### Initialize command array

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Concatenation.html

Example of an array of command structures.

```c
struct command commands[] =
{
  { "quit", quit_command },
  { "help", help_command },
  …
};
```

--------------------------------

### Header file example

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Include-Operation.html

A simple header file containing a function declaration.

```c
char *test (void);

```

--------------------------------

### Example of #embed Expansion

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Binary-Resource-Inclusion.html

Demonstrates how the preprocessor expands the directive into a sequence of integer literals.

```c
#embed __FILE__ limit(4)
```

--------------------------------

### Compile with search include path

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Example command for compiling C++20 modules using the -fsearch-include-path option.

```bash
g++ -c -std=c++20 -fmodules -fsearch-include-path bits/stdc++.h bits/std.cc
```

--------------------------------

### Macro Argument Substitution Example

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Misnesting.html

Demonstrates how a macro call can be constructed by substituting an argument into a macro body.

```c
#define twice(x) (2*(x))
#define call_with_1(x) x(1)
call_with_1 (twice)
     → twice(1)
     → (2*(1))
```

--------------------------------

### Include user header files

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Include-Syntax.html

Use quotes to search for files starting in the current directory, followed by quote directories and system directories.

```cpp
#include "file"
```

--------------------------------

### Specify Dependency Target with -MT

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Example output showing a custom target defined using the -MT option.

```makefile
$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

```

--------------------------------

### Use #include_next directive

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Wrapper-Headers.html

The #include_next directive searches for the specified file starting from the directory after the current file's directory.

```c
#include_next <signal.h>
```

--------------------------------

### Generate Phony Targets with -MP

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Example output generated when using the -MP option to create dummy rules for header files.

```makefile
test.o: test.c test.h

test.h:

```

--------------------------------

### Pathological Macro Redefinition Example

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Directives-Within-Macro-Arguments.html

Demonstrates the behavior of redefining a macro during its own invocation.

```c
#define f(x) x x
f (1
#undef f
#define f 2
f)
```

```text
1 2 1 2
```

--------------------------------

### Handling empty and invalid macro arguments

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Macro-Arguments.html

Examples of passing empty arguments to a macro and the resulting errors when the argument count does not match the definition.

```c
min(, b)        → ((   ) < (b) ? (   ) : (b))
min(a, )        → ((a  ) < ( ) ? (a  ) : ( ))
min(,)          → ((   ) < ( ) ? (   ) : ( ))
min((,),)       → (((,)) < ( ) ? ((,)) : ( ))

min()      error→ macro "min" requires 2 arguments, but only 1 given
min(,,)    error→ macro "min" passed 3 arguments, but takes just 2
```

--------------------------------

### Unbalanced Parentheses Macro Example

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Misnesting.html

Shows how an unbalanced parenthesis in a macro body allows a call to span across the macro invocation.

```c
#define strange(file) fprintf (file, "%s %d",
…
strange(stderr) p, 35)
     → fprintf (stderr, "%s %d", p, 35)
```

--------------------------------

### Conflicting Macro Definitions

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros.html

Examples of macro redefinitions that are not effectively the same, which will trigger a preprocessor warning.

```cpp
#define FOUR (2 + 2)
#define FOUR ( 2+2 )
#define FOUR (2 * 2)
#define FOUR(score,and,seven,years,ago) (2 + 2)
```

--------------------------------

### Test for machine endianness

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html

Example of using the __BYTE_ORDER__ macro to check for a little-endian machine architecture.

```c
/* Test for a little-endian machine */
#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
```

--------------------------------

### Effectively Same Macro Definitions

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Undefining-and-Redefining-Macros.html

Examples of macro redefinitions that are considered effectively the same by the preprocessor, allowing them to be redefined without warnings.

```cpp
#define FOUR (2 + 2)
#define FOUR         (2    +    2)
#define FOUR (2 /* two */ + 2)
```

--------------------------------

### Handling Endif Labels

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Example of legacy code patterns where text follows #else or #endif directives, which triggers a warning by default.

```cpp
#if FOO
…
#else FOO
…
#endif FOO
```

--------------------------------

### Specify Quoted Dependency Target with -MQ

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Example output showing a target defined using the -MQ option, which automatically quotes special characters for Make.

```makefile
$$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

```

--------------------------------

### Inspect Default Search Directories

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Search-Path.html

Use the -v option to display the preprocessor's current search path configuration.

```bash
cpp -v /dev/null -o /dev/null
```

--------------------------------

### Main program using #include

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Include-Operation.html

A C source file that includes a header file using the #include directive.

```c
int x;
#include "header.h"

int
main (void)
{
  puts (test ());
}
```

--------------------------------

### Non-portable __has_attribute usage

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005fattribute.html

Example of an invalid approach that may fail on compilers lacking the operator.

```c
#if defined __has_attribute && __has_attribute (nonnull)   /* not portable */
…
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Defining a Macro Without Parentheses

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Operator-Precedence-Problems.html

An example of a macro definition that is susceptible to operator precedence errors.

```c
#define ceil_div(x, y) (x + y - 1) / y
```

--------------------------------

### List Predefined Macros

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Displays all macros defined during preprocessor execution by creating an empty file and running the -dM flag.

```bash
touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
```

--------------------------------

### Non-portable header inclusion check

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005finclude.html

Example of a combined expression that is not portable because it assumes the compiler supports the operator.

```cpp
#if defined __has_include && __has_include ("header.h")   /* not portable */
…
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Basic #embed Syntax

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Binary-Resource-Inclusion.html

Standard syntax for including binary files using angle brackets or double quotes.

```c
#embed <file>
```

```c
#embed "file"
```

--------------------------------

### Include system header files

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Include-Syntax.html

Use angle brackets to search for files in standard system directories, which can be extended via the -I option.

```cpp
#include <file>
```

--------------------------------

### Test an assertion in a conditional

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Obsolete-Features.html

Example of using an assertion within an #if directive to check for specific machine types.

```cpp
#if #machine (vax) || #machine (ns16000)
```

--------------------------------

### Splitting tokens with backslash-newline

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Initial-processing.html

Demonstrates how backslash-newline sequences can be used to split preprocessor directives across multiple lines.

```c
/\
*
*/ # /*
*/ defi\
ne FO\
O 10\
20
```

--------------------------------

### Include header with absolute path

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Wrapper-Headers.html

An alternative to wrapper headers using an absolute path to reference the original file.

```c
#include "/usr/include/old-header.h"
```

--------------------------------

### Basic Computed Include

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Computed-Includes.html

Using a macro to define the header filename for inclusion.

```c
#define SYSTEM_H "system_1.h"
…
#include SYSTEM_H
```

--------------------------------

### Macro Usage with Side Effects

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Duplication-of-Side-Effects.html

Example of a macro call where an argument containing a function call is evaluated twice.

```c
next = min (x + y, foo (z));
```

--------------------------------

### Coexistence of macro and function

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Function-like-Macros.html

Demonstrates how a macro is only expanded when followed by parentheses, allowing the function name to be used as a pointer.

```c
extern void foo(void);
#define foo() /* optimized inline version */
…
  foo();
  funcptr = foo;
```

--------------------------------

### Nested macro expansion

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Macro-Arguments.html

Shows the multi-step expansion process for nested macro calls.

```c
  min (((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b)), (c))
```

```c
((((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))) < (c)
 ? (((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b)))
 : (c))
```

--------------------------------

### Sequential macro definition behavior

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Object-like-Macros.html

Demonstrates that macro definitions take effect at the point they are written in the source file.

```c
foo = X;
#define X 4
bar = X;
```

```c
foo = X;
bar = 4;
```

--------------------------------

### Token Concatenation with Macros

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Tokenization.html

Demonstrates how the preprocessor handles token boundaries and the effect of macro expansion on concatenation.

```c
#define foo() bar
foo()baz
     → bar baz
_not_
     → barbaz
```

--------------------------------

### Using the _Pragma operator

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Pragmas.html

Demonstrates how to use the _Pragma operator to embed pragmas within macros.

```c
_Pragma ("GCC dependency \"parse.y\"")
```

```c
#define DO_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma (#x)
DO_PRAGMA (GCC dependency "parse.y")
```

--------------------------------

### Conditional Header Inclusion

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Computed-Includes.html

A standard approach using preprocessor conditionals to select a header file.

```c
#if SYSTEM_1
# include "system_1.h"
#elif SYSTEM_2
# include "system_2.h"
#elif SYSTEM_3
…
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Dependency Generation Options

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

Options for generating makefile-compatible dependency rules during preprocessing.

```APIDOC
## Dependency Generation Options

### Description
These options control how the preprocessor generates dependency rules for build systems like `make`.

### Options
- **--dependencies (-M)**: Outputs a make rule describing dependencies of the main source file.
- **--user-dependencies (-MM)**: Similar to -M, but excludes system header files.
- **-MF file**: Specifies the output file for dependency rules.
- **-MG**: Assumes missing header files are generated files and adds them to the dependency list.
- **-Mno-modules**: Disables dependency generation for compiled module interfaces.
- **-MP**: Adds a phony target for each dependency to prevent errors when header files are removed.
- **-MT target**: Sets the target of the dependency rule.
- **-MQ target**: Same as -MT, but quotes characters special to Make.
- **-MD**: Equivalent to -M -MF, but does not imply -E (preprocessor output).
- **-MMD**: Equivalent to -MM -MF, but does not imply -E.
```

--------------------------------

### Demonstrate macro usage error

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Swallowing-the-Semicolon.html

Example of how a trailing semicolon after a compound statement macro causes invalid C code when used before an else statement.

```c
if (*p != 0)
  SKIP_SPACES (p, lim);
else …
```

--------------------------------

### Token Pasting via Comments

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Traditional-macros.html

Demonstrates using comments to effect token pasting in traditional macro expansion.

```c
#define suffix(x) foo_/**/x
suffix(bar)
     → foo_bar
```

--------------------------------

### C Preprocessor Digraphs and Punctuators

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Tokenization.html

Mapping of C/C++ digraphs to their corresponding standard punctuators.

```text
Digraph:        <%  %>  <:  :>  %:  %:%:
Punctuator:      {   }   [   ]   #    ##
```

--------------------------------

### Recursive Macro Expansion

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Traditional-macros.html

Demonstrates how traditional macros expand to text and can result in concatenated tokens.

```c
#define PLUS +
#define INC(x) PLUS+x
INC(foo);
     → ++foo;
```

--------------------------------

### Testing binary resource inclusion with __has_embed

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005fembed.html

Use this pattern to verify if a resource and its parameters are supported before attempting an #embed directive.

```cpp
#ifdef __has_embed
#if __has_embed (__FILE__ limit (4) myvendor::myattr (42)) != __STDC_EMBED_NOT_FOUND__
#embed "foo.dat" limit (4) myvendor::myattr (42)
#endif
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Define and use a simple object-like macro

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Object-like-Macros.html

Defines a macro for a numeric constant and demonstrates its expansion in a C statement.

```c
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
```

```c
foo = (char *) malloc (BUFFER_SIZE);
```

```c
foo = (char *) malloc (1024);
```

--------------------------------

### Define and invoke a min macro

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Macro-Arguments.html

Demonstrates a standard macro definition for finding the minimum of two values and its expansion with various argument types.

```c
#define min(X, Y)  ((X) < (Y) ? (X) : (Y))
  x = min(a, b);          →  x = ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b));
  y = min(1, 2);          →  y = ((1) < (2) ? (1) : (2));
  z = min(a + 28, *p);    →  z = ((a + 28) < (*p) ? (a + 28) : (*p));
```

--------------------------------

### Macro Expansion with Concatenation

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Argument-Prescan.html

Demonstrates using an intermediate macro to force expansion of arguments before concatenation.

```c
#define AFTERX(x) X_ ## x
#define XAFTERX(x) AFTERX(x)
#define TABLESIZE 1024
#define BUFSIZE TABLESIZE
```

--------------------------------

### Stringizing Arguments in Traditional Macros

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Traditional-macros.html

Illustrates how traditional preprocessors replace parameters within quotes to achieve stringization.

```c
#define str(x) "x"
str(/* A comment */some text )
     → "some text "
```

--------------------------------

### Testing for Built-in Function Support

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005fbuiltin.html

Recommended pattern for checking if __has_builtin is supported and conditionally defining a wrapper for a specific built-in function.

```c
#if defined __has_builtin
#  if __has_builtin (__builtin_object_size)
#    define builtin_object_size(ptr) __builtin_object_size (ptr, 2)
#  endif
#endif
#ifndef builtin_object_size
#  define builtin_object_size(ptr)   ((size_t)-1)
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Macro for command definition

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Concatenation.html

Using stringizing and concatenation to simplify command table definitions.

```c
#define COMMAND(NAME)  { #NAME, NAME ## _command }

struct command commands[] =
{
  COMMAND (quit),
  COMMAND (help),
  …
};
```

--------------------------------

### Demonstrate a syntax error with trailing commas

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

Shows how omitting variable arguments can lead to a trailing comma syntax error.

```c
eprintf("success!\n", );
     → fprintf(stderr, "success!\n", );
```

--------------------------------

### Recommended Macro Definition

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Operator-Precedence-Problems.html

The final recommended way to define the macro using full parenthesization to avoid all precedence issues.

```c
#define ceil_div(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
```

--------------------------------

### Report configuration inconsistency

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Diagnostics.html

Use #error to validate that required configuration parameters are set correctly relative to one another.

```cpp
#if !defined(FOO) && defined(BAR)
#error "BAR requires FOO."
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Define and invoke a function-like macro

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Function-like-Macros.html

Defines a simple function-like macro and shows its expansion.

```c
#define lang_init()  c_init()
lang_init()
     → c_init()
```

--------------------------------

### Define command structure

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Concatenation.html

Structure definition for command mapping.

```c
struct command
{
  char *name;
  void (*function) (void);
};
```

--------------------------------

### Nested #if and #else structure

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Elif.html

Demonstrates the verbose approach to checking multiple conditions using nested #if and #else directives.

```c
#if X == 1
…
#else /* X != 1 */
#if X == 2
…
#else /* X != 2 */
…
#endif /* X != 2 */
#endif /* X != 1 */
```

--------------------------------

### Using the #else directive

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Else.html

Provides an alternative block of code to be processed when the initial conditional expression evaluates to zero.

```c
#if expression
text-if-true
#else /* Not expression */
text-if-false
#endif /* Not expression */
```

--------------------------------

### __has_include and __has_include_next

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005finclude.html

Operators used to test if a header file can be included. They evaluate to a non-zero value if the header is available and zero otherwise.

```APIDOC
## __has_include and __has_include_next

### Description
These operators are used within '#if' and '#elif' expressions to determine if a header file can be successfully included. They are designed to be used with the same syntax as the '#include' and '#include_next' directives.

### Usage
- `__has_include(operand)`: Tests if the specified header can be included.
- `__has_include_next(operand)`: Tests if the specified header can be included using the '#include_next' directive.

### Example
```c
#if defined __has_include
#  if __has_include (<stdatomic.h>)
#    include <stdatomic.h>
#  endif
#endif
```
```

--------------------------------

### Define a basic variadic macro

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

Uses the ellipsis (...) syntax to accept variable arguments, which are accessed via __VA_ARGS__.

```c
#define eprintf(...) fprintf (stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
```

--------------------------------

### Trace indirect macro expansion

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Self-Referential-Macros.html

Shows the expansion steps for indirectly self-referential macros.

```text
x    → (4 + y)
     → (4 + (2 * x))

y    → (2 * x)
     → (2 * (4 + y))
```

--------------------------------

### Checking file dependencies with #pragma GCC dependency

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Pragmas.html

Checks the relative dates of files and issues warnings if the dependency is newer.

```c
#pragma GCC dependency "parse.y"
#pragma GCC dependency "/usr/include/time.h" rerun fixincludes
```

--------------------------------

### Linemarker Syntax

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Preprocessor-Output.html

The format used by the preprocessor to convey source file name and line number information in the output.

```text
# linenum filename flags
```

--------------------------------

### Portable __has_attribute usage

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005fattribute.html

Recommended pattern for checking attribute support by first verifying the operator's existence.

```c
#if defined __has_attribute
#  if __has_attribute (nonnull)
#    define ATTR_NONNULL __attribute__ ((nonnull))
#  endif
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Advanced #embed with Parameters

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Binary-Resource-Inclusion.html

Usage of standard parameters including prefix and suffix for custom formatting of the embedded data.

```c
#embed "foo.dat" limit(1) __prefix__(32, ) suffix(, 0)
```

--------------------------------

### Define a robust macro using do-while

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Swallowing-the-Semicolon.html

The recommended approach for defining statement-like macros by wrapping the body in a do-while(0) loop to safely handle trailing semicolons.

```c
#define SKIP_SPACES(p, limit)     \
do { char *lim = (limit);         \
     while (p < lim) {            \
       if (*p++ != ' ') {         \
         p--; break; }}}          \
while (0)
```

--------------------------------

### Standard License Notice Template

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html

Use this template for documents without Invariant Sections or Cover Texts.

```text
  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.
```

--------------------------------

### NUL byte behavior in preprocessor directives

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Tokenization.html

Demonstrates that NUL bytes are treated as whitespace in directives, making the two definitions equivalent.

```c
#define X^@1
#define X 1
```

--------------------------------

### Define a variadic macro with named and variable arguments

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

Combines a mandatory format string with optional variable arguments.

```c
#define eprintf(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, __VA_ARGS__)
```

--------------------------------

### Demonstrate variable argument omission

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

Shows the behavior when the variable argument is omitted in C++20 or GNU CPP.

```c
eprintf ("success!\n")
     → fprintf(stderr, "success!\n", );
```

--------------------------------

### Syntax of the #if directive

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/If.html

The basic structure for conditional compilation using the #if directive.

```c
#if expression

controlled text

#endif /* expression */
```

--------------------------------

### Report errors with __FILE__ and __LINE__

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Standard-Predefined-Macros.html

Use these macros to include the current file path and line number in diagnostic messages.

```c
fprintf (stderr, "Internal error: "
                 "negative string length "
                 "%d at %s, line %d.",
         length, __FILE__, __LINE__);
```

--------------------------------

### Expand a variadic macro

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html

Shows the expansion of a variadic macro call into a standard function call.

```c
eprintf ("%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno)
     →  fprintf (stderr, "%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno)
```

--------------------------------

### Handling Unshielded Commas in Macro Arguments

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Argument-Prescan.html

Illustrates how unshielded commas in macro arguments can cause incorrect argument counts during expansion.

```c
#define foo  a,b
#define bar(x) lose(x)
#define lose(x) (1 + (x))
```

--------------------------------

### Test macro existence and value

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Defined.html

Checks if BUFSIZE is defined and meets a minimum value requirement.

```c
#if defined BUFSIZE && BUFSIZE >= 1024
```

--------------------------------

### cpp [options] infile outfile

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Invocation.html

The primary command to invoke the C preprocessor. It reads from an input file and writes to an output file, supporting various options for macro manipulation and file processing.

```APIDOC
## cpp [options] infile outfile

### Description
Invokes the C preprocessor to process source files. The preprocessor reads the input file, processes directives, and writes the result to the output file.

### Parameters
#### Positional Arguments
- **infile** (string) - Required - The source file to process. Use '-' for standard input.
- **outfile** (string) - Optional - The destination file for output. Use '-' for standard output. If omitted, defaults to standard output.

#### Options
- **-D name[=definition]** (string) - Optional - Predefine a macro. If definition is omitted, it defaults to 1.
- **-U name** (string) - Optional - Cancel any previous definition of the specified macro.
- **-include file** (string) - Optional - Process the specified file as if it were included at the start of the source file.
- **-imacros file** (string) - Optional - Process the specified file for macro definitions, but discard any output produced by it.
- **-undef** (flag) - Optional - Do not predefine system-specific or GCC-specific macros.
- **-pthread** (flag) - Optional - Define macros required for the POSIX threads library.
```

--------------------------------

### Macro Expansion Precedence Error

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Operator-Precedence-Problems.html

Demonstrates how a macro expansion can lead to incorrect operator grouping.

```c
a = ceil_div (b & c, sizeof (int));
     → a = (b & c + sizeof (int) - 1) / sizeof (int);
```

```c
a = (b & (c + sizeof (int) - 1)) / sizeof (int);
```

```c
a = ((b & c) + sizeof (int) - 1)) / sizeof (int);
```

--------------------------------

### Portable header inclusion check

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/_005f_005fhas_005finclude.html

Recommended pattern for checking if a header exists before including it, ensuring compatibility with compilers that do not support the operator.

```cpp
#if defined __has_include
#  if __has_include (<stdatomic.h>)
#    include <stdatomic.h>
#  endif
#endif
```

--------------------------------

### Block Comment Nesting Behavior

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Initial-processing.html

Demonstrates that block comments do not support nesting, causing the first closing delimiter to terminate the comment.

```c
/* this is /* one comment */ text outside comment
```

--------------------------------

### Test for any assertion answer

Source: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-16.2.0/cpp/Obsolete-Features.html

Syntax to check if any answer exists for a given predicate.

```cpp
#if #machine
```