical devices across all RAID controllers. This command is useful for a comprehensive overview of the RAID setup.

```bash
megacli -LDInfo -Lall -Aall
```

--------------------------------

### fdisk: Show faulty partition alignment

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/getting-started/partition-alignment

This example shows a disk partitioned with faulty alignment, indicated by the starting sectors not being on a 1 MB boundary. Use this to identify misaligned partitions.

```bash
[root@static ~]# fdisk -v
fdisk (util-linux 2.13-pre7)
[root@static ~]# fdisk -u /dev/hda

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 10443.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hda: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders, total 167772160 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *          63      208844      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2          208845   167766794    83778975   8e  Linux LVM

```

--------------------------------

### Prepare and Enter Chroot Environment

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/hetzner-rescue-system

Prepare the system for chroot and then switch into the root environment of the mounted system to perform administrative tasks like password resets.

```bash
chroot-prepare /mnt
chroot /mnt
```

--------------------------------

### Configure Upstart for Serial Console Getty (Ubuntu up to 14.10)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/serial-over-lan

Create `/etc/init/ttyS0.conf` to define the Upstart service for a getty on ttyS0. Adjust filename and parameters for other serial ports.

```bash
# ttyS0 - getty
#
# This service maintains a getty on ttyS0 from the point the system is
# started until it is shut down again.

start on stopped rc RUNLEVEL=[2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]

respawn
exec /sbin/getty -L ttyS0 115200 vt100
```

--------------------------------

### Monitor Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/virtualization/vmware-esxi

Use the arcconf utility to get the configuration details of an Adaptec RAID controller. This command is typically run from a Windows or Linux system with the necessary tools installed.

```bash
$ arcconf GETCONFIG 1 AD
```

--------------------------------

### Install 3ware CLI Tool

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/3ware-raid-controller

Make the 3ware CLI tool executable and copy it to the /bin directory for convenient access. Ensure you are in the extracted tw_cli directory.

```bash
cd /path/to/extracted/tw_cli/
chmod +x tw_cli
cp tw_cli /bin/tw_cli
```

--------------------------------

### Prepare and Mirror Drive in Diskpart

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/hot-swapping

This sequence prepares a new drive, creates an EFI partition, formats it, converts it to dynamic, and adds it as a mirror to the existing C: volume.

```diskpart
DISKPART> select disk 1
DISKPART> convert gpt
DISKPART> create partition efi size=200
DISKPART> format fs=fat32 quick
DISKPART> assign letter=e
DISKPART> convert dynamic
DISKPART> select volume c
DISKPART> add disk 1 wait
```

--------------------------------

### Install arcconf for Adaptec Controllers in Linux

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Installs the arcconf utility for managing Adaptec RAID controllers in Linux. Ensure libstdc++5 is installed if required.

```bash
mv arcconf-64 /usr/local/bin
```

```bash
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/arcconf
```

```bash
/usr/local/bin/arcconf
```

--------------------------------

### Start gdisk for Partitioning

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/efi-system-partition

Initiates the gdisk utility to manage the partition table of a specified disk. Use this to view or modify existing partitions.

```bash
$ gdisk /dev/nvme0n1
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3

Partition table scan:
  MBR: protective
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: present

Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.

Command (? for help):
```

--------------------------------

### Create Mount Point Folders

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/windows-server-software-raid

Create directories to serve as mount points for the UEFI System partitions before copying data.

```bash
mkdir /mnt/main
mkdir /mnt/second
```

--------------------------------

### Install arcconf for Adaptec Controllers in FreeBSD

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Installs the arcconf utility for managing Adaptec RAID controllers in FreeBSD. This involves updating ports, installing the package, and making it executable.

```bash
portsnap fetch update
cd /usr/ports/sysutils/arcconf
make install clean && rehash
```

--------------------------------

### Plesk Autoinstaller Help

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/plesk

Execute this command in the command-line interface to display help information for the Plesk autoinstaller.

```bash
/usr/local/psa/admin/sbin/autoinstaller --help
```

--------------------------------

### Configure Sys-V Init for Serial Console Getty (Debian 7.x/8)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/serial-over-lan

Add this line to `/etc/inittab` to start a getty on the serial port for systems using Sys-V Init. Adjust ttyS and baud rate based on hardware.

```bash
T0:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 115200 vt100
```

--------------------------------

### Create and Configure VLAN Device

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/network/vswitch

Use the 'ip' command to create a VLAN device, set its MTU, and bring it up. This is the initial step for vSwitch configuration.

```bash
ip link add link enp0s31f6 name enp0s31f6.4000 type vlan id 4000
ip link set enp0s31f6.4000 mtu 1400
ip link set dev enp0s31f6.4000 up
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Server on Gentoo

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH server package on Gentoo systems.

```bash
emerge -av openssh
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Server on SuSE

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH server package on SuSE systems.

```bash
zypper in openssh
```

--------------------------------

### Configure IPv4 Gateway and IP Address

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/ip/additional-ip-adresses

This example shows how to add a single IPv4 address and configure the default gateway for a subnet. The gateway is typically the first usable address within the subnet.

```bash
# Example: 10.0.0.2/26 => Network address is 192.0.2.64/26
#
# ip address add 10.0.0.2/32 dev eth0
# ip route add 192.0.2.65 dev eth0
# ip route add default via 192.0.2.65
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize tw_cli for 3ware Controllers

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/serial-numbers-and-information-on-defective-hard-drives

Starts the tw_cli utility for managing 3ware RAID controllers. This is the initial step before issuing specific commands.

```bash
tw_cli
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Client on CentOS/RHEL

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH clients package on CentOS or RHEL systems.

```bash
yum install openssh-clients
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Client on Debian/Ubuntu

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH client package on Debian or Ubuntu systems.

```bash
apt install openssh-client
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Server on CentOS/RHEL

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH server package on CentOS or RHEL systems.

```bash
yum install openssh-server
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Server on Debian/Ubuntu

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH server package on Debian or Ubuntu systems.

```bash
apt install openssh-server
```

--------------------------------

### Debian Network Configuration Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/general-information/system-adjustments-after-server-replacement

This snippet shows the typical network configuration file content for Debian systems, including static IPv4 and IPv6 settings.

```bash
### Hetzner Online GmbH installimage

source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
iface lo inet6 loopback

auto enp0s31f6
iface enp0s31f6 inet static
  address 203.0.113.27
  netmask 255.255.255.248
  gateway 203.0.113.25
  # route 203.0.113.24/29 via 203.0.113.25
  up route add -net 203.0.113.24 netmask 255.255.255.248 gw 203.0.113.25 dev enp0s31f6

iface enp0s31f6 inet6 static
  address 2001:db8:5678::2
  netmask 64
  gateway fe80::1
```

--------------------------------

### Install SSH Server on Arch Linux

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Use this command to install the OpenSSH server package on Arch Linux systems.

```bash
pacman -S openssh
```

--------------------------------

### Install MTR on Linux/macOS

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/network-diagnosis-and-report-to-hetzner

Install the MTR tool using the system's package manager. This is required for performing network diagnostics.

```bash
apt install mtr-tiny
```

```bash
yum install mtr
```

```bash
yast -i mtr
```

```bash
pacman -S mtr
```

```bash
emerge -av mtr
```

```bash
brew install mtr
```

--------------------------------

### Create RAID 5 Array (3 Drives)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/3ware-raid-controller

Sets up a RAID 5 array on controller 0 using drives p0, p1, and p2.

```bash
tw_cli maint createunit c0 rraid5 p0:1:2
```

--------------------------------

### Install Boot Code for ZFS

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/hot-swapping

Install the boot code onto the replacement drive (ada0), using the appropriate path for ZFS bootloaders.

```bash
gpart bootcode -b /boot/pmbr -p /boot/gptzfsboot -i 1 ada0
```

--------------------------------

### Create RAID 5 Array (4 Drives)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/3ware-raid-controller

Sets up a RAID 5 array on controller 0 using drives p0, p1, p2, and p3.

```bash
tw_cli maint createunit c0 rraid5 p0:1:2:3
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize a Specific Disk

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/adaptec-raid-controller

Initializes a disk to the 'Ready' state, preparing it for RAID configuration. Specify the controller and the device's channel and ID.

```bash
arcconf TASK START <Controller#> DEVICE <Channel# ID#> INITIALIZE
```

--------------------------------

### Unfavorable MTR Formatting Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/network-diagnosis-and-report-to-hetzner

This example shows a poorly formatted MTR output, making it difficult to read and analyze network path data.

```text
  1.|-- your_client.example.com 0.0% 1000 0.2 0.1 0.1 11.0 0.9
  2.|-- dmbkt.your-cloud.host 0.0% 1000 0.2 0.2 0.1 11.0 0.8
  3.|-- leaf1.cloud2.fsn1.hetzner 0.0% 1000 13.4 18.0 1.6 328.3 19.7
  4.|-- spine1.cloud2.fsn1.hetzne 0.0% 1000 0.8 1.3 0.7 50.0 3.1
  5.|-- core21.fsn1.hetzner.com 55.1% 1000 0.5 2.9 0.3 51.2 6.6
  6.|-- core21.fsn1.hetzner.com 54.9% 1000 0.6 1.4 0.4 56.6 4.2
  7.|-- ex9k2.dc1.fsn1.hetzner.co 59.2% 1000 0.6 1.8 0.4 214.1 12.0
  8.|-- your_host.example.com 59.2% 1000 0.5 0.4 0.3 11.0 0.9
```

--------------------------------

### Create JBOD Configuration

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/adaptec-raid-controller

Creates a JBOD (Just a Bunch Of Disks) configuration for a single drive. This example configures a drive on channel 0, port 2 as JBOD on controller 1, without prompting for confirmation.

```bash
arcconf CREATE 1 JBOD 0 2 noprompt
```

--------------------------------

### IPv6 Network Prefix and Host Identifier Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/ip/ip-basics

Provides an example of an IPv6 address with a specified network prefix and range of possible host identifiers.

```text
( XXXX : XXXX : XXXX ) : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX : XXXX
```

--------------------------------

### List Block Devices and Partitions

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/filesystem-check

Use `lsblk` to identify all block devices, their partitions, and RAID configurations on your system. This helps in determining which partitions to check.

```bash
root@your_host ~ # lsblk
NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
loop0     7:0    0     4G  1 loop
sda       8:0    0 447.1G  0 disk
├─sda1    8:1    0     4G  0 part
│ └─md0   9:0    0     4G  0 raid1
├─sda2    8:2    0   512M  0 part
│ └─md1   9:1    0 511.4M  0 raid1
└─sda3    8:3    0 442.6G  0 part
  └─md2   9:2    0 442.5G  0 raid1
sdb       8:16   0 447.1G  0 disk
├─sdb1    8:17   0     4G  0 part
│ └─md0   9:0    0     4G  0 raid1
├─sdb2    8:18   0   512M  0 part
│ └─md1   9:1    0 511.4M  0 raid1
└─sdb3    8:19   0 442.6G  0 part
  └─md2   9:2    0 442.5G  0 raid1
```

```bash
root@your_host ~ # lsblk
NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
loop0     7:0    0     4G  1 loop
sda       8:0    0 447.1G  0 disk
├─sda1    8:1    0     4G  0 part
├─sda2    8:2    0   512M  0 part
└─sda3    8:3    0 442.6G  0 part
sdb       8:16   0 447.1G  0 disk
└─sdb1    8:17   0   446G  0 part
```

--------------------------------

### Enable User Account

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintainance/ipmi

Activate a user account, making it available for login.

```bash
ipmitool user enable 6
```

--------------------------------

### SFTP Available Commands List

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

This is the output of the 'help' command in SFTP, listing all available operations.

```text
Available commands:
bye                                Quit sftp
cd path                            Change remote directory to 'path'
chgrp grp path                     Change group of file 'path' to 'grp'
chmod mode path                    Change permissions of file 'path' to 'mode'
chown own path                     Change owner of file 'path' to 'own'
df [-hi] [path]                    Display statistics for current directory or
                                   filesystem containing 'path'
exit                               Quit sftp
get [-afPpRr] remote [local]       Download file
reget [-fPpRr] remote [local]      Resume download file
reput [-fPpRr] [local] remote      Resume upload file
help                               Display this help text
lcd path                           Change local directory to 'path'
lls [ls-options [path]]            Display local directory listing
lmkdir path                        Create local directory
ln [-s] oldpath newpath            Link remote file (-s for symlink)
lpwd                               Print local working directory
ls [-1afhlnrSt] [path]             Display remote directory listing
lumask umask                       Set local umask to 'umask'
mkdir path                         Create remote directory
progress                           Toggle display of progress meter
put [-afPpRr] local [remote]       Upload file
pwd                                Display remote working directory
rename oldpath newpath             Rename remote file
rm path                            Delete remote file
rmdir path                         Remove remote directory
symlink oldpath newpath            Symlink remote file
version                            Show SFTP version
!command                           Execute 'command' in local shell
!                                  Escape to local shell
?                                  Synonym for help
```

--------------------------------

### Corrected MTR Formatting Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/network-diagnosis-and-report-to-hetzner

This example demonstrates correctly formatted MTR output, aligning columns for improved readability and easier analysis of network path data.

```text
  1.|-- your_client.example.com    0.0%  1000    0.2   0.1   0.1  11.0   0.9
  2.|-- dmbkt.your-cloud.host      0.0%  1000    0.2   0.2   0.1  11.0   0.8
  3.|-- leaf1.cloud2.fsn1.hetzner  0.0%  1000   13.4  18.0   1.6 328.3  19.7
  4.|-- spine1.cloud2.fsn1.hetzne  0.0%  1000    0.8   1.3   0.7  50.0   3.1
  5.|-- core21.fsn1.hetzner.com   55.1%  1000    0.5   2.9   0.3  51.2   6.6
  6.|-- core21.fsn1.hetzner.com   54.9%  1000    0.6   1.4   0.4  56.6   4.2
  7.|-- ex9k2.dc1.fsn1.hetzner.co 59.2%  1000    0.6   1.8   0.4 214.1  12.0
  8.|-- your_host.example.com     59.2%  1000    0.5   0.4   0.3  11.0   0.9
```

--------------------------------

### Verify Disk Structure with lsblk

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/efi-system-partition

Lists block devices, showing the disk and its partitions. Use this to confirm the new partition (e.g., nvme0n1p3) has been created.

```bash
$ lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0         7:0    0     4G  1 loop
nvme0n1     259:0    0   477G  0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:4    0   512M  0 part
├─nvme0n1p2 259:5    0 476.2G  0 part
└─nvme0n1p3 259:6    0   256M  0 part
```
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