### Font Setup for Scripts and Languages

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Define specific fonts for scripts or languages using \newfontfamily with naming conventions like \⟨script⟩font or \⟨language⟩font. Sans and monospace variants can also be defined.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
\defaultfontfeatures{Scale=MatchLowercase}

% Language-specific fonts
\newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri}[
  UprightFont = *-Regular,
  BoldFont = *-Bold,
  Extension = .ttf,
  ItalicFont = *-Italic,
  BoldItalicFont = *-BoldItalic]

\newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Script=Hebrew]{Ezra SIL}
\newfontfamily\greekfont[Script=Greek]{GFS Didot}
\newfontfamily\thaifont[Script=Thai]{Norasi}
\newfontfamily\sanskritfont[Script=Devanagari]{Sanskrit 2003}

% Sans and monospace variants for specific scripts
\newfontfamily\arabicfontsf[Script=Arabic]{DejaVu Sans}
\newfontfamily\arabicfonttt[Script=Arabic,Scale=.75]{DejaVu Sans Mono}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage{arabic}
\setotherlanguage{hebrew}

\begin{document}
English text in Linux Libertine.

\begin{Arabic}
النص العربي يظهر بخط أميري.
\end{Arabic}

\begin{hebrew}
טקסט בעברית
\end{hebrew}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Configure Right-to-Left Language Support

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Demonstrates setting up Arabic with RTL support and using explicit direction commands like \LR and \RL.

```latex
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
\newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri}[
  UprightFont = *-Regular,
  BoldFont = *-Bold,
  Extension = .ttf]

\setdefaultlanguage[calendar=gregorian,locale=mashriq]{arabic}
\setotherlanguage[variant=british]{english}

\title{اختبار دعم اللغة العربية}
\author{المؤلف}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\chapter{المقدمة}
هذا نص عربي يُكتب من اليمين إلى اليسار.

% Embed LTR English in RTL context
\textenglish{This is English text} داخل النص العربي.

% Explicit direction commands
\LR{Left-to-Right forced text}

\begin{english}
This entire section is in English, written left-to-right.
\textarabic{النص العربي} can be embedded here.
\end{english}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Enable Babel Shorthands

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Configures keyboard shortcuts for special characters and demonstrates inheriting or disabling shorthands.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[babelshorthands]{polyglossia}  % Global activation

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[babelshorthands=true]{german}  % Per-language activation
\setotherlanguage[babelshorthands=true]{russian}

\begin{document}
\begin{german}
% German shorthands:
"a "o "u "s  % → ä ö ü ß
"< ">        % → « »
"` "'        % → „ "
"- ""        % → soft hyphen, compound word break
\end{german}

% Inherit shorthands from one language to another
\inheritbabelshorthands{german}{english}

% Use shorthands inline without switching language
\usebabelshorthands{german}
Now "a produces ä even in English.
\usebabelshorthands{none}  % Disable shorthands
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Add Secondary Languages

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Use \setotherlanguage for individual languages or \setotherlanguages to load multiple languages. Options can be specified for individual languages.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}

% Load individual language with options
\setotherlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}
\setotherlanguage[spelling=new,babelshorthands=true]{german}
\setotherlanguage[locale=mashriq]{arabic}

% Load multiple languages without options
\setotherlanguages{french,spanish,italian,russian,latin}

\begin{document}
English text here.

\begin{german}
Dies ist deutscher Text mit neuer Rechtschreibung.
\end{german}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Define Language Aliases and Use BCP-47 Tags

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Demonstrates how to set default and other languages, define custom aliases for languages, and use BCP-47 tags directly for language switching. Useful for managing multilingual documents with specific regional or historical language variants.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[variant=austrian,spelling=old]{german}
\setotherlanguage[variant=british]{english}

% Define custom alias
\setlanguagealias[variant=austrian]{german}{AT}

% Starred version: no \textAT or {AT} environment created
% (useful when name conflicts with existing commands)
\setlanguagealias*[variant=polytonic]{greek}{grc}

\begin{document}
% Use custom alias
\textAT{Österreichisches Deutsch}

% Use BCP-47 tags directly (predefined aliases)
\textlang{en-GB}{British English text}
\textlang{de-AT-1901}{Österreichisches Deutsch, alte Rechtschreibung}
\textlang{el-polyton}{Πολυτονικά ελληνικά}

\begin{lang}{fr-CA}
Français canadien
\end{lang}

% Access BCP-47 data
Current language tag: \BCPdata{tag}
Main language: \BCPdata{main.language}
Script: \BCPdata{script}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Set Main Language with Options

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Use \setdefaultlanguage or \setmainlanguage to specify the primary document language with optional settings like variant and ordinal month/day formatting.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

% Set main language with options
\setdefaultlanguage[variant=british,ordinalmonthday=false]{english}

% Alternative: using \setmainlanguage (identical behavior)
\setmainlanguage[variant=american]{english}

\begin{document}
Today's date: \today  % Outputs date in British English format
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Language Environments

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Use language environments for longer passages to switch hyphenation, translate caption strings, and pass language info to auxiliary files. The generic \begin{lang}{...} environment is useful for BCP-47 tags.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage[variant=british]{english}
\setotherlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}
\setotherlanguage{german}

\begin{document}
\section{Introduction}

This is the main English text.

\begin{greek}[variant=ancient]
μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην,
ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε.
\end{greek}

% Generic lang environment (useful for BCP-47 tags)
\begin{lang}{de-AT-1901}
Dies ist österreichisches Deutsch mit alter Rechtschreibung.
(\today)
\end{lang}

\begin{german}
\section{Deutsche Überschrift}
Dieser Text erscheint auf Deutsch. Das Wort ``Section''
wird automatisch zu ``Abschnitt'' übersetzt.
(\today)
\end{german}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Perform Conditional Language Checks

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Illustrates how to check if a language is loaded, if a specific Babel name is active, if a language option is set, and if the current language is the main language. Also shows how to retrieve language identifiers.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[variant=british]{english}
\setotherlanguage[spelling=new]{german}

\begin{document}
% Check if a language is loaded
\iflanguageloaded{german}{German is loaded.}{German not loaded.}

% Check if babel name is loaded
\ifbabellanguageloaded{ngerman}{New German loaded.}{Not loaded.}

% Check current language option value
\iflanguageoption{german}{spelling}{new}{New spelling active.}{Old spelling.}

% Check if current language is main language
\IfMainLanguageTF{english}{
  This is the main language.
}{
  This is a secondary language.
}

% Get language identifiers
Language name: \languagename
Main language: \mainlanguagename
Babel name: \babelname
BCP-47 ID: \languageid{bcp47}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Non-Gregorian Calendars

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Uses specific calendar packages to display dates in Hebrew, Islamic, and Persian formats.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\usepackage{hebrewcal}
\usepackage{hijrical}
\usepackage{farsical}

\newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri}
\newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Script=Hebrew]{Ezra SIL}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[calendar=hebrew]{hebrew}
\setotherlanguage[calendar=islamic]{arabic}
\setotherlanguage{farsi}

\begin{document}
Gregorian date: \today

\begin{hebrew}[numerals=hebrew]
Hebrew date: \hebrewtoday
\end{hebrew}

\begin{Arabic}
% Hijri date with optional correction days
Islamic date: \Hijritoday[0]
\end{Arabic}

\begin{farsi}
% Persian/Jalali calendar
Persian date: \Jalalitoday
\end{farsi}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Use Local Numerals

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Converts numbers to local scripts using \localnumeral and language-specific settings.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri}
\newfontfamily\thaifont[Script=Thai]{Norasi}
\newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Script=Hebrew]{Ezra SIL}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[numerals=arabic]{arabic}
\setotherlanguage[numerals=thai]{thai}
\setotherlanguage[numerals=hebrew]{hebrew}

\begin{document}
% Automatic numeral conversion in language context
\begin{Arabic}
الرقم ١٢٣٤٥  % Arabic-Indic numerals
\end{Arabic}

\begin{thai}
๑๒๓๔٥  % Thai numerals
\end{thai}

% Manual numeral conversion
Arabic numerals for 2024: \textarabic{\localnumeral{2024}}

% Counter output in local numerals
\localnumeral*{page}  % Current page number in local numerals
\Localnumeral{42}     % Uppercase variant where applicable
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Control Hyphenation Patterns

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Configures hyphenation exceptions, thresholds, and global toggles for specific languages.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage{german}
\setotherlanguage{french}

% Language-specific hyphenation exceptions
\pghyphenation{english}{poly-glos-sia Xe-La-TeX}
\pghyphenation[spelling=new]{german}{Recht-schrei-bung}

% Set hyphenation thresholds (left min, right min)
\setlanghyphenmins{english}{3}{3}
\setlanghyphenmins[spelling=old]{german}{4}{4}

\begin{document}
% Disable/enable hyphenation globally
\disablehyphenation
This text will not be hyphenated at all.
\enablehyphenation
Normal hyphenation resumes.

% Use hyphenrules environment for pattern-only switching
\begin{hyphenrules}[variant=british]{english}
Text using British hyphenation patterns only.
\end{hyphenrules}
\end{document}
```

--------------------------------

### Inline Language Switching with \textlang

Source: https://context7.com/reutenauer/polyglossia/llms.txt

Use \textlang{language}{text} or \text⟨lang⟩{text} for short inline text in another language. This switches hyphenation patterns and activates language-specific features. Options can be passed to \textlang.

```latex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{polyglossia}

\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage{french}
\setotherlanguage{russian}
\setotherlanguage{greek}

\begin{document}
The French word \textfrench{aujourd'hui} means ``today''.

Using \textlang command: \textlang{russian}{Привет мир} means ``Hello world''.

% With options
\textlang[variant=ancient]{greek}{μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ}

% Date is also localized
Russian date: \textrussian{\today}
\end{document}
```

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