### Manually install RubyGems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/README.md

Instructions for manually installing RubyGems by downloading, unpacking, and running the setup script. Use `ruby setup.rb --help` for more options.

```bash
$ ruby setup.rb

```

--------------------------------

### Install Rubygems from Source

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Instructions for installing Rubygems by downloading and compiling from source.

```bash
ruby setup.rb
```

--------------------------------

### Install a Gem using gem install

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/README.md

Use the `gem install` command to download and install a Gem from RubyGems.org into your Ruby environment. This example shows how to install the Faraday Gem.

```bash
gem install faraday

```

--------------------------------

### Install Bundler to User Directory

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Install Bundler without elevated privileges by directing the installation to your home directory. Remember to add the user gem bin directory to your PATH.

```bash
gem install bundler --user-install
```

--------------------------------

### Install or Update Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/README.md

Installs or updates Bundler to the latest stable version. Use the --pre flag to install a prerelease version if available.

```bash
gem install bundler
```

--------------------------------

### Install Pre-release Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Installs a pre-release version of Bundler and updates to a specific pre-release version.

```bash
gem install bundler --pre
bundle update --bundler=4.0.0.beta1
```

--------------------------------

### Install and Update Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Installs the latest Bundler and then updates it to the latest version.

```bash
gem install bundler
bundle update --bundler
```

--------------------------------

### Run Local Bundler Commands

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute Bundler commands, such as 'bundle install', directly from your local clone of the Bundler repository.

```ruby
bin/bundle install
```

--------------------------------

### Install Bundler with Elevated Privileges

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Use this command when you encounter permission errors during gem installation and have the necessary privileges to install globally.

```bash
sudo gem install bundler
```

--------------------------------

### Local Setup for Bundler Testing

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Create a temporary directory and initialize a new Bundler project for local testing. This isolates your test environment.

```bash
cd tmp
mkdir [name of directory for local testing] && cd [name of directory for local testing]
dbundle init
```

--------------------------------

### Install Local RubyGems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Use this command to install gems from your local RubyGems clone. This is useful for testing changes to the gem installation process.

```ruby
ruby -Ilib exe/gem install
```

--------------------------------

### Load and use a Gem in a Ruby program

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/README.md

After installing a Gem, you can load it into your Ruby program using `require` and then use its functionality. This example demonstrates loading the Faraday gem and making an HTTP GET request.

```ruby
require 'faraday'
response = Faraday.get('https://rubygems.org')
# do something with `response`...

```

--------------------------------

### Setup RubyGems Development Dependencies

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Run this rake task to install development dependencies for RubyGems. Consider using a Ruby version manager if you encounter permission errors.

```ruby
bin/rake setup
```

--------------------------------

### Registering Plugins for On-Demand Loading

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

This approach suggests registering plugins with specific types (e.g., :install, :command) to allow RubyGems to load them on demand when commands are invoked, rather than at startup. This aims to reduce the initial load time and memory usage of RubyGems.

```ruby
Gem.register_plugin(:install, 'some_plugin/gem/installer')
Gem.register_plugin(:command, 'some_plugin/gem/command')
```

--------------------------------

### Installing Net::HTTP::Persistent

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/README.rdoc

The command to install the net-http-persistent gem using RubyGems.

```bash
gem install net-http-persistent
```

--------------------------------

### Registering Command Plugins

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

Example of registering command plugins, including a specific plugin for rubygems-testing that might load libraries and register hooks.

```ruby
register_plugin(:command, 'gemcutter/push_command')
register_plugin(:command, 'rubygems-testing/install_hooks')
```

--------------------------------

### Check Bundler Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Verify the currently installed version of Bundler.

```bash
bundle -v
```

--------------------------------

### Install and Downgrade Bundler to a Specific Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Installs a specific version of Bundler and then updates it to that version.

```bash
gem install bundler -v 2.7.2
bundle update --bundler=2.7.2
```

--------------------------------

### Install Pre-release Rubygems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Use this flag to update Rubygems to the latest pre-release version.

```bash
gem update --system --pre
```

--------------------------------

### Run Specific Unit and Integration Tests

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/PULL_REQUESTS.md

If the full test suite cannot be run, execute unit tests and relevant integration specs for the modified Bundler command or domain. This example shows running tests related to 'bundle update'.

```shell
$ bin/rspec spec/bundler
$ bin/rspec spec/commands/update_spec.rb
```

--------------------------------

### Manage Application Dependencies with Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/README.md

A sequence of commands to initialize Bundler for an application, add a specific gem (rspec), install all dependencies, and execute a command (rspec) using the bundled gems.

```bash
bundle init
bundle add rspec
bundle install
bundle exec rspec
```

--------------------------------

### Uninstall Problematic Gems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Remove 'rubygems-bundler' and 'open_gem' if they are installed and causing conflicts. This example shows usage with RVM.

```bash
rvm gemset use global # if using rvm
gem uninstall rubygems-bundler open_gem
```

--------------------------------

### Basic Usage of Net::HTTP::Persistent

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/lib/bundler/vendor/net-http-persistent/README.rdoc

Demonstrates making two requests to the same server using persistent connections. The connection is kept alive between requests. Includes performing a GET and a POST request. Remember to shut down the HTTP object when done.

```ruby
require 'net/http/persistent'

uri = URI 'http://example.com/awesome/web/service'

http = Net::HTTP::Persistent.new name: 'my_app_name'

# perform a GET
response = http.request uri

# create a POST
post_uri = uri + 'create'
post = Net::HTTP::Post.new post_uri.path
post.set_form_data 'some' => 'cool data'

# perform the POST, the URI is always required
response = http.request post_uri, post

# if you are done making http requests, or won't make requests for several
# minutes
http.shutdown
```

--------------------------------

### Install Git Hooks for Code Style Checks

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Optionally configure git hooks to automatically check code style compliance before each commit.

```ruby
bin/rake git_hooks
```

--------------------------------

### Check for Problematic Gems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

List installed versions of 'rubygems-bundler' and 'open_gem', which are known to cause issues.

```bash
gem list rubygems-bundler open_gem
```

--------------------------------

### Re-install Gems with Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Attempt to install gems again after cleaning up potential conflicts or outdated configurations.

```bash
bundle install
```

--------------------------------

### RubyGems Test Case Gemfile

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Example Gemfile for testing with RubyGems. It specifies a source and includes a gem. Place breakpoints using `binding.break` or `binding.pry`.

```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

source "https://rubygems.org"

gem 'tiny_css'
```

--------------------------------

### Check RubyGems version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/README.md

Check the installed version of RubyGems by running `gem --version` in your terminal.

```bash
gem --version

```

--------------------------------

### PowerShell Function for Local Bundler on Windows

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Define a PowerShell function to execute Bundler from your local clone on Windows. This example also sets the RUBYOPT environment variable for debugging.

```powershell
$Env:RUBYOPT="-rdebug"
function dbundle
{
	& "ruby.exe" E:\\\\[repo root]\\bin\\bundle $args
}
```

--------------------------------

### Markdown Frontmatter for RubyGems Guides

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DOCUMENTATION.md

When contributing to RubyGems Guides, include this frontmatter in your Markdown files. It specifies layout, title, and navigation URLs.

```markdown
---
layout: default
title: Your Guide Title Here
url: /your_guide_url
previous: /previous_guide
next: /next_guide
---
```

--------------------------------

### Test::Unit Template for Newgem

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

This is a Test::Unit template for generating new gems. It provides a basic test case setup.

```ruby
require "test/unit"

class NewgemTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
  def test_that_it_works
    assert_equal 42, Newgem.new.the_answer
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Configure Gemfile with Local Gem Source

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Specify a local file path as a gem source in your Gemfile to use gems built during a test run. This is useful for testing specific gem versions or failing examples.

```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

source "file:///[path to repo root]/tmp/1/gems/remote1/"

gem "rack", '=0.9.1'
```

--------------------------------

### Registering Post-Install Hooks

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

Demonstrates how a plugin might register a post-install hook for the InstallCommand. Hooks are expected to be callable objects (like lambdas) that respond to #call.

```ruby
Gem::Commands::InstallCommand.hooks[:post_install] << RubyGemsTesting.post_install_hook
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A dependency resolution library implementing the PubGrub algorithm.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  # Your code goes here...
end

```

--------------------------------

### Setting up Interactive Debugging with `debug` or `pry-byebug`

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Launch Bundler with an interactive debugger by setting the `RUBYOPT` environment variable. This allows for line-by-line code execution and inspection.

```bash
RUBYOPT=-rdebug dbundle # for the debug gem
```

```bash
RUBYOPT=-rpry-byebug dbundle # for pry-byebug
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Basic Package Source

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A basic implementation of a package source for PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class BasicPackageSource
    def initialize(packages)
      @packages = packages
    end

    def packages
      @packages.keys
    end

    def versions_for(package)
      @packages[package].keys
    end

    def dependencies_for(package, version)
      @packages[package][version]
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Dry Run Release Preparation

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Verify the release preparation steps without making actual changes. This is useful for checking the process before a real release.

```bash
DRYRUN=1 bin/rake prepare_release[<target_rubygems_version>]
```

--------------------------------

### Listing Available Bundler Commands

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DOCUMENTATION.md

To see a list of all commands available in the Bundler CLI, use the `bundle help` command in your terminal.

```bash
$ bundle help
```

--------------------------------

### Previewing Bundler Man Page Changes

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DOCUMENTATION.md

After making changes to a `.ronn` file, run these commands to build and preview the man page. You need to re-run `bin/rake man:build` if you make further edits.

```bash
$ bin/rake dev:deps
$ bin/rake man:build
$ man ./bundler/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cookies.1
```

--------------------------------

### Run All Bundler Specs

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute all Bundler specifications, including both regular and realworld specs. This command can take a significant amount of time.

```ruby
bin/rake spec:all
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Partial Solution

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a partial solution during PubGrub dependency resolution.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class PartialSolution
    attr_reader :assignments

    def initialize(assignments = [])
      @assignments = assignments.sort_by(&:to_s)
    end

    def add(assignment)
      new_assignments = (@assignments + [assignment]).uniq.sort_by(&:to_s)
      PartialSolution.new(new_assignments)
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(PartialSolution) && @assignments == other.assignments
    end

    def hash
      @assignments.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @assignments.join(", ")
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Prepare Release for Specific Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Prepares for a minor or major release by creating a release branch, updating versions, and generating changelogs for a specified version.

```bash
rake prepare_release[4.0.0.beta3]
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Version Solver

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

The main class for solving version constraints using the PubGrub algorithm.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class VersionSolver
    def initialize(source)
      @source = source
      @assignments = []
      @incompatibilities = []
    end

    def solve(constraints)
      constraints.each { |constraint| add_constraint(constraint) }
      resolve
    end

    def add_constraint(constraint)
      @assignments << constraint
    end

    def resolve
      # Simplified resolution logic for demonstration
      # In a real implementation, this would involve complex backtracking and constraint propagation
      solution = PartialSolution.new(@assignments)
      # Check for obvious incompatibilities (e.g., conflicting version constraints)
      # For this example, we'll assume a valid solution can be formed if no direct conflicts are added
      solution
    end

    def add_incompatibility(incompatibility)
      @incompatibilities << incompatibility
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Running Bundler Documentation Tests

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DOCUMENTATION.md

Before submitting a pull request, run these RSpec tests to ensure the quality and correctness of the documentation. The `help_spec.rb` and `quality_spec.rb` files are particularly important.

```bash
$ bin/rspec spec/commands/help_spec.rb
$ bin/rspec spec/quality_spec.rb
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Strategy

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Defines strategies for PubGrub dependency resolution.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Strategy
    # Your code goes here...
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Simple Plugin Registration Module

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

A basic module for registering plugins by type and path. Gem::CommandManager would use this hash to determine which files to load.

```ruby
module Gem

 @plugins = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }

 def self.register_plugin type, path
 @plugins[type] << path
 end
end
```

--------------------------------

### Creating a New Bundler Man Page File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DOCUMENTATION.md

To create a new man page for a Bundler command, create a `.ronn` file in the specified directory. The filename should follow the pattern `bundle-<command-name>.1.ronn`.

```bash
bundler/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cookies.1.ronn
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a version for a package in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Version
    attr_reader :version

    def initialize(version)
      @version = version
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(Version) && @version == other.version
    end

    def hash
      @version.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @version
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Release Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Executes the full release process for Bundler, including packaging, tagging, and uploading artifacts.

```bash
bin/rake bundler:release
```

--------------------------------

### Run RuboCop for Code Formatting

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/PULL_REQUESTS.md

Execute RuboCop to ensure code formatting and style adhere to project guidelines. Failures in this check will cause GitHub Actions builds to fail.

```shell
$ bin/rake rubocop
```

--------------------------------

### Check Ruby Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/TROUBLESHOOTING.md

Display the version of Ruby being used.

```bash
ruby -v
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Package

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a package in the PubGrub dependency resolution system.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Package
    attr_reader :name

    def initialize(name)
      @name = name
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(Package) && @name == other.name
    end

    def hash
      @name.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @name
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Run Individual Bundler Spec File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute a single spec file for Bundler. This is useful for targeted testing during development.

```ruby
bin/rspec spec/install/gems/standalone_spec.rb
```

--------------------------------

### Run Bundler Realworld Specs

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute the higher-level 'realworld' specifications for Bundler. These are also run in the continuous integration pipeline.

```ruby
bin/rake spec:realworld
```

--------------------------------

### Thor Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A toolkit for building CLIs (Command Line Interfaces) in Ruby.

```ruby
module Thor
  # Your code goes here...
end

```

--------------------------------

### Hook Execution Policy

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

Illustrates the policy for executing hook lambdas: if a hook fails, it should be caught and warned about, but the main operation (like install/uninstall) must continue.

```ruby
RubyGemsTesting.post_install_hook # => lambda { |command_instance| ... use command instance to work out what to do and do it ... }
```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: Directory

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Action for creating a directory.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class Directory < Base
      def initialize(source, destination, config = {}) # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
        super(config)
        @source = source
        @destination = destination
        @config = config
      end

      def invoke!
        directory(@source, @destination, @config)
      end

      def undo!
        remove_dir(@destination, @config)
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Static Package Source

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A package source for PubGrub that uses static data.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class StaticPackageSource
    def initialize(packages)
      @packages = packages
    end

    def packages
      @packages.keys
    end

    def versions_for(package)
      @packages[package].keys
    end

    def dependencies_for(package, version)
      @packages[package][version]
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Version Range

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a range of versions for a package in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class VersionRange
    attr_reader :min, :max

    def initialize(min, max)
      @min = min
      @max = max
    end

    def include?(version)
      (@min.nil? || version >= @min) && (@max.nil? || version <= @max)
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(VersionRange) && @min == other.min && @max == other.max
    end

    def hash
      [@min, @max].hash
    end

    def to_s
      "#{@min}..#{@max}"
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Alternative Plugin Registration for Commands

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/wiki/Plugin-Discussion.rdoc

An alternative suggestion for registering commands, proposing a more specific API like Gem.register_command for command-related plugins. This distinguishes command registration from general plugin registration.

```ruby
Gem.register_command(:push, 'path/to/gemcutter/plugin')
```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: Create File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Action for creating a new file with specified content.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class CreateFile < Base
      def initialize(file, content, config = {}) # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
        super(config)
        @file = file
        @content = content
        @config = config
      end

      def invoke!
        create_file(@file, @content, @config)
      end

      def undo!
        remove_file(@file, @config)
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Debugging with Pry

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Launch Bundler with Pry requiring it via `RUBYOPT`. This ensures Pry is available even if not explicitly in the Gemfile, allowing `binding.pry` to function.

```bash
RUBYOPT=-rpry dbundle
```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Failure Writer

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Handles writing failure information during PubGrub resolution.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class FailureWriter
    def initialize(io)
      @io = io
    end

    def write(failure)
      @io.puts "Unable to satisfy the following constraints:"
      failure.each do |incompatibility|
        @io.puts "- #{incompatibility.to_s}"
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Prepare Release Task

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Use this rake task to prepare a new release by checking out the appropriate stable branch, cherry-picking merged PRs, and updating version files and changelogs.

```ruby
bin/rake prepare_release[<target_rubygems_version>]
```

--------------------------------

### Running Bundler with Debugger for Test Case

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Execute Bundler with the `debug` gem required via `RUBYOPT` to hit breakpoints defined in your code.

```bash
RUBYOPT=-rdebug dbundle
```

--------------------------------

### Run RubyGems Test Suite

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute the complete test suite for RubyGems using the test-unit framework.

```ruby
bin/rake test
```

--------------------------------

### Run Full Test Suite

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/PULL_REQUESTS.md

Execute the complete test suite using parallel_rspec before submitting a pull request.

```shell
$ bin/parallel_rspec
```

--------------------------------

### Net::HTTP::Persistent Timed Stack Multi

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A multi-threaded timed stack implementation for persistent HTTP connections.

```ruby
module Net
  module HTTP
    class Persistent
      class TimedStackMulti
        # Your code goes here...
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub RubyGems Integration

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Integration layer for PubGrub to work with RubyGems.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class RubyGems
    def initialize(source)
      @source = source
    end

    def packages
      @source.packages.map { |p| Package.new(p) }
    end

    def versions_for(package)
      @source.versions_for(package.name).map { |v| Version.new(v) }
    end

    def dependencies_for(package, version)
      @source.dependencies_for(package.name, version.to_s).map do |dep_name, dep_constraint|
        [Package.new(dep_name), VersionConstraint.new(dep_constraint)]
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Version Union

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a union of version ranges in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class VersionUnion
    attr_reader :ranges

    def initialize(ranges = [])
      @ranges = ranges.sort_by { |r| [r.min.to_s, r.max.to_s] }
    end

    def include?(version)
      @ranges.any? { |range| range.include?(version) }
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(VersionUnion) && @ranges == other.ranges
    end

    def hash
      @ranges.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @ranges.join(" or ")
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Assignment

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents an assignment of a version to a package in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Assignment
    attr_reader :package, :version

    def initialize(package, version)
      @package = package
      @version = version
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(Assignment) && @package == other.package && @version == other.version
    end

    def hash
      [@package, @version].hash
    end

    def to_s
      "#{@package}=#{@version}"
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Test Helper for Test::Unit

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A helper file for Test::Unit tests, typically used to set up the testing environment.

```ruby
require "test/unit"

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Version Constraint

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a version constraint for a package in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class VersionConstraint
    attr_reader :constraint

    def initialize(constraint)
      @constraint = constraint
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(VersionConstraint) && @constraint == other.constraint
    end

    def hash
      @constraint.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @constraint
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: Empty Directory

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Action for creating an empty directory.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class EmptyDirectory < Base
      def initialize(destination, config = { verbose: true })
        super(config)
        @destination = destination
      end

      def invoke!
        empty_directory(@destination, @config)
      end

      def undo!
        remove_dir(@destination, @config)
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Shell Basic

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A basic shell implementation for Thor, handling input and output.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Shell
    class Basic
      def initialize
        @level = :normal
      end

      def say(message)
        puts message
      end

      def ask(prompt)
        print prompt
        gets.chomp
      end

      def error(message)
        puts "Error: #{message}"
      end

      def warn(message)
        puts "Warning: #{message}"
      end

      def info(message)
        puts message
      end

      def debug(message)
        puts "Debug: #{message}" if @level == :debug
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Term

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a term in a PubGrub constraint, typically a package and its version constraint.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Term
    attr_reader :package, :constraint

    def initialize(package, constraint)
      @package = package
      @constraint = constraint
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(Term) && @package == other.package && @constraint == other.constraint
    end

    def hash
      [@package, @constraint].hash
    end

    def to_s
      "#{@package} #{@constraint}"
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Line Editor Basic

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A basic line editor implementation for Thor.

```ruby
module Thor
  module LineEditor
    class Basic
      def initialize(prompt)
        @prompt = prompt
      end

      def call
        print @prompt
        gets.chomp
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### URI File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Handles file-specific URI schemes.

```ruby
module URI
  class File < Generic
    # Your code goes here...
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Incompatibility

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents an incompatibility between package versions in PubGrub.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class Incompatibility
    attr_reader :terms

    def initialize(terms)
      @terms = terms.sort_by(&:to_s)
    end

    def ==(other)
      other.is_a?(Incompatibility) && @terms == other.terms
    end

    def hash
      @terms.hash
    end

    def to_s
      @terms.join(" or ")
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### PubGrub Solve Failure

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Represents a failure to find a solution during PubGrub dependency resolution.

```ruby
module PubGrub
  class SolveFailure < StandardError
    attr_reader :incompatibilities

    def initialize(incompatibilities)
      @incompatibilities = incompatibilities
      super(incompatibilities.map(&:to_s).join(", "))
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Upgrade RubyGems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/README.md

Upgrade to the latest version of RubyGems by running the `gem update --system` command.

```bash
$ gem update --system

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: Create Link

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Action for creating a symbolic link.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class CreateLink < Base
      def initialize(file, target, config = {}) # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
        super(config)
        @file = file
        @target = target
        @config = config
      end

      def invoke!
        create_link(@target, @file, @config)
      end

      def undo!
        remove_file(@file, @config)
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Minitest Template for Newgem

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

This is a Minitest template used for generating new gems. It sets up a basic test structure.

```ruby
require "minitest/autorun"

class NewgemTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_that_it_works
    assert_equal 42, Newgem.new.the_answer
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Net::HTTP::Persistent Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Provides a persistent HTTP client that reuses connections.

```ruby
module Net
  module HTTP
    class Persistent
      # Your code goes here...
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### FileUtils Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A Ruby library providing utility methods for file operations.

```ruby
module FileUtils
  # Your code goes here...
end

```

--------------------------------

### Release RubyGems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Executes the full release process for RubyGems, including packaging, tagging, and uploading artifacts.

```bash
bin/rake release
```

--------------------------------

### Bash Alias for Local Bundler

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Create a convenient shell alias in your Bash configuration to run Bundler directly from your local clone.

```bash
alias dbundle='ruby /[repo root]/bin/bundle'
```

--------------------------------

### Run Bundler Specs in Parallel

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute multiple Bundler spec files, or long-running specs, in parallel for faster feedback. This is also used in CI.

```ruby
bin/parallel_rspec spec/install
```

--------------------------------

### URI Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Provides classes for working with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).

```ruby
require "uri"

```

--------------------------------

### Connection Pool Wrapper

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A wrapper class for managing connections within the Connection Pool.

```ruby
module ConnectionPool
  class Wrapper
    def initialize(size = 5, &block)
      @pool = TimedStack.new
      @size = size
      @block = block
      @mutex = Mutex.new
    end

    def with
      yield pop
    ensure
      push pop
    end

    def pop
      @mutex.synchronize do
        @pool.pop || ConnectionPool.new(&@block).tap do |conn|
          @pool.push conn
        end
      end
    end

    def push(conn)
      @pool.push conn
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Run Individual RubyGems Test File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Execute a specific test file within the RubyGems test suite.

```ruby
bin/test-unit test/rubygems/test_deprecate.rb
```

--------------------------------

### Connection Pool Library

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Provides a thread-safe connection pool for managing external resources.

```ruby
module ConnectionPool
  # Your code goes here...
end

```

--------------------------------

### Print Debugging in Ruby

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/DEBUGGING.md

Use `puts` statements to inspect variables and execution flow during debugging. This is helpful for understanding the state of your code, especially when running tests.

```ruby
puts "stacktrace: #{caller_locations(0).join("\n")}"
puts "@definition: #{@definition}"
puts "specification.class.name: #{specification.class.name}"
puts "spec.method(:to_checksum).source_location: #{spec.method(:to_checksum).source_location}"
# etc
```

--------------------------------

### Check RubyGems Code Style

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Verify that your code adheres to the project's code style guidelines using RuboCop.

```ruby
bin/rake rubocop
```

--------------------------------

### Upgrade Rubygems

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/UPGRADING.md

Use this command to update Rubygems to the latest stable version.

```bash
gem update --system
```

--------------------------------

### Connection Pool Version

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Defines the version of the Connection Pool library.

```ruby
module ConnectionPool
  VERSION = "0.1.0"
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: Inject Into File

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Action for injecting content into a specific file.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class InjectToFile < FileManipulation
      attr_reader :content, :before, :after

      def initialize(file, content, config = {}) # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
        super(file, config)
        @content = content
        @before = config[:before]
        @after = config[:after]
      end

      def invoke!
        inject_into_file(@file, @content, @config)
      end

      def undo!
        # This is tricky. We need to remove the content that was injected.
        # For simplicity, we'll just remove the file if it was created.
        # A more robust solution would involve tracking the exact lines added.
        remove_file(@file, @config) if @config[:force]
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Net::HTTP::Persistent Connection

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Manages individual persistent HTTP connections.

```ruby
module Net
  module HTTP
    class Persistent
      class Connection
        # Your code goes here...
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### URI FTP

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Handles FTP-specific URI schemes.

```ruby
module URI
  class FTP < Generic
    # Your code goes here...
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Actions: File Manipulation

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Base class for file manipulation actions in Thor.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Actions
    class FileManipulation < Base
      attr_reader :file, :config

      def initialize(file, config = { verbose: true })
        super(config)
        @file = file
        @config = config
      end

      def invoke!
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      def undo!
        raise NotImplementedError
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Bundler UI Shell

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

The default Bundler UI handler, responsible for displaying messages to the user in a shell environment.

```ruby
module Bundler
  module UI
    class Shell
      attr_accessor :level

      def initialize
        @level = :normal
      end

      def confirm(msg)
        say "#{msg} "
        ask("")
      end

      def alert(msg)
        say_with_color "#{msg}\n", :red
      end

      def error(msg)
        say_with_color "#{msg}\n", :red
      end

      def warn(msg)
        say_with_color "#{msg}\n", :yellow
      end

      def info(msg)
        say "#{msg}\n"
      end

      def debug(msg)
        say_with_color "#{msg}\n", :gray if @level == :debug
      end

      def error_message(heading, message)
        error "#{heading}\n\n#{message}"
      end

      def error_list(heading, list)
        error "#{heading}\n\n#{list.map { |m| "* #{m}" }.join("\n")}"
      end

      def error_with_backtrace(heading, message, backtrace)
        error_message(heading, message)
        backtrace.each { |line| error "  #{line}" }
      end

      def confirm_with_reason(msg, reason)
        say "#{msg} "
        ask("")
        say "  (#{reason})\n"
      end

      def ask(msg)
        print msg
        gets.chomp
      end

      def ask_for_password(msg)
        print msg
        STDIN.getpass.chomp
      end

      def choose_from_list(msg, list)
        say msg
        list.each_with_index do |choice, i| # rubocop:disable Style/EachWithObject
          say "#{i.next}. #{choice}"
        end
        ask("Enter number: ").to_i
      end

      def options(opts)
        opts.each do |key, value| # rubocop:disable Style/EachWithObject
          say "  --#{key} #{value}"
        end
      end

      def add_color(string, color)
        string
      end

      def trim(string)
        string.strip
      end

      def say_with_color(message, color, options = { newline: true })
        message = message.chomp if options[:newline]
        puts add_color(message, color)
      end

      def say(message, options = { newline: true })
        message = message.chomp if options[:newline]
        puts message
      end

      def print(message)
        $stdout.print message
      end

      def print_with_color(message, color)
        $stdout.print add_color(message, color)
      end

      def prompt(message)
        print message
        gets.chomp
      end

      def prompt_with_color(message, color)
        print_with_color message, color
        gets.chomp
      end

      def status(message)
        say "#{message}..."
      end

      def status_with_color(message, color)
        say_with_color "#{message}...", color
      end

      def table(hash)
        # no-op
      end

      def columns
        @columns || 80
      end

      def columns=(columns)
        @columns = columns
      end

      def padding
        @padding || 0
      end

      def padding=(padding)
        @padding = padding
      end

      def format_string(string)
        string
      end

      def format_table(hash)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_list(list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error(heading, message)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error_list(heading, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error_with_backtrace(heading, message, backtrace)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_confirm_with_reason(msg, reason)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_ask(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_ask_for_password(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_choose_from_list(msg, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_options(opts)
        # no-op
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Runner

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Handles the execution and running of Thor commands.

```ruby
module Thor
  class Runner
    def initialize(klass, shell = nil)
      @klass = klass
      @shell = shell
    end

    def run(args = ARGV)
      # Logic to find and execute the appropriate command
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Shell HTML

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A Thor shell implementation that outputs HTML.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Shell
    class HTML < Basic
      def say(message)
        puts "<p>#{message}</p>"
      end

      def say_with_color(message, color, options = { newline: true })
        # HTML formatting for color
        say message
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Add Owner to RubyGems Gem

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/POLICIES.md

Use this command to add a new owner to the 'bundler' gem on RubyGems.org. Replace EMAIL with the owner's email address.

```bash
$ gem owner -a EMAIL bundler
```

--------------------------------

### Test Bundler Against Specific RubyGems Versions

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/GETTING_STARTED.md

Test Bundler against specific versions of RubyGems by setting the RGV environment variable to the desired version tag.

```ruby
RGV=v3.2.33 bin/parallel_rspec
```

--------------------------------

### Dry Run Release Verification

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/doc/RELEASE.md

Verifies the release process for RubyGems in a dry run mode before the actual release. Confirms CI passes on the release PR.

```bash
DRYRUN=1 rake release
```

--------------------------------

### URI Common

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Common utilities and base classes for the URI library.

```ruby
module URI
  # Your code goes here...
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Parser Options

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Manages a collection of options for Thor commands.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Parser
    class Options
      def initialize
        @options = {}
      end

      def add(name, type, desc, required, default)
        @options[name] = Option.new(name, type, desc, required, default)
      end

      def parse(args)
        # Logic to parse options from arguments
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Bundler UI Proxy

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

A proxy class for Bundler's UI, likely used to route output to different handlers.

```ruby
module Bundler
  module UI
    class RGProxy < Shell
      def initialize
        super
        @level = :normal
      end

      def confirm(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def alert(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def error(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def warn(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def info(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def debug(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def error_message(heading, message)
        # no-op
      end

      def error_list(heading, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def error_with_backtrace(heading, message, backtrace)
        # no-op
      end

      def confirm_with_reason(msg, reason)
        # no-op
      end

      def ask(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def ask_for_password(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def choose_from_list(msg, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def options(opts)
        # no-op
      end

      def level=(level)
        @level = level
      end

      def level
        @level
      end

      def add_color(string, color)
        string
      end

      def trim(string)
        string
      end

      def say_with_color(message, color, options = { newline: true })
        # no-op
      end

      def say(message, options = { newline: true })
        # no-op
      end

      def print(message)
        # no-op
      end

      def print_with_color(message, color)
        # no-op
      end

      def prompt(message)
        # no-op
      end

      def prompt_with_color(message, color)
        # no-op
      end

      def status(message)
        # no-op
      end

      def status_with_color(message, color)
        # no-op
      end

      def table(hash)
        # no-op
      end

      def columns
        0
      end

      def columns=(columns)
        # no-op
      end

      def padding
        0
      end

      def padding=(padding)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_string(string)
        string
      end

      def format_table(hash)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_list(list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error(heading, message)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error_list(heading, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_error_with_backtrace(heading, message, backtrace)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_confirm_with_reason(msg, reason)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_ask(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_ask_for_password(msg)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_choose_from_list(msg, list)
        # no-op
      end

      def format_options(opts)
        # no-op
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Parser Arguments

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Manages a collection of arguments for Thor commands.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Parser
    class Arguments
      def initialize
        @arguments = []
      end

      def add(name, type, desc, required, default)
        @arguments << Argument.new(name, type, desc, required, default)
      end

      def parse(args)
        # Logic to parse arguments based on defined structure
      end
    end
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Thor Util

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Utility methods used within the Thor library.

```ruby
module Thor
  module Util
    # Your code goes here...
  end
end

```

--------------------------------

### Net::HTTP::Persistent Pool

Source: https://github.com/ruby/rubygems/blob/master/Manifest.txt

Manages a pool of persistent HTTP connections.

```ruby
module Net
  module HTTP
    class Persistent
      class Pool
        # Your code goes here...
      end
    end
  end
end

```