GDScript Tutorials

https://gdscript.com/tutorials
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A collection of easy-to-learn GDScript tutorials designed to help users quickly get up to speed with...
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### GDScript Function Definition and Usage

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Demonstrates how to define and use functions in GDScript, including functions with parameters, return types, and default values. It also shows example usage within the _ready and _process functions.

```gdscript
func try_purchase(cost: int) -> bool:
	if score >= cost:
		score -= cost
		return true
	return false

func _ready():
	display_message("Game started!")

	var damage = calculate_damage(10, 1.5)
	print("Damage dealt: ", damage)

	var new_score = add_score(100)
	print("Current score: ", new_score)

	heal_player()  # Uses default value
	heal_player(25.0)  # Custom healing amount
	print("Player health: ", player_health)

	var success = try_purchase(50)
	print("Purchase successful: ", success)

func _process(delta: float) -> void:
	# Called every frame with delta time
	update_game_state(delta)

func update_game_state(delta: float) -> void:
	# Game logic here
	pass
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript: Dictionary Usage for Game Data

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Illustrates creating, accessing, modifying, adding, checking for keys, getting values with defaults, checking multiple keys, removing key-value pairs, checking for emptiness, iterating over dictionaries, and handling nested dictionaries in GDScript.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Global game dictionary
var game_data = {}

func _ready():
	# Initialize player data
	var player = {
		"name": "Warrior",
		"level": 5,
		"health": 100,
		"max_health": 100,
		"mana": 50,
		"inventory": ["sword", "shield", "potion"],
		"stats": {
			"strength": 15,
			"agility": 10,
			"intelligence": 8
		}
	}

	# Access dictionary values
	print("Player name: ", player["name"])
	print("Player level: ", player["level"])
	print("Strength: ", player["stats"]["strength"])

	# Modify values
	player["health"] -= 25
	player["level"] += 1
	print("New level: ", player["level"])

	# Add new key-value pairs
	player["experience"] = 1500
	player["gold"] = 250

	# Check if key exists
	if player.has("gold"):
		print("Player has ", player["gold"], " gold")

	# Get value with default
	var karma = player.get("karma", 0)
	print("Karma: ", karma)

	# Check multiple keys
	if player.has_all(["health", "mana", "name"]):
		print("All essential stats present")

	# Remove key
	player["temporary"] = "temp_value"
	player.erase("temporary")

	# Check if empty
	if not player.empty():
		print("Player data exists")

	# Get all keys
	var keys = player.keys()
	print("Player attributes: ", keys)

	# Get all values
	var values = player.values()
	print("First value: ", values[0])

	# Dictionary size
	print("Number of attributes: ", player.size())

	# Iterate over dictionary
	for key in player:
		if typeof(player[key]) != TYPE_ARRAY and typeof(player[key]) != TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			print("%s: %s" % [key, player[key]])

	# Alternative dictionary syntax
	var enemy = {
		name = "Goblin",
		health = 50,
		damage = 10,
		loot = {
			gold = 25,
			items = ["rusty_sword"]
		}
	}
	print("Enemy: ", enemy.name)

	# Deep copy vs shallow copy
	var original = {"a": 1, "b": {"c": 2}}
	var shallow = original.duplicate()
	var deep = original.duplicate(true)

	# Modifying nested value
	shallow["b"]["c"] = 99  # Affects original
	deep["a"] = 50          # Doesn't affect original

	# Store game state
	game_data["player"] = player
	game_data["level"] = 1
	game_data["enemies"] = [enemy]

	# Save/load pattern
	var save_dict = create_save_data()
	print("Save data: ", save_dict)

func create_save_data() -> Dictionary:
	return {
		"version": "1.0",
		"timestamp": OS.get_unix_time(),
		"game_data": game_data
	}

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Function Definition with Arguments and Return Values

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/functions

This example showcases various ways to define functions in GDScript, including functions with no return values, functions that return a value, functions with type-specified integer arguments, and functions with default argument values. It also demonstrates calling these functions and handling their return values.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Called when the node enters the scene tree for the first time.
func _ready():
	add(5, 6) # Prints 11 to Output window
	var sum = get_sum(2, 4) # Sets sum to 6
	var my_int = add_ints(sum, 4) # Sets my_int to 10
	my_int = times_2(my_int) # sets my_int to 20
	move_x(self, my_int) # Move this node 20 pixels along x axis
	move_x(self) # Move by the default value

# This function has no return value
func add(a, b):
	print(a + b)

# This function returns a value
func get_sum(a, b):
	return a + b

# This function will only accept integer arguments
func add_ints(a: int, b: int):
	return a + b

# Generate an error if the return value is not an int
func times_2(n) -> int:
	return 2 * n

# This function modifies an object that is passed by reference
func move_x(node: Node2D, dx = 1.5):
	node.position.x += dx

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Numbers and Constants

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Demonstrates the usage of integers, floats, scientific notation, constants, and enums in GDScript for numerical operations. Includes an example of number wrapping using the modulo operator.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Integers
var score = 100
var lives = 3
var hex_color = 0xFFAA00

# Floating point numbers
var health = 95.5
var speed = 3.14
var large_value = 1.3e6  # Scientific notation: 1,300,000

# Constants
const MAX_SPEED = 200
const PI_DOUBLED = PI * 2
const GRAVITY = 9.8

# Enums for related constants
enum GameState {MENU, PLAYING, PAUSED, GAME_OVER}
var current_state = GameState.PLAYING

func _ready():
	print("Score: ", score)
	print("Health: ", health)
	print("Max Speed: ", MAX_SPEED)
	print("Game State: ", current_state)

	# Number wrapping with modulo
	var wrapped_value = (score + 50) % 100
	print("Wrapped value: ", wrapped_value)
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript For Loop Examples

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/looping

Demonstrates various applications of the 'for' loop in GDScript, including iterating over numerical ranges, strings, arrays, and dictionaries. Shows the usage of 'continue' and 'break' statements for loop control.

```GDScript
# loop for n = 0 to 7
for n in 8:
    print(n)

# Using range
for n in range(8):
    print(n)

# loop for n = 10 to 12
for n in range(10,13):
    print(n)

# count down from 10 to 1
for n in range(10,0,-1):
    print(n)

# loop for n = 2,4,6,8 in steps of 2
for n in range(2,9,2):
    print(n)

# Iterate over string (array of characters)
for ch in "Hello":
    print(ch)

# Iterate over an array of numbers
for x in [3,6,8,9]:
    print(x)

# Iterate over items of a dictionary
var dict = { "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3 }
for key in dict:
    # Insert the key and value into a text string
    print("index: %s, value: %d" % [key, dict[key]])

# Using continue and break statements
for n in 9:
    # Skip numbers below 3
    if n < 3:
        continue
    # Break out of the loop for numbers above 5
    if n > 5:
        break
    print(n)

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript While Loop Example

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/looping

Illustrates the use of a 'while' loop in GDScript, which continues execution as long as a specified boolean condition remains true. This example simulates fuel consumption to reach a top speed.

```GDScript
var fuel = 1000
var speed = 0

while fuel > 0:
    speed += 0.12
    fuel -= 1

print("Top speed = ", speed)

```

--------------------------------

### Character Class Base Methods in GDScript

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Defines base methods for a character, including health management, damage taking, healing, and death. It overrides virtual methods like _process and includes custom methods for setup and item management. Dependencies include basic GDScript types and Godot's Node functionality.

```gdscript
func _process(delta: float) -> void:
	if is_alive:
		update_character(delta)

func setup_character() -> void:
	add_starting_items()

func add_starting_items() -> void:
	inventory.append("basic_weapon")
	inventory.append("health_potion")

func take_damage(amount: int) -> bool:
	if not is_alive:
		return false

	health -= amount
	print("%s took %d damage. Health: %d" % [character_name, amount, health])

	if health <= 0:
		die()
		return true
	return false

func heal(amount: int) -> void:
	health += amount
	if health > max_health:
		health = max_health
	print("%s healed %d. Health: %d" % [character_name, amount, health])

func die() -> void:
	is_alive = false
	health = 0
	print("%s has died!" % character_name)
	queue_free()

func update_character(delta: float) -> void:
	# Override this in inherited classes
	pass

func get_health_percentage() -> float:
	return (health / max_health) * 100.0
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Short-Circuit Evaluation Example

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/operators

Demonstrates short-circuit evaluation in GDScript using boolean logic within an if statement. It shows how the evaluation stops as soon as the result is determined, preventing potential errors like accessing a null object's properties. The example includes checking for variable existence before accessing its properties.

```gdscript
func _ready():
    var x = 4
    var y = 6
    if x < y or x > 0: # Only x < y needs to be evaluated here
        print("ok")
    var label = Label.new()
    # Here we ensure that label exists before evaluating
    # the right side of the expression.
    if label and label.text == "":
        label.text = "Hello"

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Scope Bug Example (Variable Re-declaration)

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/variables

Demonstrates a common bug in GDScript where a local variable accidentally re-declares a global variable of the same name within a function, leading to unexpected behavior.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

var score = 5
var new_score

func add_to_score(points):
	# new_score is accidentally re-declared
	# with local scope in this indented code block
	var new_score = score + points

func _ready():
	add_to_score(1)
	# new_score has not been set
	print(new_score) # prints null
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Dictionaries: Define, Initialize, and Manipulate Data

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/dictionaries

This GDScript snippet shows how to declare an empty dictionary, initialize it with key-value pairs, add/remove data, check for keys, access values, and print dictionary information. It also illustrates alternative initialization syntax and dictionary copying.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Declare an empty dictionary object
var game = {}

func _ready():
	# Initialize a player dictionary
	var player = {
		"name": "Thor",
		"inventory": ["sword", "shield", "map"],
		"location": "Castellion",
		"energy": 67
	}
	
	if game.empty():
		# Add data to the game dictionary
		game["player"] = player
		game["score"] = 0
		game["dummy"] = null
	
	if game.has("dummy"):
		game.erase("dummy")
	
	print(game.get("dummy", "Key not found!"))
	
	if game.has_all(["player", "score"]):
		print(game["player"]["name"])
	
	player["energy"] += 1
	
	print(game.keys().size())
	print(game.size())
	print(player.values()[0])
	
	# Alternative way to initialize a dictionary
	var d = {
		a = {
			a1 = {
				a11 = 1, a12 = 2
			},
			a2 = 3
		},
		b = 1
	}
	
	# Make copies of the dictionary
	var deep_copy = d.duplicate(true)
	var shallow_copy = d.duplicate()
	print(deep_copy)
	# I expected the shallow copy to be truncated
	print(shallow_copy)

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Looping Constructs

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Explains how to use loops in GDScript for iteration, including for loops with ranges and collections, and while loops. Demonstrates the use of 'break' to exit loops early and 'continue' to skip iterations.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

func _ready():
	# Simple for loop (0 to 7)
	for i in 8:
		print("Count: ", i)

	# For loop with range
	for i in range(1, 11):  # 1 to 10
		print("Number: ", i)

	# Countdown loop
	for i in range(10, 0, -1):
		print("Countdown: ", i)

	# Step by 2
	for i in range(0, 20, 2):
		print("Even number: ", i)

	# Iterate over string
	var word = "GODOT"
	for character in word:
		print("Letter: ", character)

	# Iterate over array
	var weapons = ["sword", "bow", "staff", "dagger"]
	for weapon in weapons:
		print("Weapon: ", weapon)

	# Iterate with index
	for i in range(weapons.size()):
		print("Slot ", i, ": ", weapons[i])

	# Iterate over dictionary
	var player_stats = {
		"strength": 10,
		"agility": 8,
		"intelligence": 12
	}
	for stat_name in player_stats:
		print("%s: %d" % [stat_name, player_stats[stat_name]])

	# Break and continue
	for i in range(20):
		if i < 5:
			continue  # Skip numbers less than 5
		if i > 10:
			break  # Stop at numbers greater than 10
		print("Processing: ", i)

	# While loop
	var fuel = 100
	var distance = 0
	while fuel > 0:
		distance += 1
		fuel -= 2
		if distance > 40:
			print("Destination reached!")
			break
	print("Final distance: ", distance)
	print("Remaining fuel: ", fuel)

	# While loop with condition
	var attempts = 0
	var success = false
	while attempts < 5 and not success:
		attempts += 1
		success = try_action()
		print("Attempt ", attempts, ": ", success)

func try_action() -> bool:
	return randf() > 0.5  # 50% success rate
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Operators and Expressions

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Explains the use of mathematical, assignment shortcut, boolean, comparison, and bitwise operators in GDScript. Demonstrates operator precedence and short-circuit evaluation for conditional logic.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

func _ready():
	# Mathematical operators
	var result = 2 + 3 * 2  # Result: 8 (multiplication first)
	print("Math result: ", result)

	var remainder = 17 % 5  # Result: 2
	print("Remainder: ", remainder)

	# Assignment shortcuts
	var counter = 10
	counter += 5   # counter = 15
	counter *= 2   # counter = 30
	counter %= 7   # counter = 2
	print("Counter: ", counter)

	# Boolean operators
	var health = 75
	var has_shield = true
	if health > 50 and has_shield:
		print("Player is well protected")

	var can_attack = health > 0 or has_shield
	print("Can attack: ", can_attack)

	# Comparison operators
	var level = 5
	var is_max_level = (level >= 10)  # false
	var is_beginner = (level < 3)     # false

	# Bitwise operators (flags)
	var PERMISSION_READ = 1   # Binary: 001
	var PERMISSION_WRITE = 2  # Binary: 010
	var PERMISSION_EXECUTE = 4 # Binary: 100

	var user_permissions = PERMISSION_READ | PERMISSION_WRITE  # 011
	var can_read = user_permissions & PERMISSION_READ  # Check flag
	print("Can read: ", can_read > 0)

	# Short-circuit evaluation
	var player = null
	if player != null and player.health > 0:
		print("Player is alive")
	else:
		print("No player or player dead")
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Basic Function Structure and Overriding Engine Functions

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/functions

This snippet demonstrates the basic structure of a GDScript class, including member variable declarations and overriding built-in engine functions like _ready() for initialization and _process(delta) for frame-by-frame updates. It shows how to call custom functions within these entry points.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Declare member variables here.
var player
var enemies
var score

# Called when the node enters the scene tree for the first time.
func _ready():
	add_enemies()
	get_player_details()

func add_enemies():
	pass # Add code to do this later

func get_player_details():
	pass # Add the code later

# Called every frame.
func _process(delta):
	process_inputs(delta)
	process_enemy_activity(delta)
	update_score()

func process_inputs(delta):
	pass

func process_enemy_activity(delta):
	pass

func update_score():
	pass

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Functions and Methods

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Demonstrates defining and using functions in GDScript, including those with no return values, functions with return values, typed parameters, and default parameter values. Shows how functions can modify objects passed by reference.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

var score = 0
var player_health = 100

# Function with no return value
func display_message(message: String) -> void:
	print("Message: ", message)

# Function with return value
func calculate_damage(base_damage: int, multiplier: float) -> float:
	return base_damage * multiplier

# Function with typed parameters and return
func add_score(points: int) -> int:
	score += points
	return score

# Function with default parameter
func heal_player(amount: float = 10.0) -> void:
	player_health += amount
	if player_health > 100:
		player_health = 100

# Function modifying object by reference
func move_node(node: Node2D, offset: Vector2) -> void:
	node.position += offset

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Basic Node Script with Number Output

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/numbers

A simple Godot Engine script extending Node2D that demonstrates printing a variable's value to the Output window. It shows how to initialize a variable from a constant and then modify and print it.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

const SPEED = 75
var number = SPEED

# Called when the node enters the scene tree for the first time.
func _ready():
	# Print the value to the Output window of the editor
	print(number)
	number = 86
	print(number)
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript: Defining Custom Classes for OOP

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Shows how to define a custom class named 'Character' in GDScript, including exported properties, private variables, overriding virtual methods like '_ready', and initializing class members.

```gdscript
# Define a named class
class_name Character extends Node2D

# Exported properties (visible in editor)
export var character_name: String = "Hero"
export var max_health: int = 100
export var speed: float = 200.0
export(Color, RGB) var team_color = Color.green

# Private properties
var health: float
var is_alive: bool = true
var inventory: Array = []

# Override _ready (virtual method)
func _ready():
	health = max_health
	print("%s initialized with %d health" % [character_name, health])
	setup_character()

```

--------------------------------

### Game Manager Singleton Pattern in GDScript

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Implements a game manager using the Singleton pattern (Autoload). It manages game state, player and enemy references, score, and uses signals for observer pattern implementation. This script is intended to be registered as an Autoload in Godot.

```gdscript
extends Node

# This script would be added as an Autoload (singleton)
var player: Character
var enemies: Array = []
var game_score: int = 0

func _ready():
	print("Game Manager initialized")

# Global functions accessible from anywhere
func add_score(points: int) -> void:
	game_score += points
	print("Score: ", game_score)

func spawn_enemy(position: Vector2) -> Enemy:
	var enemy = Enemy.new()
	enemy.position = position
	enemies.append(enemy)
	get_tree().current_scene.add_child(enemy)
	return enemy

func get_alive_enemies() -> Array:
	var alive = []
	for enemy in enemies:
		if enemy.is_alive:
			alive.append(enemy)
	return alive

# Observer pattern using signals
signal player_health_changed(new_health)
signal enemy_defeated(enemy)
signal game_over

func on_player_health_change(health: int) -> void:
	emit_signal("player_health_changed", health)

func on_enemy_defeated(enemy: Enemy) -> void:
	emit_signal("enemy_defeated", enemy)
	# Assuming 'enemies' is accessible or managed elsewhere if this is not the main manager
	# If this script is the main manager, 'enemies.erase(enemy)' would be here.
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Variables and Type System

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Illustrates variable declaration in GDScript, covering dynamic typing (variants) and static typing with explicit type annotations and type inference. Shows variable scope, including local and global scope.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# Dynamic typing (variants)
var player_name = "Thor"
var score = 0
var is_active = true

# Static typing - Method 1
var health: float = 100.0
var max_health: int = 100
var game_over: bool = false
var inventory: Array = []

# Static typing - Method 2 (type inference)
var speed := 5.0
var jump_height := 150
var can_move := true

# Global scope variable
var global_score = 0

func add_points(points: int) -> void:
	# Local scope variable
	var bonus = 10
	global_score += points + bonus
	print("New score: ", global_score)

func _ready():
	add_points(50)

	# Demonstrating scope issue
	var temp_score = global_score
	modify_score()
	print("Global score after modify: ", global_score)

func modify_score():
	# Correctly modifies global variable
	global_score += 25
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript: Array Manipulation and Operations

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Demonstrates creating, adding, inserting, accessing, removing, checking for existence, sorting, shuffling, inverting, finding, slicing, clearing, and concatenating arrays in GDScript. It also shows multi-dimensional arrays and passing arrays by reference.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

func _ready():
	# Create arrays
	var empty_array = []
	var numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
	var mixed = ["text", 42, true, null]
	var items = Array()

	# Add elements
	items.append("sword")
	items.append("shield")
	items.push_back("potion")  # Same as append
	print("Items: ", items)

	# Insert at specific position
	items.insert(1, "helmet")
	print("After insert: ", items)

	# Access elements
	print("First item: ", items[0])
	print("Last item: ", items[-1])
	print("Second item: ", items[1])

	# Array size
	print("Number of items: ", items.size())

	# Remove elements
	items.remove(1)  # Remove at index 1
	print("After remove: ", items)

	items.erase("sword")  # Remove by value
	print("After erase: ", items)

	# Check if array contains value
	if items.has("shield"):
		print("Shield found in inventory")

	# Array operations
	var scores = [85, 92, 78, 95, 88]
	scores.sort()
	print("Sorted scores: ", scores)

	scores.shuffle()
	print("Shuffled scores: ", scores)

	scores.invert()
	print("Inverted scores: ", scores)

	# Find element
	var position = scores.find(95)
	print("95 found at index: ", position)

	# Slice array
	var subset = scores.slice(1, 3)
	print("Subset: ", subset)

	# Clear array
	var temp = [1, 2, 3]
	temp.clear()
	print("Cleared array size: ", temp.size())

	# Multi-dimensional array
	var grid = [
		[1, 2, 3],
		[4, 5, 6],
		[7, 8, 9]
	]
	print("Grid center value: ", grid[1][1])  # Prints 5

	# Pass array by reference
	var inventory = ["apple", "bread"]
	add_item(inventory, "water")
	print("Modified inventory: ", inventory)

	# Array concatenation
	var list1 = [1, 2, 3]
	var list2 = [4, 5, 6]
	var combined = list1 + list2
	print("Combined: ", combined)

func add_item(items: Array, new_item: String) -> void:
	items.append(new_item)

```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Conditional Statements

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Illustrates various conditional control flow structures in GDScript, including simple if, if/else, if/elif/else chains, nested conditions, ternary operators, and the match statement for switch-like behavior.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

enum GameState {MENU, PLAYING, PAUSED, GAME_OVER}

func _ready():
	var health = 75
	var has_key = true

	# Simple if statement
	if health > 50:
		print("Player is healthy")

	# If/else statement
	if health <= 0:
		print("Player is dead")
	else:
		print("Player is alive")

	# If/elif/else chain
	if health >= 80:
		print("Excellent health")
	elif health >= 50:
		print("Good health")
	elif health >= 20:
		print("Low health")
	else:
		print("Critical health")

	# Nested conditions
	if has_key:
		if health > 30:
			print("Can open the door safely")
		else:
			print("Too weak to open door")

	# Ternary operator
	var status = "alive" if health > 0 else "dead"
	print("Status: ", status)

	var armor_bonus = 50 if has_key else 0
	print("Armor bonus: ", armor_bonus)

	# Match statement (like switch)
	var state = GameState.PLAYING
	match state:
		GameState.MENU:
			print("Showing menu")
		GameState.PLAYING:
			print("Game is running")
			process_game_logic()
		GameState.PAUSED:
			print("Game paused")
		GameState.GAME_OVER:
			print("Game over")
		_:
			print("Unknown state")

	# Match with multiple values
	var direction = "north"
	match direction:
		"north", "up":
			print("Going up")
		"south", "down":
			print("Going down")
		"east", "right":
			print("Going right")
		"west", "left":
			print("Going left")

func process_game_logic():
	pass
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Number Assignments and Declarations

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/numbers

Demonstrates how to declare and assign integer and floating-point values to variables in GDScript. It also shows hexadecimal number representation and the declaration of constants.

```gdscript
# Integers
var a = 1
var b = -23
var c = 0
var d = 0xA1Fe316 # hexadecimal

# Floats
var x = 1.0
var y = -43.01
var z = 1.3e6

# Constant
const THE_ANSWER = 42
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Array Creation, Manipulation, and Functions

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/arrays

Demonstrates various ways to create and manipulate GDScript arrays, including instantiation, appending elements, checking array size, shuffling elements, and passing arrays by reference to functions. It highlights how changes made within a function affect the original array.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

func _ready():
	# Ways to create an array instance
	var a = Array()
	var b = []
	var c = ["a","b","c"]
	
	# Add some items to array 'a'
	a.append("Item 1")
	a.append("Item 2")
	
	# Pass array by reference to a function
	change(a)
	# Confirm that changes were made
	print(a[0])
	
	# Print the size of array 'b'
	print(b.size())
	
	# Shuffle the values of array 'c'
	c.shuffle() # This function doesn't return a value
	# Check that the element order was changed
	print_elements_of(c)

func change(a):
	a[0] = 1

func print_elements_of(array):
	# Here we are using one of the Pool array types
	print(PoolStringArray(array).join(""))

```

--------------------------------

### Declare GDScript Variables (Dynamic Typing)

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/variables

Demonstrates how to declare variables in GDScript without specifying a type, allowing them to hold any data type. These variables are known as Variants.

```gdscript
var score = 0
var remaining_fuel = 99.9
var paused = false
var player_name = ""
var selected_weapon
var starting_grid_position
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript: Define and Extend a New Class

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/classes

This snippet demonstrates how to define a new class named 'Motorcycle' that extends 'Node2D'. It includes adding properties (make, cc, color, fuel, speed), overriding virtual methods (_ready, _process), and adding a new custom method (add_fuel).

```gdscript
class_name Motorcycle extends Node2D

# Add properties
export(String) var make = "Kawasaki"
export(int) var cc = 900
export(Color, RGB) var color = ColorN("Ninja Green")
var fuel = 0.0
var speed = 0.0

# Override virtual methods
func _ready():
	add_fuel(17.3)

func _process(delta):
	if fuel > 0.0:
		speed += delta
		fuel -= delta
		print(speed, "km/h")

# Add a new method
func add_fuel(litres):
	fuel += litres

```

--------------------------------

### Declare GDScript Variables (Static Typing)

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/variables

Shows two methods for declaring statically typed variables in GDScript, which enforce a specific data type for a variable, reducing bugs and improving editor support.

```gdscript
# Method 1
var score: int = 0
var remaining_fuel: float = 99.9
var paused: bool = false
var player_name: String = ""

# Method 2 (inferring the type)
var my_int := 8
var size := 32.6
var running := true
var name := ""
```

--------------------------------

### Enemy Class Extension in GDScript

Source: https://context7.com/context7/gdscript-tutorials/llms.txt

Extends the base Character class to create an Enemy. It includes enemy-specific properties like damage and aggro range, and implements targeting and chasing logic. This script requires the base Character class to be defined.

```gdscript
class_name Enemy extends Character

export var damage: int = 10
export var aggro_range: float = 200.0

var target: Node2D = null

func _ready():
	character_name = "Enemy"
	team_color = Color.red
	setup_character()

func update_character(delta: float) -> void:
	if target and is_alive:
		chase_target(delta)

func chase_target(delta: float) -> void:
	var direction = (target.position - position).normalized()
	position += direction * speed * delta

func set_target(new_target: Node2D) -> void:
	target = new_target

func attack() -> int:
	return damage
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Conditional Statements: if, else, elif

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/conditional-statements

Demonstrates the use of if, else, and elif statements in GDScript to control program flow based on conditions. Uses indentation to define code blocks. Suitable for basic conditional logic in game development.

```GDScript
extends Node2D

func _ready():
	var n = 6
	
	# Inline 'if' statement
	if n == 6: print("n is equal to six")
	
	n = 4
	# Regular 'if' statement 
	if n == 4:
		print("n is equal to four")
	
	# 'else/if' statement
	if n == 6:
		print("n is equal to six")
	else:
		print("n is not equal to six")
	
	# Messy indented 'else/if' statement
	if n == 6:
		print("n is equal to six")
	else:
		if n < 6:
			print("n is less than six")
		else:
			print("n is greater than six")
	
	n = 8
	# Tidier 'else/if' statement using 'elif'
	if n == 6:
		print("n is equal to six")
	elif n < 6:
		print("n is less than six")
	else:
        print("n is greater than six")



```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Global and Local Variable Scope

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/variables

Illustrates the difference between global and local variable scope in GDScript. Global variables are accessible throughout the script, while local variables are confined to specific code blocks like functions.

```gdscript
extends Node2D

# score has global scope in this code module
var score = 5

# A function that may be called to add points to score
func add_to_score(points):
	# points is a variable passed from outside
	# it has local scope in this indented code block
	score = score + points

# This function runs when we view the scene
func _ready():
	add_to_score(1)
	# score is accessible inside this code block
	print(score) # prints 6
```

--------------------------------

### GDScript Ternary-if Expression for Conditional Assignment

Source: https://gdscript.com/tutorials/conditional-statements

Illustrates the use of the ternary-if expression in GDScript for concise conditional assignment of values to variables. Assigns a value based on a boolean condition.

```GDScript
var paid = false
var strength = 9.9 if paid else 1.0
print("Strength = ", strength)

```
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