Hetzner Docs

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### Start Tomcat with catalina run

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Starts the Tomcat server. After starting, test by visiting http://ihre-domain.de:8080/ and the HelloWorld example at /examples/servlets/servlet/HelloWorldExample.

```bash
catalina run
```

--------------------------------

### Example GRUB legacy console session

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/exchanging-hard-disks-in-a-software-raid

Example output from a GRUB legacy console session, showing device mapping, root setting, and setup commands.

```text
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.


    GNU GRUB  version 0.97  (640K lower / 3072K upper memory)

 [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported.  For the first word, TAB
   lists possible command completions.  Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
   completions of a device/filename.]
grub> device (hd0) /dev/sdb
device (hd0) /dev/sdb
grub> root (hd0,1)
root (hd0,1)
 Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd
grub> setup (hd0)
setup (hd0)
 Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes
 Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes
 Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
 Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"...  26 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
 Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+26 p (hd0,1)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
grub> quit
#
```

--------------------------------

### Start installimage from Rescue System

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/installimage

Run the installimage script from the Rescue System command line to begin the installation process.

```bash
root@rescue ~ # installimage
```

--------------------------------

### Expected file structure after setup

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-backups/bareos

Shows the directory layout and configuration files that will be created by following this guide.

```plaintext
/etc/bareos/bareos-sd.d/
└── device/HetznerBucket_BareosDevice.conf      # Describes how Bareos can access the S3-compatible object storage

/etc/bareos/bareos-dir.d/
├── storage/
|   └── HetznerBucket_BareosStorage.conf
|
├── fileset/
|   └── HetznerBucket_BareosFileSet.conf        # Defines which files are backed up
├── schedule/
|   └── HetznerBucket_BareosSchedule.conf       # Defines when the backup job runs (day and time)
└── job/
    ├── HetznerBucket_BareosJob.conf
    └── HetznerBucket_BareosRestoreJob.conf
```

--------------------------------

### GRUB legacy bootloader installation steps

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/exchanging-hard-disks-in-a-software-raid

Commands for installing GRUB legacy (grub-legacy) on the new drive. Includes mapping the second drive and repeating root and setup commands.

```bash
grub
```

```bash
root (hd0,1) (/dev/sda2 = (hd0,1))
```

```bash
setup (hd0)
```

```bash
device (hd0) /dev/sdb
```

```bash
quit
```

--------------------------------

### SFTP session with upload, listing, and download

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/storage-box/access/access-ssh-rsync-borg

Example SFTP session showing put, ls, get, and quit commands with sample output. The output demonstrates a successful upload and download of a 100MB file.

```bash
sftp> put 100MB.file
Uploading 100MB.file to /home/100MB.file
100MB.file                           100%  100MB  78.7MB/s   00:01
sftp> ls -ahl
drwxr-xr-x    0 12345      12345     16B  Mar 28 10:55 .
dr-x--x--x    0 0          0         10B  Mar 27 12:16 ..
-rw-r--r--    0 12345      12345     100M Mar 28 11:34 100MB.file
sftp> get 100MB.file
Fetching /home/100MB.file to 100MB.file
/home/100MB.file                     100%  100MB 110.6MB/s   00:00
sftp> quit
```

--------------------------------

### Install GlassFish

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Use the 'software install' command to install GlassFish on a managed server.

```bash
software install glassfish
```

--------------------------------

### Activate Let's Encrypt post installation

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/cloud/apps/list/jitsi-meet

Run this script to activate Let's Encrypt after the initial Jitsi setup. It configures Jitsi to use SSL and obtains a valid Let's Encrypt certificate.

```bash
/usr/share/jitsi-meet/scripts/install-letsencrypt-cert.sh
```

--------------------------------

### fdisk -v and fdisk -u /dev/hda (faulty alignment example)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/getting-started/partition-alignment

Shows a faulty alignment from a VNC installation of CentOS 5.6 using fdisk (util-linux 2.13-pre7). The partition starts at sector 63, which is misaligned.

```bash
[root@static ~]# fdisk -v
fdisk (util-linux 2.13-pre7)
[root@static ~]# fdisk -u /dev/hda

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 10443.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hda: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders, total 167772160 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *          63      208844      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2          208845   167766794    83778975   8e  Linux LVM

```

--------------------------------

### Example full server path

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/webserver/cgi-scripts

Example of a full server path: /usr/www/users/example/public_html/data/config.txt. This shows how to replace the placeholders with actual values.

```plaintext
/usr/www/users/example/public_html/data/config.txt
```

--------------------------------

### Copy device resource example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-backups/bareos

Command to copy the example device configuration file for the Dplcompat storage backend.

```bash
sudo cp -a /etc/bareos/bareos-sd.d/device/dplcompat.conf.example /etc/bareos/bareos-sd.d/device/HetznerBucket_BareosDevice.conf
```

--------------------------------

### Start the `at` service

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/general-information/server-relocations

Starts the `at` service. If the service is not active, it may need to be installed first.

```bash
/etc/init.d/atd start
```

--------------------------------

### Install a Plesk module (drweb)

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/plesk

Installs the specified module, for example drweb, using the autoinstaller.

```bash
/usr/local/psa/admin/sbin/autoinstaller --select-release-current --install-component drweb
```

--------------------------------

### Setup Dplcompat wrapper program

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-backups/bareos

Commands to copy the S3 configuration for Bareos and test the connection using the s3cmd-wrapper.sh script.

```bash
sudo cp ~/.s3cfg /etc/bareos/s3cfg
sudo chown bareos /etc/bareos/s3cfg
sudo -u bareos s3cmd --config /etc/bareos/s3cfg ls
sudo s3cfg=/etc/bareos/s3cfg \
     bucket=<your_bucket_name> \
     -u bareos \
     /usr/lib/bareos/scripts/s3cmd-wrapper.sh \
     testconnection
```

--------------------------------

### Install OpenAI Python SDK

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/general/company-and-policy/experiments/inference

Install the OpenAI Python SDK, which is required for all Python examples on this page.

```bash
pip install openai
```

--------------------------------

### GET /servers curl command

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/cloud/api/getting-started/using-api

Example curl command for GET /servers. Replace $API_TOKEN with your own token.

```bash
curl \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_TOKEN" \
    'https://api.hetzner.cloud/v1/servers'
```

--------------------------------

### SFTP connection example and prompt

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/security/ssh

Example of connecting to a host and the resulting sftp prompt.

```bash
sftp holu@your_host.example.com
Connected to holu@your_host.example.com.
sftp>
```

--------------------------------

### Test MongoDB with mongosh

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Opens the MongoDB shell to verify the installation. If the shell starts successfully, the installation was successful. Use 'exit' to leave the shell.

```bash
mongosh
```

--------------------------------

### Install Composer on web hosting accounts with SSH support

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Commands to install Composer on web hosting accounts with SSH support. Downloads the installer, runs it, removes the setup file, and adds an alias to ~/.bashrc.

```bash
php -d allow_url_fopen=On -r "readfile('https://getcomposer.org/installer');" > composer-setup.php
php -d allow_url_fopen=On composer-setup.php
php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');"
echo alias composer=\"/usr/bin/php -d allow_url_fopen=On /usr/home/$USER/composer.phar\" >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```

--------------------------------

### List all available packages with software list all

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Lists all available packages that can be installed.

```bash
 List all available packages:
   software list all
```

--------------------------------

### Download and install PEAR

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/managed/administration-on-konsoleh/installation-of-additional-software

Commands to download and run the PEAR installer. Run these in the account's home directory.

```bash
wget https://pear.php.net/go-pear.phar
php go-pear.phar
```

--------------------------------

### Install Bareos and Dplcompat Storage Backend on Ubuntu

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-backups/bareos

Commands to add the Bareos repository and install Bareos along with the Dplcompat storage backend.

```bash
wget https://download.bareos.org/current/xUbuntu_24.04/add_bareos_repositories.sh
sudo sh ./add_bareos_repositories.sh
sudo apt update
sudo apt install bareos dbconfig-common bareos-storage-dplcompat
```

--------------------------------

### Start SFTP session to Storage Box

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/storage-box/access/access-ssh-rsync-borg

Starts an interactive SFTP session on port 23. After connecting, use put to upload, get to download, and ls for directory listings.

```bash
sftp -P 23 uXXXXX@uXXXXX.your-storagebox.de
```

--------------------------------

### fsck example for RAID partitions

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/filesystem-check

Example commands to check md0, md1, and md2 partitions step by step.

```bash
fsck -fy /dev/md0
fsck -fy /dev/md1
fsck -fy /dev/md2
```

--------------------------------

### Starting ChProv Domain Transfer Instruction Example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/domain-registration-robot/email-interface

Example email for starting a ChProv domain transfer (only for .de, .com, .net, .at domains). The instruction includes user, job, task, domain, holder, generalc, abusec, ns1, ns2, and ns3 fields. The email must be sent from robot-sender@hetzner.de with subject 'Hallo Robot!'.

```text
From: robot-sender@hetzner.de
Subject: Hallo Robot!

```

```text
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

user: K9999999999
job: domain
task: kk
domain: kk-domain.de
holder: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-1
generalc: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-2
abusec: DENIC-168-Martin-Hetzner-2
ns1: ns1.first-ns.de
ns2: robotns2.second-ns.de
ns3: robotns3.second-ns.com
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org
iD8DBQE9rV0v4BzTKoUUrgMRAvi4AKCtwzjMz8V/qJCwb1ZWAYBNDYHsTQCfXXJUecYFTMuXs24oXOj21rRVzEY==PTWh
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

```

--------------------------------

### gpart backup/restore, gmirror insert, gpart bootcode - Replace drive in ZFS setup

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/maintenance/hot-swapping

After the drive exchange, transfer the partition table, repair the gmirror mirror, and install the boot code for the ZFS setup.

```bash
gpart backup ada1 | gpart restore ada0
gmirror insert boot ada0p1
gmirror insert swap ada0p2
gpart bootcode -b /boot/pmbr -p /boot/gptzfsboot -i 1 ada0
```

--------------------------------

### Show partition layout for two partitions

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/cloud/servers/getting-started/migrate-partition

Example output of lsblk showing a server with separate /boot and / partitions.

```bash
holu@<old_server>:~# lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─sda1        8:1    0  512M  0 part /boot
└─sda2        8:2    0    20G  0 part /
```

--------------------------------

### Remount original filesystem example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/troubleshooting/filesystem-check

Example of remounting /dev/vg0/data to /media/data.

```bash
mount /dev/vg0/data /media/data
```

--------------------------------

### Cloud-init user data example

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/cloud/servers/faq

Example of cloud-init user data that can be injected when creating a server. This script creates a file at /tmp/cloudinit_was_here during boot. Requires using Hetzner system images that include the special cloud-init datasource.

```bash
#!/bin/bash
touch /tmp/cloudinit_was_here
```

--------------------------------

### Start and enable Bareos services

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-backups/bareos

Commands to start and enable the Bareos director, storage, and filedaemon services, and check their status.

```bash
sudo systemctl start bareos-director bareos-storage bareos-filedaemon
sudo systemctl enable --now bareos-director bareos-storage bareos-filedaemon
sudo systemctl status bareos-director bareos-storage bareos-filedaemon
```

--------------------------------

### CORS configuration XML

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/storage/object-storage/howto-protect-objects/cors

Example CORS configuration file (e.g., example-cors.xml) that allows GET and HEAD requests from https://www.example.com with any header. Replace the domain with your own.

```xml
<CORSConfiguration>
  <CORSRule>
    <AllowedHeader>*</AllowedHeader>
    <AllowedMethod>GET</AllowedMethod>
    <AllowedMethod>HEAD</AllowedMethod>
    <AllowedOrigin>https://www.example.com</AllowedOrigin>
  </CORSRule>
</CORSConfiguration>
```

--------------------------------

### Output for a configured RAID0

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/raid/linux-software-raid

Example output of /proc/mdstat for a RAID0 setup. Note that the /boot partition (md0) must be RAID1 to allow booting, as shown in the output.

```text
Personalities : [raid1] [raid0]
md2 : active raid0 sda3[0] sdb3[1]
      883956736 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks

md1 : active raid0 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
      52393984 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks

md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
      523264 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]

unused devices: <none>
```

--------------------------------

### VNC address examples

Source: https://docs.hetzner.com/robot/dedicated-server/operating-systems/vnc-install

Shows the VNC address format using IP and port, either port 1 or 5901. Use these addresses to connect to the VNC installation after restarting the server.

```text
192.168.0.1:1
192.168.0.1:5901
```
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