### Install hawkeslib via pip

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html

Install the required dependencies and the library itself using pip.

```bash
$ pip install -U Cython numpy
$ pip install hawkeslib
```

--------------------------------

### Importing dependencies

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Initial imports for data handling, web requests, and visualization.

```python
%matplotlib inline
import requests
from lxml import html
from datetime import datetime as dt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
```

--------------------------------

### Sampling from the model

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Generates samples from the fitted model to estimate the distribution of tremors over a 24-hour period.

```python
nr_shocks_sample = [len(uv.sample(24)) for x in range(100000)]
_ = plt.hist(nr_shocks_sample, bins=20)
```

--------------------------------

### Fitting the Hawkes model

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Initializes and fits the UnivariateExpHawkesProcess to the earthquake data.

```python
%%time
from hawkeslib import UnivariateExpHawkesProcess as UVHP

uv = UVHP()
uv.fit(t)
print uv.get_params()
```

--------------------------------

### Sample posterior distribution for Hawkes process

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Initializes the Bayesian univariate exponential Hawkes process model and samples from the posterior distribution of parameters.

```python
from hawkeslib import BayesianUVExpHawkesProcess as BUVHP

buv = BUVHP(mu_hyp=(1., 10.), alpha_hyp=(1., 1.), theta_hyp=(1., 10.))
trace = buv.sample_posterior(t, T=t[-1], n_samp=50000)
```

--------------------------------

### Visualize a Counting Process

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Generates a set of random points following a Poisson distribution and visualizes them as a step function representing a counting process.

```python
ar_pp = sorted(np.random.rand(np.random.poisson(20)) * 100)
f = plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))

plt.step(ar_pp, np.cumsum(np.ones_like(ar_pp)))
plt.ylabel("$N(t)$")
plt.xlabel('$t$')
_ = plt.plot(ar_pp, np.zeros_like(ar_pp), 'k.')
```

--------------------------------

### Visualize Brownian Motion

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Generates and plots a realization of a Brownian motion process using NumPy and Matplotlib.

```python
ar_bm = np.cumsum(np.random.randn(1000) * 0.5**2)
plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))
plt.title("Brownian Motion")
_ = plt.plot(ar_bm, 'g-')
```

--------------------------------

### Simulate a Homogeneous Poisson Process

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Generates samples from a Poisson process with a constant intensity function λ(t)=3.

```python
a = np.linspace(0, 100, 10000)
lt = np.ones_like(a) * 3

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 2))
plt.plot(a, lt, 'b-')
plt.yticks([])

for k in range(3):
    count = np.random.poisson(3 * 100)
    smp = np.random.rand(count) * 100
    plt.plot(smp, np.ones_like(smp) * -1 * k, 'k.')
```

--------------------------------

### Load and display financial event timestamps

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Imports necessary libraries and reads event timestamps from a CSV file for analysis.

```python
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# here are the "timestamps"
df = pd.read_csv("example_data_top4.csv", header=None)
ar = np.array(df.loc[:, 1])

print ar
```

```text
[     56      56      59 ... 8199797 8199798 8199984]
```

--------------------------------

### Simulate and Plot a Univariate Exponential Hawkes Process

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Uses the hawkeslib library to generate samples from a univariate exponential Hawkes process and visualize the conditional intensity function over time.

```python
from hawkeslib import UnivariateExpHawkesProcess

mu, alpha, beta = .1, .2, .1
uv = UnivariateExpHawkesProcess()
uv.set_params(mu, alpha, beta)
smp = uv.sample(100)

lda_ar = [mu + np.sum(alpha * beta * np.exp(-beta * (x - smp[smp < x]))) \
          for x in np.arange(0, 100, .1)]

plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))
plt.ylabel("$\lambda^*(t)$")
plt.xlabel("$t$")
plt.plot(smp, np.ones_like(smp) * .1, 'k.')
_ = plt.plot(np.arange(0, 100, .1), lda_ar, 'b-')
```

--------------------------------

### Simulate a Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Generates samples from a Poisson process with a time-varying intensity function λ(t)=exp(sin(t)).

```python
a = np.linspace(0, 100, 10000)
lt = np.exp(np.sin(a))

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 2))
plt.plot(a, lt, 'b-')
plt.yticks([])

for k in range(3):
    count = np.random.poisson(3 * 100)
    smp = [x for x in sorted(np.random.rand(count) * 100) if np.random.rand() * 3 < np.exp(np.sin(x))]
    plt.plot(smp, np.ones_like(smp) * -1 * k, 'k.')
```

--------------------------------

### Model output

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

The resulting parameters from the model fit.

```text
(0.04930555306217892, 0.30548369162341404, 5.150339498582191)
CPU times: user 1.48 ms, sys: 0 ns, total: 1.48 ms
Wall time: 1.44 ms
```

--------------------------------

### Visualizing earthquake timeline

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Plots the occurrence times of earthquakes with jitter to visualize temporal clustering.

```python
plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))
plt.ylim([-5, 5])
plt.yticks([])
_ = plt.plot(t, np.random.rand(len(t)), 'k.')
```

--------------------------------

### Aggregate timestamps into time-series plot

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Bins event timestamps into 1-second intervals and visualizes the frequency of events over time.

```python
# here is the "aggregated" time series plot
bc = np.bincount(np.floor(ar / 1000.).astype(int))

plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))
plt.title("Number of Price Jumps, by 1sec intervals")
plt.xlabel("seconds")
_ = plt.plot(bc[:100], 'k-')
```

--------------------------------

### Scraping earthquake data

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Fetches recent earthquake reports from the Kandilli Observatory and processes timestamps into relative hours.

```python
res = requests.get("http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lst9.asp")
tx = html.fromstring(res.content).xpath("//pre/text()")[0]
lines = tx.splitlines()[7:]  # get rid of the headers

# take out timestamps and convert them to "hours since first event"
timestamps = [dt.strptime(l[:19], "%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S") for l in lines if "ISTANBUL" in l]
t = np.array([(x - ts[-1]).total_seconds() / 3600 for x in timestamps])[::-1]
```

--------------------------------

### Compute Bayesian credible intervals

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html

Calculates and prints the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for the alpha and theta parameters from the trace.

```python
# compute the BCIs
print pm.stats.quantiles(trace["alpha"], [2.5, 97.5])
print pm.stats.quantiles(trace["theta"], [2.5, 97.5])
```

--------------------------------

### Visualize raw event occurrences

Source: https://hawkeslib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html

Plots individual event timestamps as points to avoid information loss from time-grid discretization.

```python
plt.figure(figsize=(15,2))
plt.title("Price jumps")
plt.xlabel("milliseconds")
_ = plt.plot(ar[:100], np.ones(100), 'k.')
```

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