# Laravel Queueable Action

Laravel Queueable Action is a Spatie package that provides an elegant way to structure business logic in Laravel applications using the Action pattern. Actions are reusable classes that encapsulate specific business operations, and this package adds seamless support for making them queueable, allowing developers to execute actions either synchronously or asynchronously on Laravel's queue system with a simple fluent API.

The package leverages Laravel's dependency injection container, enabling actions to receive constructor-injected dependencies while still being dispatchable to queues. It supports all standard Laravel queue features including queue selection, job chaining, batching, middleware, custom tags for Horizon, backoff strategies, and retry configurations. Actions can use either an `execute()` method or PHP's magic `__invoke()` method, providing flexibility in how business logic is organized.

## Installation

Install the package via Composer.

```bash
composer require spatie/laravel-queueable-action
```

## Publishing Configuration

Optionally publish the configuration file to customize the job class.

```bash
php artisan vendor:publish --provider="Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableActionServiceProvider" --tag="config"
```

```php
// config/queuableaction.php
return [
    /*
     * The job class that will be dispatched.
     * If you would like to change it and use your own job class,
     * it must extend the \Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob class.
     */
    'job_class' => \Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob::class,
];
```

## Generating Action Classes with Artisan Command

The package provides an Artisan command to generate action classes. By default, it creates a queueable action; use the `--sync` flag for synchronous actions.

```bash
# Create a queueable action class
php artisan make:action SendWelcomeEmail

# Create a synchronous action class
php artisan make:action ProcessPayment --sync
```

```php
// Generated queueable action: app/Actions/SendWelcomeEmail.php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class SendWelcomeEmail
{
    use QueueableAction;

    public function __construct()
    {
        // Prepare the action for execution, leveraging constructor injection.
    }

    public function execute()
    {
        // The business logic goes here.
    }
}
```

## QueueableAction Trait

The core trait that enables queueable functionality on action classes. It provides the `onQueue()` method for dispatching actions to Laravel's queue system.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\User;
use App\Services\EmailService;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class SendWelcomeEmail
{
    use QueueableAction;

    protected EmailService $emailService;

    // Constructor dependencies are resolved from the container
    public function __construct(EmailService $emailService)
    {
        $this->emailService = $emailService;
    }

    // Parameters passed at execution time
    public function execute(User $user, string $subject = 'Welcome!')
    {
        $this->emailService->send($user->email, $subject, 'emails.welcome', [
            'name' => $user->name,
        ]);
    }
}

// Usage in a controller
class UserController
{
    public function store(Request $request, SendWelcomeEmail $action)
    {
        $user = User::create($request->validated());

        // Execute on the queue (asynchronous)
        $action->onQueue()->execute($user, 'Welcome to our platform!');

        // Or execute immediately (synchronous)
        $action->execute($user, 'Welcome to our platform!');

        return response()->json(['user' => $user]);
    }
}
```

## Specifying Queue Name with onQueue()

Dispatch actions to specific queues by passing the queue name to `onQueue()` or by setting a `$queue` property on the action class.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\Order;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class ProcessOrder
{
    use QueueableAction;

    // Default queue for this action
    public string $queue = 'orders';

    public function execute(Order $order)
    {
        $order->process();
        $order->update(['status' => 'processed']);
    }
}

// Usage
$action = app(ProcessOrder::class);

// Uses the default 'orders' queue defined in the class
$action->onQueue()->execute($order);

// Override with a specific queue name
$action->onQueue('high-priority')->execute($order);

// Execute immediately without queuing
$action->execute($order);
```

## Using __invoke() Method

Actions can use PHP's magic `__invoke()` method instead of `execute()`. The package automatically detects and uses the appropriate method.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\Product;
use App\Services\InventoryService;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class UpdateInventory
{
    use QueueableAction;

    protected InventoryService $inventory;

    public function __construct(InventoryService $inventory)
    {
        $this->inventory = $inventory;
    }

    public function __invoke(Product $product, int $quantity)
    {
        $this->inventory->adjust($product->id, $quantity);
        $product->update(['stock' => $product->stock + $quantity]);
    }
}

// Usage - still use execute() to dispatch, even with __invoke()
$action = app(UpdateInventory::class);
$action->onQueue()->execute($product, 50);
```

## ActionJob Class for Chaining Actions

Wrap actions in `ActionJob` to chain multiple actions together. The job accepts an action class or instance and an array of parameters.

```php
<?php

use App\Actions\ProcessOrder;
use App\Actions\SendOrderConfirmation;
use App\Actions\UpdateInventory;
use App\Actions\NotifyWarehouse;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob;

$order = Order::find(1);

// Chain multiple actions that execute sequentially
app(ProcessOrder::class)
    ->onQueue()
    ->execute($order)
    ->chain([
        // ActionJob accepts the action class and an array of parameters
        new ActionJob(SendOrderConfirmation::class, [$order]),
        new ActionJob(UpdateInventory::class, [$order->product, -$order->quantity]),
        new ActionJob(NotifyWarehouse::class, [$order]),
    ]);

// Chain with shared arguments across actions
$args = [$order->id, $order->customer_id];

app(ProcessOrder::class)
    ->onQueue()
    ->execute($order)
    ->chain([
        new ActionJob(SendOrderConfirmation::class, $args),
        new ActionJob(UpdateInventory::class, $args),
    ]);
```

## Batching Actions with Laravel Bus

Use Laravel's Bus facade to dispatch multiple actions as a batch for parallel processing.

```php
<?php

use App\Actions\ProcessImage;
use App\Actions\GenerateThumbnail;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob;

$images = Image::whereNull('processed_at')->get();

// Dispatch actions as a batch
Bus::batch(
    $images->map(fn ($image) => new ActionJob(ProcessImage::class, [$image]))
)->then(function ($batch) {
    // All jobs completed successfully
    Log::info("Processed {$batch->totalJobs} images");
})->catch(function ($batch, $e) {
    // First batch job failure detected
    Log::error("Image processing failed: {$e->getMessage()}");
})->finally(function ($batch) {
    // Batch has finished executing
    Notification::send($admin, new BatchCompleted($batch));
})->dispatch();

// Batch multiple different actions together
Bus::batch([
    new ActionJob(ProcessImage::class, [$image1]),
    new ActionJob(GenerateThumbnail::class, [$image1, 'small']),
    new ActionJob(GenerateThumbnail::class, [$image1, 'medium']),
])->dispatch();
```

## Custom Tags for Horizon

Override the `tags()` method to customize how actions appear in Laravel Horizon for monitoring and filtering.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\User;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class SyncUserData
{
    use QueueableAction;

    protected ?User $user = null;

    public function execute(User $user)
    {
        $this->user = $user;
        // Sync user data with external service
    }

    public function tags(): array
    {
        return [
            'sync',
            'user-data',
            'user:' . ($this->user?->id ?? 'unknown'),
        ];
    }
}

// In Horizon, jobs will be tagged with: ['sync', 'user-data', 'user:123']
$action = app(SyncUserData::class);
$action->onQueue()->execute($user);
```

## Job Middleware

Override the `middleware()` method to add Laravel job middleware for rate limiting, preventing overlaps, or other cross-cutting concerns.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Queue\Middleware\RateLimited;
use Illuminate\Queue\Middleware\WithoutOverlapping;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class SendNotification
{
    use QueueableAction;

    public function execute(User $user, string $message)
    {
        $user->notify(new GenericNotification($message));
    }

    public function middleware(): array
    {
        return [
            new RateLimited('notifications'),
            new WithoutOverlapping('user-notification'),
        ];
    }
}

// Configure the rate limiter in AppServiceProvider
use Illuminate\Cache\RateLimiting\Limit;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;

RateLimiter::for('notifications', function ($job) {
    return Limit::perMinute(10);
});

// Usage
$action = app(SendNotification::class);
$action->onQueue()->execute($user, 'Your order has shipped!');
```

## Backoff Strategy Configuration

Configure retry delays using the `$backoff` property or `backoff()` method for exponential or custom backoff strategies.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Services\ExternalPaymentGateway;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class ProcessPayment
{
    use QueueableAction;

    // Simple fixed backoff: retry after 5 seconds
    public int $backoff = 5;

    public function execute(Order $order)
    {
        app(ExternalPaymentGateway::class)->charge($order);
    }
}

class ProcessPaymentWithExponentialBackoff
{
    use QueueableAction;

    public function execute(Order $order)
    {
        app(ExternalPaymentGateway::class)->charge($order);
    }

    // Exponential backoff: 1s, 5s, then 10s between retries
    public function backoff(): array
    {
        return [1, 5, 10];
    }
}

class ProcessPaymentWithDynamicBackoff
{
    use QueueableAction;

    protected int $attemptCount = 0;

    public function execute(Order $order)
    {
        $this->attemptCount++;
        app(ExternalPaymentGateway::class)->charge($order);
    }

    // Dynamic backoff based on attempt count
    public function backoff(): int
    {
        return min($this->attemptCount * 2, 30);
    }
}
```

## Retry Until Configuration

Specify a deadline after which the job should stop retrying using the `retryUntil()` method.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use DateTime;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class SendTimeSensitiveAlert
{
    use QueueableAction;

    public int $tries = 10;

    public function execute(User $user, string $alertMessage)
    {
        $user->notify(new UrgentAlert($alertMessage));
    }

    // Stop retrying after 30 minutes
    public function retryUntil(): DateTime
    {
        return now()->addMinutes(30);
    }
}

// The action will retry up to 10 times, but only within a 30-minute window
$action = app(SendTimeSensitiveAlert::class);
$action->onQueue('alerts')->execute($user, 'Server is down!');
```

## Handling Failed Jobs

Define a `failed()` method on your action to handle exceptions when a job fails after all retry attempts.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\Order;
use App\Notifications\OrderProcessingFailed;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;
use Throwable;

class ProcessOrder
{
    use QueueableAction;

    protected Order $order;

    public function execute(Order $order)
    {
        $this->order = $order;

        // Business logic that might fail
        $this->processPayment();
        $this->reserveInventory();
        $this->sendConfirmation();
    }

    public function failed(Throwable $exception): void
    {
        // Log the failure
        Log::error('Order processing failed', [
            'order_id' => $this->order->id,
            'error' => $exception->getMessage(),
        ]);

        // Update order status
        $this->order->update(['status' => 'failed']);

        // Notify administrators
        Notification::route('slack', config('services.slack.webhook'))
            ->notify(new OrderProcessingFailed($this->order, $exception));
    }
}
```

## Queue Properties Configuration

Configure standard Laravel queue properties directly on your action class.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;

class HeavyDataProcessing
{
    use QueueableAction;

    // Queue connection to use
    public string $connection = 'redis';

    // Queue name
    public string $queue = 'heavy-processing';

    // Maximum number of attempts
    public int $tries = 3;

    // Timeout in seconds
    public int $timeout = 120;

    // Maximum exceptions before marking as failed
    public int $maxExceptions = 2;

    // Delay before first attempt (in seconds)
    public int $delay = 10;

    public function execute(Dataset $dataset)
    {
        foreach ($dataset->records as $record) {
            $this->processRecord($record);
        }
    }
}

// All properties are automatically applied when queued
$action = app(HeavyDataProcessing::class);
$action->onQueue()->execute($dataset);
```

## Custom ActionJob Class

Extend `ActionJob` to create custom job classes with additional functionality.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Jobs;

use Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob;

class CustomActionJob extends ActionJob
{
    // Add custom properties
    public bool $deleteWhenMissingModels = true;

    public function middleware(): array
    {
        return [
            new \Illuminate\Queue\Middleware\WithoutOverlapping($this->actionClass),
        ];
    }

    public function tags(): array
    {
        return array_merge(parent::tags(), ['custom-job']);
    }
}

// Configure in config/queuableaction.php
return [
    'job_class' => \App\Jobs\CustomActionJob::class,
];

// Now all queued actions will use your custom job class
$action = app(SendEmail::class);
$action->onQueue()->execute($user); // Uses CustomActionJob
```

## QueueableActionFake for Testing

The package provides `QueueableActionFake` with PHPUnit assertions for testing queued actions.

```php
<?php

namespace Tests\Feature;

use App\Actions\SendWelcomeEmail;
use App\Actions\ProcessOrder;
use App\Actions\NotifyWarehouse;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Queue;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\ActionJob;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\Testing\QueueableActionFake;
use Tests\TestCase;

class OrderTest extends TestCase
{
    public function test_order_queues_welcome_email(): void
    {
        Queue::fake();

        $user = User::factory()->create();
        $action = app(SendWelcomeEmail::class);

        $action->onQueue()->execute($user);

        // Assert the action was pushed to the queue
        QueueableActionFake::assertPushed(SendWelcomeEmail::class);
    }

    public function test_action_queued_multiple_times(): void
    {
        Queue::fake();

        $action = app(SendWelcomeEmail::class);

        $action->onQueue()->execute($user1);
        $action->onQueue()->execute($user2);
        $action->onQueue()->execute($user3);

        // Assert the action was pushed exactly 3 times
        QueueableActionFake::assertPushedTimes(SendWelcomeEmail::class, 3);
    }

    public function test_action_not_queued_on_validation_failure(): void
    {
        Queue::fake();

        // Simulate validation failure scenario
        $this->postJson('/orders', ['invalid' => 'data']);

        // Assert the action was NOT pushed
        QueueableActionFake::assertNotPushed(ProcessOrder::class);
    }

    public function test_action_queued_with_chain(): void
    {
        Queue::fake();

        $order = Order::factory()->create();

        app(ProcessOrder::class)
            ->onQueue()
            ->execute($order)
            ->chain([
                new ActionJob(NotifyWarehouse::class, [$order]),
                new ActionJob(SendWelcomeEmail::class, [$order->user]),
            ]);

        // Assert the action was pushed with the expected chain
        QueueableActionFake::assertPushedWithChain(
            ProcessOrder::class,
            [NotifyWarehouse::class, SendWelcomeEmail::class]
        );
    }

    public function test_action_queued_without_chain(): void
    {
        Queue::fake();

        app(ProcessOrder::class)->onQueue()->execute($order);

        // Assert the action was pushed without any chained jobs
        QueueableActionFake::assertPushedWithoutChain(ProcessOrder::class);
    }
}
```

## Complete Action Example with All Features

A comprehensive example demonstrating all available features in a single action class.

```php
<?php

namespace App\Actions;

use App\Models\Order;
use App\Services\PaymentGateway;
use App\Services\InventoryService;
use App\Notifications\OrderFailed;
use DateTime;
use Illuminate\Queue\Middleware\RateLimited;
use Illuminate\Queue\Middleware\WithoutOverlapping;
use Spatie\QueueableAction\QueueableAction;
use Throwable;

class ProcessOrderComplete
{
    use QueueableAction;

    // Queue configuration properties
    public string $connection = 'redis';
    public string $queue = 'orders';
    public int $tries = 5;
    public int $timeout = 60;
    public int $maxExceptions = 3;

    // Injected dependencies
    protected PaymentGateway $paymentGateway;
    protected InventoryService $inventory;
    protected ?Order $order = null;

    public function __construct(
        PaymentGateway $paymentGateway,
        InventoryService $inventory
    ) {
        $this->paymentGateway = $paymentGateway;
        $this->inventory = $inventory;
    }

    public function execute(Order $order): void
    {
        $this->order = $order;

        // Process payment
        $this->paymentGateway->charge(
            $order->customer,
            $order->total_amount
        );

        // Update inventory
        foreach ($order->items as $item) {
            $this->inventory->decrement($item->product_id, $item->quantity);
        }

        // Mark order as complete
        $order->update([
            'status' => 'completed',
            'processed_at' => now(),
        ]);
    }

    public function middleware(): array
    {
        return [
            new RateLimited('orders'),
            (new WithoutOverlapping($this->order?->id ?? 'default'))
                ->expireAfter(60),
        ];
    }

    public function backoff(): array
    {
        return [5, 15, 30, 60, 120]; // Exponential backoff
    }

    public function retryUntil(): DateTime
    {
        return now()->addHours(2);
    }

    public function tags(): array
    {
        return [
            'order-processing',
            'order:' . ($this->order?->id ?? 'unknown'),
            'customer:' . ($this->order?->customer_id ?? 'unknown'),
        ];
    }

    public function failed(Throwable $exception): void
    {
        if ($this->order) {
            $this->order->update(['status' => 'failed']);
            $this->order->customer->notify(
                new OrderFailed($this->order, $exception->getMessage())
            );
        }

        Log::error('Order processing failed', [
            'order_id' => $this->order?->id,
            'exception' => $exception->getMessage(),
            'trace' => $exception->getTraceAsString(),
        ]);
    }
}

// Usage in a controller
class OrderController extends Controller
{
    public function store(
        OrderRequest $request,
        ProcessOrderComplete $processOrder
    ) {
        $order = Order::create($request->validated());

        // Queue the action with chaining
        $processOrder
            ->onQueue('high-priority') // Override default queue
            ->execute($order)
            ->chain([
                new ActionJob(SendOrderConfirmation::class, [$order]),
                new ActionJob(NotifyWarehouse::class, [$order]),
            ]);

        return response()->json([
            'message' => 'Order received and processing',
            'order' => $order,
        ], 202);
    }
}
```

## Summary

Laravel Queueable Action provides a clean, maintainable pattern for organizing business logic in Laravel applications. By encapsulating operations in dedicated action classes with full support for Laravel's queue system, developers can build applications that are both testable and scalable. The package seamlessly integrates with Laravel's dependency injection, allowing actions to receive services through constructor injection while accepting runtime parameters through the `execute()` method.

The main use cases include processing orders, sending notifications, syncing data with external services, handling file uploads, and any operation that benefits from being run asynchronously. Integration is straightforward: add the `QueueableAction` trait to your class, define your business logic in an `execute()` or `__invoke()` method, and use `onQueue()` to dispatch to Laravel's queue system. The package works with all Laravel queue drivers (Redis, SQS, database, etc.) and integrates seamlessly with Laravel Horizon for monitoring, making it an excellent choice for production applications requiring reliable background job processing.