### Test ODBC Setup with osql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Use the 'osql' utility to test the ODBC setup. This command allows you to connect to a database and execute SQL queries.

```bash
osql -S myserver -U myuser -P mypassword

```

--------------------------------

### Example `freetds.conf` File

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/freetdsconf.html

This example demonstrates the structure of a `freetds.conf` file, including global settings and specific server configurations.

```ini
[global]
	tds version = auto

[myserver]
	host = ntbox.mydomain.com
	port = 1433

[myserver2]
	host = unixbox.mydomain.com
	port = 4000
	tds version = 5.0

[myserver3]
	host = instancebox.mydomain.com
	instance = foo

```

--------------------------------

### Make and Install PHP with CT-Library

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/php.html

Complete the build and installation process for PHP after modifying the Makefile for CT-Library support.

```bash
	$ **make**
	$ **sudo make install**

```

--------------------------------

### Run Sybase Python Example

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/Python.html

Command to execute the example Python script after installation. Note that FreeTDS might require version 100 symbols instead of 110.

```bash
	$ **python example.py**
```

--------------------------------

### Example interfaces File Configuration

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/interfacesformat.html

This example demonstrates the basic structure of an interfaces file, including the server name and service line with connection details. FreeTDS primarily uses the 'query' service line.

```text
                    myserver
                    query tcp 4.2 127.0.0.1 4000
                    master tcp ether 127.0.0.1 4000
                    

```

--------------------------------

### Initialize DB-Library

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Initializes the DB-Library and sets up login credentials. Always make dbinit() the first DB-Library call and install error/message handlers immediately.

```c
if (dbinit() == FAIL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: dbinit() failed\n",
			options.appname, __LINE__);
			exit(1);
		}

		
		dberrhandle(err_handler);
		dbmsghandle(msg_handler);

		
		if ((login = dblogin()) == NULL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unable to allocate login structure\n",
			options.appname, __LINE__);
			exit(1);
		}

		
		DBSETLUSER(login, options.username);
		DBSETLPWD(login, options.password);

		

```

--------------------------------

### Test ODBC setup with osql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/odbcdiagnose.html

Use the osql utility to test your ODBC configuration. This script checks your setup and then invokes the unixODBC isql utility for connection testing.

```bash
	$ **osql -S machine -U mr_ed -P hayseed**
	looking for odbc.ini and odbcinst.ini in /usr/local/etc
	reading "/usr/home/mr_ed/.odbc.ini"
	[machine] found in "/usr/home/mr_ed/.odbc.ini"
	found this section:
	[machine]
	Database = testdb
	Servername = machine
	Trace           = Yes
	TraceFile       = /tmp/unixodbc.trace

	looking for driver for DSN [machine]
	no driver mentioned for [machine] in .odbc.ini
	looking for driver for DSN [default]
	driver "FreeTDS" found for [default] in .odbc.ini
	found driver named "FreeTDS"
	FreeTDS is not a readable file
	looking for entry named [FreeTDS] in /usr/local/etc/odbcinst.ini
	driver "/usr/local/lib/libtdsodbc.so" found for [FreeTDS] in odbcinst.ini
	/usr/local/lib/libtdsodbc.so is a readable file
	Using ODBC-Combined strategy
	FreeTDS servername is "machine" (from /usr/home/mr_ed/.odbc.ini)
	looking for [machine] in /usr/home/mr_ed/.freetds.conf
	"/usr/home/mr_ed/.freetds.conf" is a readable file
	found this section:
	[machine]
	host = machine.example.com
	port = 2500
	tds version = 7.1


machine.example.com has address 10.82.32.177

	DSN: machine
	Driver: /usr/local/lib/libtdsodbc.so
	Server's hostname: machine.example.com
	Address: 10.82.32.177

	Attempting connection as mr_ed ...
	+ exec isql machine mr_ed hayseed -v
	+---------------------------------------+
	| Connected!                            |
	|                                       |
	| sql-statement                         |
	| help [tablename]                      |
	| quit                                  |
	|                                       |
	+---------------------------------------+
	SQL>

```

--------------------------------

### Build FreeTDS for Experts

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/config.html

This sequence of commands is for expert users building FreeTDS. It specifies a custom installation prefix.

```bash
	$ **./configure --prefix=/usr/local**
	$ **make**
	$ **sudo make install**

```

--------------------------------

### Build DBD::Sybase with FreeTDS

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/perl.html

Steps to build and install the DBD::Sybase module. FreeTDS environment variables should be set prior to execution.

```bash
cd DBD-Sybase-0.91
export SYBASE=/usr/local/freetds
perl Makefile.PL
make
sudo make install
```

--------------------------------

### PHP and DB-Library for Sybase

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Example of using PHP with DB-Library to connect to a Sybase database. This demonstrates server interaction from a web application.

```php
<?php

$server = "myserver";
$user = "myuser";
$password = "mypassword";

$conn = dblib_connect($server, $user, $password);

if (!$conn) {
    die("Connection failed: " . dblib_error());
}

// ... execute queries ...

dblib_close($conn);

?>

```

--------------------------------

### Compile-Time Settings with tsql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Use the 'tsql' utility to display compile-time settings for FreeTDS. This is useful for verifying installation and configuration.

```bash
tsql -C

```

--------------------------------

### Getting Instance Information with tsql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ConfirmInstall.html

Use `tsql -L` to list available servers and their connection details, including instance name, version, and network protocols (TCP/NP). This helps verify server configuration.

```bash
	$ **tsql -LH  _servername_ **
	locale is "C"
	locale charset is "646"
	ServerName TITAN
	InstanceName MSSQLSERVER
	IsClustered No
	Version 8.00.194
	tcp 1433
	np \\TITAN\pipe\sql\query

```

--------------------------------

### UCS-2 and UTF-8 Encoding Example

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Illustrates the "HELLO" string represented in both UCS-2 and UTF-8 encoding. This is useful for understanding character set differences.

```text
UCS-2: 0048 0045 004C 004C 004F
UTF-8: 48 45 4C 4C 4F

```

--------------------------------

### Build DBD::ODBC with FreeTDS

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/perl.html

Steps to build and install the DBD::ODBC module. Ensure FreeTDS environment variables are set correctly.

```bash
cd DBD-ODBC-0.28
export SYBASE=/usr/local/freetds
export ODBCHOME=/usr/local
export DBI_DSN=dbi:ODBC:JDBC
export DBI_USER=guest
export DBI_PASS=sybase
perl Makefile.PL
make
sudo make install
```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library: Fetch Results and Bind Columns

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

This example demonstrates fetching results from a database using DB-Library. It iterates through results, reads column metadata, binds columns to application variables, and processes rows. Ensure all rows are processed before executing a new query.

```c
        while ((erc = dbresults(dbproc)) != NO_MORE_RESULTS) {
			struct COL 
			{
				char *name;
				char *buffer;
				int type, size, status;
			} *columns, *pcol;
			int ncols;
			int row_code;

			if (erc == FAIL) {
				fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: dbresults failed\n",
				options.appname, __LINE__);
				exit(1);
			}

			ncols = dbnumcols(dbproc);

			if ((columns = calloc(ncols, sizeof(struct COL))) == NULL) {
				perror(NULL);
				exit(1);
			}

			/*
			 * Read metadata and bind.
			 */
			for (pcol = columns; pcol - columns < ncols; pcol++) {
				int c = pcol - columns + 1;

				pcol->name = dbcolname(dbproc, c);               
				pcol->type = dbcoltype(dbproc, c);
				pcol->size = dbcollen(dbproc, c);

				if (SYBCHAR != pcol->type) {                       
					pcol->size = dbprcollen(dbproc, c);
					if (pcol->size > 255)
						pcol->size = 255;
				}

				printf("%*s ", pcol->size, pcol->name); 

				if ((pcol->buffer = calloc(1, pcol->size + 1)) == NULL){
					perror(NULL);
					exit(1);
				}

				erc = dbbind(dbproc, c, NTBSTRINGBIND,    
				pcol->size+1, (BYTE*)pcol->buffer);
				if (erc == FAIL) {
					fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: dbbind(%d) failed\n",
					options.appname, __LINE__, c);
					exit(1);
				}
			
				erc = dbnullbind(dbproc, c, &pcol->status); 
				if (erc == FAIL) {
					fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: dbnullbind(%d) failed\n",
					options.appname, __LINE__, c);
					exit(1);
				}
			}
			printf("\n");

			/*
			 * Print the data to stdout.
			 */
			while ((row_code = dbnextrow(dbproc)) != NO_MORE_ROWS){
				switch (row_code) {
				case REG_ROW:
					for (pcol=columns; pcol - columns < ncols; pcol++) {
						char *buffer = pcol->status == -1?
						"NULL" : pcol->buffer;
						printf("%*s ", pcol->size, buffer); 
					}
					printf("\n");
					break;

				case BUF_FULL:
					assert(row_code != BUF_FULL);
					break;

				case FAIL:
					fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: dbresults failed\n",
					options.appname, __LINE__);
					exit(1);
					break;

				default:					
					printf("Data for computeid %d ignored\n", row_code);
				}

			}

			/* free metadata and data buffers */
			for (pcol=columns; pcol - columns < ncols; pcol++) {
				free(pcol->buffer);
			}
			free(columns);

			/*
			 * Get row count, if available.
			 */
			if (DBCOUNT(dbproc) > -1)
				fprintf(stderr, "%d rows affected\n", DBCOUNT(dbproc));

			/*
			 * Check return status
			 */
			if (dbhasretstat(dbproc) == TRUE) {
				printf("Procedure returned %d\n", dbretstatus(dbproc));
			}
		}

		dbclose(dbproc);
		dbexit();
		exit(0);
	}
	
```

--------------------------------

### Connect to Server with DBD::Sybase

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/perl.html

Connect to a SQL Server using the DBD::Sybase module. This example is similar to the DBD::ODBC connection, highlighting DBI's consistent interface.

```perl
#!/usr/bin/env perl
#
use DBI;

my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:Sybase:server=JDBC", 'guest', 'sybase', {PrintError => 0});

die "Unable for connect to server $DBI::errstr"
	unless $dbh;

my $rc;
my $sth;

$sth = $dbh->prepare("select @@servername");
if($sth->execute) {
	while(@dat = $sth->fetchrow) {
		print "@dat\n";
	}
}

```

--------------------------------

### Install Sybase Python Module

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/Python.html

Steps to download, extract, and install the Sybase Python module (version 0.37) with FreeTDS support. Ensure FreeTDS environment variables are set correctly.

```bash
	$ **tar xvfz sybase-0.37.tgz**
	$ **cd sybase-0.37**
	$ **export SYBASE=/usr/local/freetds**
	$ **export CFLAGS "-DHAVE_FREETDS"**
	$ **export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/freetds/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}**
	$ **python setup.py install**
```

--------------------------------

### cs_manage_convert

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ctlib.api.summary.html

Installs or retrieves a user-defined character set conversion routine.

```APIDOC
## cs_manage_convert

### Description
Installs or retrieves a user-defined character set conversion routine.

### Status
stub
```

--------------------------------

### Show Compile-Time Settings with tsql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ConfirmInstall.html

Use 'tsql -C' to display FreeTDS compile-time settings, including the location of freetds.conf and enabled features. This helps verify the installation environment.

```bash
	$ **tsql -C **
	Password: 
	Compile-time settings (established with the "configure" script)
                        	    Version: freetds v1.5
        	     freetds.conf directory: /usr/local/etc
	     MS db-lib source compatibility: no
        	Sybase binary compatibility: no
                	      Thread safety: yes
                	      iconv library: yes
                        	TDS version: auto
                        	      iODBC: no
                        	   unixODBC: no
        	      SSPI "trusted" logins: no
                        	    Keberos: no
                                    OpenSSL: yes
                                     GnuTLS: no
                                       MARS: yes 

```

--------------------------------

### Sample ODBC-only odbc.ini file

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/odbcinionly.html

This configuration file defines data source names (DSNs) and their associated connection parameters for ODBC. Ensure the Driver path is correct for your FreeTDS installation.

```ini
	[ODBC Data Sources][12]
	JDBC = Sybase JDBC Server
	
	[JDBC]
	Driver          = /usr/local/freetds/lib/libtdsodbc.so
	Description     = Sybase JDBC Server
	Trace           = No
	Server          = jdbc.sybase.com
	Database        = pubs2
	Port            = 4444
	TDS_Version     = 5.0
	
	[Default]
	Driver          = /usr/local/freetds/lib/libtdsodbc.so
	

```

--------------------------------

### Configure TDS Connection Pool (`pool.conf`)

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/tdspool.html

Example configuration file for the FreeTDS connection pool server. It demonstrates global settings for connection limits and idle timeouts, as well as specific settings for a pool named 'mypool'.

```ini
	[global]
	min pool conn = 5
	max pool conn = 10
	max member age = 120
	
	[mypool]
	user = webuser
	password = secret
	database = ebiz
	server = fooserv
	max pool conn = 7
	port = 5000
	

```

--------------------------------

### Build Sample Code

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Commands to extract and compile the DB-Library sample code. Ensure include and library paths are correctly set for your system.

```bash
	$ **../doc/grep_sample_code ../doc/userguide.xml > sample.c**
	$ **cc -I /usr/local/include -Wl,-L/usr/local/lib -Wl,-R/usr/local/lib sample.c -lsybdb -o sample**

```

--------------------------------

### Connect to the Server

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Establishes a connection to the database server using the provided login information and optionally selects a specific database. dbopen() forms the connection, and dbuse() switches to the desired database.

```c
if ((dbproc = dbopen(login, options.servername)) == NULL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unable to connect to %s as %s\n",
				options.appname, __LINE__,
				options.servername, options.username);
			exit(1);
		}

		if (options.dbname  && (erc = dbuse(dbproc, options.dbname)) == FAIL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unable to use to database %s\n",
				options.appname, __LINE__,
				options.dbname);
			exit(1);
		}

		

```

--------------------------------

### Login with Domain Credentials

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Demonstrates how to log in to a server using domain credentials. This typically involves specifying the domain in the username.

```bash
tsql -U MYDOMAIN\myuser -P mypassword

```

--------------------------------

### cs_set_convert

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ctlib.api.summary.html

Installs or retrieves a user-defined conversion routine.

```APIDOC
## cs_set_convert

### Description
Installs or retrieves a user-defined conversion routine.

### Status
stub
```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library Prolog: Argument Parsing

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Parses command-line options for server, database, username, and password using getopt. Initializes DB-Library structures.

```c
	extern char *optarg;
	extern int optind;
	
	const static char syntax[] =
		"syntax: example -S server -D db -U user -P passwd\n";
	
	struct {
		char *appname, *servername, *dbname, *username, *password;
	} options = {0,0,0,0,0};
	
	int
	main(int argc, char *argv[])
	{
		int i, ch;
		LOGINREC *login;	
		DBPROCESS *dbproc;	
		RETCODE erc;		

		options.appname = basename(argv[0]);

		while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "U:P:S:D:")) != -1) {
			switch (ch) {
			case 'S':
				options.servername = strdup(optarg);
				break;
			case 'D':
				options.dbname = strdup(optarg);
				break;
			case 'U':
				options.username = strdup(optarg);
				break;
			case 'P':
				options.password = strdup(optarg);
				break;
			case '?':
			default:
				fprintf(stderr, syntax);
				exit(1);
			}
		}

		argc -= optind;
		argv += optind;

		if (! (options.servername && options.username  && options.password)) {
			fprintf(stderr, syntax);
			exit(1);
		}
		

```

--------------------------------

### Configure UTF-8 freetds.conf Setting

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Example of configuring the 'client charset' to UTF-8 in 'freetds.conf'. This is essential for handling a wide range of characters.

```ini
[myserver]
client charset = UTF-8

```

--------------------------------

### blk_init

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ctlib.api.summary.html

Initiates a bulk copy operation.

```APIDOC
## blk_init

### Description
Initiates a bulk copy operation.

### Status
OK
```

--------------------------------

### DSN-less Configuration Sample

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Provides a sample configuration for connecting to a database without using a Data Source Name (DSN). This is useful for application-specific configurations.

```ini
[myserver]
host = 192.168.1.100
port = 1433
database = mydb

```

--------------------------------

### Sample odbc.ini Configuration

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/uothread.html

This is a sample odbc.ini file showing how to reference the FreeTDS driver. It includes server details like Server and Port.

```ini
	[Server1]
	Driver = FreeTDS
	Server = myServer1
	Port = 1433
	
```

--------------------------------

### Run TDS Connection Pool Server

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/tdspool.html

Command to start the FreeTDS connection pool server, specifying the name of the pool configuration to use.

```bash
	$ ** tdspool mypool**

```

--------------------------------

### Set SYBASE and TDSVER in csh

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/envvar.html

Use the 'setenv' command to set the SYBASE and TDSVER environment variables in csh. Ensure the SYBASE path points to your FreeTDS installation.

```shell
$ **setenv SYBASE /usr/local/freetds**
$ **setenv TDSVER 7.4**
```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library Initialize

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Code snippet for initializing the DB-Library environment. This is a prerequisite for using DB-Library functions.

```c
#include <sybfront.h>
#include <sybdb.h>

// ...

DBPROCESS *dbproc;
LOGINREC *loginrec;

loginrec = dblogin();
// ...

```

--------------------------------

### tsql Hostname Resolution Failure

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ConfirmInstall.html

This example illustrates a FreeTDS connection failure when the server name is found in freetds.conf but the specified hostname cannot be resolved. It shows the resulting error message from tsql.

```bash
	$ **tsql -S _nonesuch_ -U _sa_   **
	Password: 
	locale is "C"
	locale charset is "646"
	Error 20013 (severity 2):
	Unknown host machine name.
	There was a problem connecting to the server

```

--------------------------------

### Set SYBASE and TDSVER in Bourne Shell

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/envvar.html

Use the 'export' command to set the SYBASE and TDSVER environment variables in Bourne shell, ksh, or bash. Adjust the SYBASE path to your FreeTDS installation directory.

```shell
$ **export SYBASE=/usr/local/freetds**  # (or your favorite directory)
$ **export TDSVER=7.4**
```

--------------------------------

### Configure PHP with DB-Library

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/php.html

Configure PHP to use the FreeTDS DB-Library. This enables 'Sybase' server compatibility.

```bash
	$ **cd php**
	$ **./configure --with-sybase=/usr/local/freetds**
	$ **make**
	$ **sudo make install**

```

--------------------------------

### ODBC-combined odbc.ini Sample

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

A sample 'odbc.ini' file that combines ODBC and FreeTDS settings. This allows for more integrated configurations.

```ini
[myserver]
Driver = FreeTDS
Servername = myserver
Database = mydb

[another_server]
Driver = FreeTDS
Servername = another_server
Database = another_db

```

--------------------------------

### Static Linker: Library Not Found

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/linker.how.html

This error indicates that the linker cannot locate a specified library. The library may be installed but not in the linker's default search path. You might need to specify the library's location.

```bash
$ **gcc -o bsqldb bsqldb.o  -l sybdb**
ld: cannot find -lsybdb

```

--------------------------------

### Build SQSH Makefile

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

The Makefile for building the SQSH utility. This is a command-line SQL client for Sybase and SQL Server.

```makefile
# SQSH Makefile

# Define the C compiler and flags
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = -O2 -Wall

# Define the libraries to link against
LIBS = -L/usr/lib -lsybdb

# Define the executable name
TARGET = sqsh

# Define the source files
SRCS = sqsh.c commands.c parse.c util.c

# Define the object files
OBJS = $(SRCS:.c=.o)

# Default target
all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	$(CC) $(OBJS) -o $(TARGET) $(LIBS)

%.o: %
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

clean:
	rm -f $(OBJS) $(TARGET)

```

--------------------------------

### tsql Servername Lookup Failure

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/ConfirmInstall.html

This example demonstrates troubleshooting a FreeTDS connection failure where the server name is not found in configuration files or cannot be resolved by DNS. It shows the error messages produced by tsql and the 'host' command.

```bash
	$ **tsql -S  _nobox_ -U _sa_ **
	Password: 
	locale is "C"
	locale charset is "646"
	Password:
	Error 20012 (severity 2):
	Server name not found in configuration files.
	Error 20013 (severity 2):
	Unknown host machine name.
	There was a problem connecting to the server
	
	$ **host nobox**
	Host not found.

```

--------------------------------

### Login with Domain Account - tsql

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/domains.html

Use this syntax with the 'tsql' command-line tool to log in using a domain account when SSPI or Kerberos is not enabled. The username must be prefixed with the domain name and a backslash.

```bash
	$ **tsql -S camelot -U 'NOTTINGHAM\lancelot' -P roundtable**
	locale is "C"
	locale charset is "646"
	Msg 5703, Level 0, State 1, Server CPRO200, Line 0
	Changed language setting to middle_english.
	1>
```

--------------------------------

### Clone FreeTDS Git Repository

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/packages.html

Use this command to clone the FreeTDS git repository. This provides access to the latest development code, which often includes fixes and new features not yet in release versions. Ensure you have git installed.

```bash
	$ **git clone https://github.com/FreeTDS/freetds.git**
	$
```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library Connect to Server

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Code snippet for establishing a connection to a database server using DB-Library. This involves using login records and DBPROCESS structures.

```c
#include <sybfront.h>
#include <sybdb.h>

// ...

DBPROCESS *dbproc;
LOGINREC *loginrec;

loginrec = dblogin();
dbinit(loginrec, "myserver");
dbopen(loginrec, "myuser", "mypassword");
dbproc = dbopen(loginrec, "myserver");
// ...

```

--------------------------------

### Sample odbc.ini for Threading Model

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

A sample 'odbc.ini' file configured for a specific threading model. This complements the 'odbcinst.ini' settings.

```ini
[myserver]
Driver = FreeTDS
Servername = myserver
Database = mydb
Threading = 1

```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library Error Handler Example

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Implement a custom error handler for DB-Library. This function logs DB-Library errors or operating system errors to stderr, indicating the application name, error number, and severity. It returns INT_CANCEL to abort the operation.

```c
int
		err_handler(DBPROCESS * dbproc, int severity, int dberr, int oserr,
			char *dberrstr, char *oserrstr)
	{					
		if (dberr) {				
			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Msg %d, Level %d\n",
			options.appname, dberr, severity);
			fprintf(stderr, "%s\n\n", dberrstr);
		} else {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s: DB-LIBRARY error:\n\t", options.appname);
			fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", dberrstr);
		}
	
		return INT_CANCEL;						
	}
	
```

--------------------------------

### Sample odbcinst.ini for Threading Model

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

A sample 'odbcinst.ini' file demonstrating the configuration for a specific threading model. This is crucial for multi-threaded applications.

```ini
[ODBC Drivers]
FreeTDS = Installed

[FreeTDS]
Description = FreeTDS ODBC Driver
Driver = /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/odbc/libtdsodbc.so
Setup = /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/odbc/libtdsSrv.so
UsageCount = 1
Threading = 1

```

--------------------------------

### DB-Library Message Handler Example

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/samplecode.html

Implement a custom message handler for DB-Library. This function processes server messages, returning 0 for benign messages like database or language changes, and logs others to stderr. It exits the application for messages with severity greater than 10.

```c
int
	msg_handler(DBPROCESS *dbproc, DBINT msgno, int msgstate, int severity,
			char *msgtext, char *srvname, char *procname, int line)
	{					
		enum {changed_database = 5701, changed_language = 5703 };	

		if (msgno == changed_database || msgno == changed_language)
			return 0;

		if (msgno > 0) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Msg %ld, Level %d, State %d\n",
					(long) msgno, severity, msgstate);

			if (strlen(srvname) > 0)
				fprintf(stderr, "Server '%s', ", srvname);
			if (strlen(procname) > 0)
				fprintf(stderr, "Procedure '%s', ", procname);
			if (line > 0)
				fprintf(stderr, "Line %d", line);

			fprintf(stderr, "\n\t");
		}
		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msgtext);

		if (severity > 10) {						
			fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: severity %d > 10, exiting\n",
			options.appname, severity);
			exit(severity);
		}

		return 0;						
	}
	
```

--------------------------------

### C: Connecting with DSN-less Configuration (explicit details)

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/dsnless.html

This C code snippet shows how to connect without referencing freetds.conf or odbc.ini. All connection parameters like host, port, and TDS version are explicitly provided in the connection string.

```c
	/*
	 * application call
	 */
	const char servername[] = "jdbc.sybase.com"; [11]
	sprintf(tmp, "DRIVER=FreeTDS[10];SERVER=%s;UID=%s;PWD=%s;DATABASE=%s;TDS_Version=5.0;Port=4444;",
			servername, username, password, dbname);
	res = SQLDriverConnect(Connection, NULL, (SQLCHAR *) tmp, SQL_NTS,
																							(SQLCHAR *) tmp, sizeof(tmp), &len, SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT);
	if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(res)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open data source (ret=%d)\n", res);
		exit(1);
	}
	

```

--------------------------------

### Connect with tsql using Hostname and Port

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Demonstrates connecting to a FreeTDS server using the 'tsql' utility, specifying both the hostname and port number.

```bash
tsql -H myhost.example.com -p 1433

```

--------------------------------

### Sample odbc.ini for ODBC-combined configuration

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/odbcombo.html

This file defines the ODBC data sources and their connection details. The 'Servername' in the DSN entry must match an entry in freetds.conf.

```ini
	[ODBC Data Sources][13]
	JDBCdsn = Sybase JDBC Server
	
	[JDBCdsn]
	Driver          = /usr/local/freetds/lib/libtdsodbc.so
	Description     = Sybase JDBC Server
	Trace           = No
	Servername      = JDBC[14]
	Database        = pubs2
	
	[Default]
	Driver          = /usr/local/freetds/lib/libtdsodbc.so
	

```

--------------------------------

### Configure FreeTDS on VMS

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/osissues.html

Run the configure script on VMS to generate the descrip.mms file. Ensure you are in the top-level source directory.

```shell
$ @[.vms]configure
```

--------------------------------

### Compare UCS-2 and UTF-8 Encoding of 'HELLO'

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/UnicodeUtf.html

Compares the byte representation of the string 'HELLO' when encoded in UCS-2 and UTF-8, demonstrating UTF-8's ASCII compatibility. The last two commands show the output of UTF-8 and plain ASCII, which are identical.

```shell
$ echo HELLO | iconv -f ascii -t UCS-2 | hexdump -C
	00000000  00 48 00 45 00 4c 00 4c  00 4f 00 0a              |.H.E.L.L.O..|
	0000000c
```

```shell
$ echo HELLO | iconv -f ascii -t utf-8 | hexdump -C
	00000000  48 45 4c 4c 4f 0a                                 |HELLO.|
	00000006
```

```shell
$ echo HELLO | hexdump -C
	00000000  48 45 4c 4c 4f 0a                                 |HELLO.|
	00000006
```

--------------------------------

### Basic FreeTDS Configuration

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/config.html

The simplest way to run the 'configure' script for FreeTDS. This command generates the Makefile for compilation.

```bash
	$ **./configure**

```

--------------------------------

### Connect to Server Using freetds.conf

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/index.html

Connect to a FreeTDS server using the configuration defined in 'freetds.conf'. This relies on the server entry in the configuration file.

```bash
tsql -S myserver -U myuser -P mypassword -D mydb

```

--------------------------------

### Build FreeTDS for DB-Library

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/php.html

Standard build process for FreeTDS. Ensure FreeTDS is built before configuring PHP.

```bash
	$ **./configure --prefix=/usr/local/freetds**
	$ **make**
	$ **sudo make install**

```

--------------------------------

### Sample freetds.conf for ODBC-combined configuration

Source: https://www.freetds.org/userguide/odbcombo.html

This file contains server connection details, referenced by the 'Servername' in the odbc.ini file. It specifies the host, port, and TDS version.

```ini
	;
	; freetds.conf
	;
	[JDBC]
	host = jdbc.sybase.com
	port = 4444
	tds version = 5.0
	

```