### Integrate Oddio with cpal

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

A complete example demonstrating how to set up a cpal output stream and use an Oddio mixer to play sine waves and buffered audio data.

```rust
use std::{thread, time::Duration};
use cpal::traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait};
use oddio::{Mixer, SpatialScene, FramesSignal, Frames, Gain, MonoToStereo, Sine, Signal};

fn main() {
    // Setup cpal audio output
    let host = cpal::default_host();
    let device = host.default_output_device().expect("no output device");
    let sample_rate = device.default_output_config().unwrap().sample_rate();
    let config = cpal::StreamConfig {
        channels: 2,
        sample_rate,
        buffer_size: cpal::BufferSize::Default,
    };

    // Create the mixer (control handle + signal)
    let (mut mixer_handle, mut mixer) = Mixer::new();

    // Build the output stream
    let stream = device
        .build_output_stream(
            &config,
            move |out_flat: &mut [f32], _: &cpal::OutputCallbackInfo| {
                let out_stereo = oddio::frame_stereo(out_flat);
                oddio::run(&mut mixer, sample_rate.0, out_stereo);
            },
            |err| eprintln!("Audio error: {}", err),
            None,
        )
        .unwrap();
    stream.play().unwrap();

    // Play a sine wave
    mixer_handle.play(MonoToStereo::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0)));

    // Load and play a sound effect with gain control
    let sound_data: Vec<f32> = vec![0.0; 44100]; // Your audio data here
    let frames = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate.0, &sound_data);
    let (mut gain_ctrl, signal) = Gain::new(FramesSignal::from(frames));
    mixer_handle.play(MonoToStereo::new(signal));

    // Adjust volume
    gain_ctrl.set_gain(-6.0);

    thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(3));
}
```

--------------------------------

### Create and Use FramesSignal for Audio Playback in Rust

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Demonstrates creating audio frames from a sine wave and playing them back using FramesSignal. Supports custom start times and playback control.

```rust
use std::sync::Arc;
use oddio::{Frames, FramesSignal, Signal};

// Create frames from a slice of mono audio samples
let sample_rate = 44100;
let samples: Vec<f32> = (0..sample_rate)
    .map(|i| {
        let t = i as f32 / sample_rate as f32;
        (t * 440.0 * 2.0 * std::f32::consts::PI).sin()
    })
    .collect();

let frames: Arc<Frames<f32>> = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate as u32, &samples);

// Check frame properties
println!("Sample rate: {} Hz", frames.rate());
println!("Duration: {:.2} seconds", frames.runtime());

// Create a signal that plays from the beginning
let signal: FramesSignal<f32> = FramesSignal::from(frames.clone());

// Or create with a control handle and custom start time (negative = delay before start)
let (control, signal) = FramesSignal::new(frames, -0.5); // Start 0.5 seconds before audio begins

// Use control to check playback position from another thread
println!("Current position: {} seconds", control.playback_position());
println!("Is finished: {}", control.is_finished());
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize and Use Oddio Spatial Scene

Source: https://github.com/ralith/oddio/blob/main/README.md

Demonstrates initializing a `SpatialScene` and handling audio output and game logic updates. Ensure `data` is correctly formatted for `frame_stereo` and `output_sample_rate` is set.

```rust
let (mut scene_handle, mut scene) = oddio::SpatialScene::new();

// In audio callback:
let out_frames = oddio::frame_stereo(data);
oddio::run(&mut scene, output_sample_rate, out_frames);

// In game logic:
let frames = oddio::FramesSignal::from(oddio::Frames::from_slice(sample_rate, &frames));
let mut handle = scene_handle
    .play(frames, oddio::SpatialOptions { position, velocity, ..Default::default() });

// When position/velocity changes:
handle.set_motion(position, velocity, false);
```

--------------------------------

### Run Signal in Audio Callback

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Populates an output buffer from any signal at a specific sample rate.

```rust
use oddio::{run, Mixer, Signal, MonoToStereo, Sine};

let (mut control, mut mixer) = Mixer::<[f32; 2]>::new();
control.play(MonoToStereo::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0)));

let sample_rate = 44100u32;

// In your audio callback:
let mut output_buffer = [[0.0f32; 2]; 512];
run(&mut mixer, sample_rate, &mut output_buffer);
```

--------------------------------

### Dynamic and Static Gain Control

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Gain provides thread-safe dynamic volume control, while FixedGain is used for static amplification.

```rust
use oddio::{Gain, FixedGain, Sine, Signal};

// Dynamic gain with thread-safe control
let (mut gain_control, mut gain_signal) = Gain::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0));

// Set gain in decibels (0 dB = unity, negative = quieter)
gain_control.set_gain(-12.0); // Reduce by 12 dB

// Or set amplitude ratio directly (1.0 = unity, 0.5 = half amplitude)
gain_control.set_amplitude_ratio(0.5);

// Read current gain
println!("Current gain: {} dB", gain_control.gain());
println!("Amplitude ratio: {}", gain_control.amplitude_ratio());

// Sample the signal
let mut output = [0.0f32; 256];
gain_signal.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);

// FixedGain for static amplification (preserves Seek trait)
let fixed = FixedGain::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0), -6.0); // -6 dB
```

--------------------------------

### Manage Concurrent Audio Signals with Mixer in Rust

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Shows how to use Oddio's Mixer to play multiple audio signals concurrently, including sound effects and continuous tones. Handles automatic cleanup of finished signals.

```rust
use oddio::{Mixer, FramesSignal, Frames, Signal, MonoToStereo, Sine};
use std::sync::Arc;

// Create a stereo mixer
let (mut mixer_control, mut mixer) = Mixer::<[f32; 2]>::new();

// Load a sound effect
let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let explosion_samples: Vec<f32> = vec![0.0; sample_rate as usize]; // placeholder
let explosion = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate, &explosion_samples);

// Play a sound effect - returns a handle to control playback
let mut handle = mixer_control.play(MonoToStereo::new(FramesSignal::from(explosion)));

// Check if still playing
if !handle.is_stopped() {
    println!("Sound is still playing");
}

// Stop the sound immediately
handle.stop();

// Play a continuous sine wave
mixer_control.play(MonoToStereo::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0)));

// In your audio callback, generate output:
let mut output = [[0.0f32; 2]; 1024];
mixer.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);
```

--------------------------------

### Stream Live Audio

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Handles dynamic audio from external sources with buffering. Drop the control to signal the end of the stream.

```rust
use oddio::{Stream, Signal};

let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let buffer_size = 8192; // Frames of buffer

let (mut stream_control, mut stream) = Stream::<f32>::new(sample_rate, buffer_size);

// Producer thread: write samples as they become available
let samples_to_write: Vec<f32> = vec![0.0; 1024];
let written = stream_control.write(&samples_to_write);
println!("Wrote {} samples, {} free", written, stream_control.free());

// Consumer (audio callback): read from the stream
let mut output = [0.0f32; 256];
stream.sample(1.0 / sample_rate as f32, &mut output);

// When done, drop the control to signal end of stream
drop(stream_control);
// stream.is_finished() will return true once buffer drains
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Custom Square Wave Signal in Rust

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Defines a custom signal that produces a square wave. This implementation runs indefinitely and can be used as a basic audio source.

```rust
use oddio::{Signal, Sample};

// Define a custom signal that produces a square wave
struct SquareWave {
    phase: f32,
    frequency: f32,
}

impl SquareWave {
    fn new(frequency_hz: f32) -> Self {
        Self {
            phase: 0.0,
            frequency: frequency_hz,
        }
    }
}

impl Signal for SquareWave {
    type Frame = Sample;

    fn sample(&mut self, interval: f32, out: &mut [Sample]) {
        for (i, x) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            let t = self.phase + interval * i as f32;
            // Square wave: 1.0 for first half of period, -1.0 for second half
            *x = if (t * self.frequency).fract() < 0.5 { 1.0 } else { -1.0 };
        }
        self.phase += interval * out.len() as f32;
    }

    fn is_finished(&self) -> bool {
        false // Runs forever
    }
}
```

--------------------------------

### Convert Interleaved Stereo to Frames

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Converts flat interleaved stereo buffers into frame arrays for compatibility with Oddio.

```rust
use oddio::{frame_stereo, run, Mixer, Signal};

// Typical cpal callback provides flat interleaved buffer
let mut flat_buffer: Vec<f32> = vec![0.0; 1024]; // 512 stereo frames

// Convert to frame array for oddio
let stereo_frames: &mut [[f32; 2]] = frame_stereo(&mut flat_buffer);
assert_eq!(stereo_frames.len(), 512);

// Now use with run()
let (_, mut mixer) = Mixer::<[f32; 2]>::new();
run(&mut mixer, 44100, stereo_frames);
```

--------------------------------

### Loop Audio with Cycle

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Loops a Frames signal endlessly. Useful for background music or ambient sounds.

```rust
use oddio::{Cycle, Frames, Signal, Seek};
use std::sync::Arc;

let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let loop_samples: Vec<f32> = (0..sample_rate * 2) // 2 second loop
    .map(|i| (i as f32 / sample_rate as f32 * 440.0 * std::f32::consts::TAU).sin())
    .collect();

let frames = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate, &loop_samples);
let mut looped = Cycle::new(frames);

// Will loop forever
let mut output = [0.0f32; 44100 * 5]; // 5 seconds
looped.sample(1.0 / sample_rate as f32, &mut output);

// Seek within the loop
looped.seek(0.5); // Jump 0.5 seconds into the loop
```

--------------------------------

### SpatialScene 3D Audio Spatialization

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Configures a 3D audio scene with listener orientation, source positioning, and velocity-based doppler effects.

```rust
use oddio::{SpatialScene, SpatialOptions, FramesSignal, Frames, Seek, Signal};
use std::sync::Arc;

// Create a spatial scene
let (mut scene_control, mut scene) = SpatialScene::new();

// Load mono audio (spatial signals must be mono)
let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let gunshot: Arc<Frames<f32>> = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate, &[0.0f32; 4410]);

// Play a spatialized sound with initial position and velocity
let signal = FramesSignal::from(gunshot);
let mut spatial_handle = scene_control.play(
    signal,
    SpatialOptions {
        position: [10.0, 0.0, -5.0].into(), // 10m right, 5m in front
        velocity: [-2.0, 0.0, 0.0].into(),  // Moving left at 2 m/s
        radius: 0.1,                         // Minimum attenuation distance
    },
);

// Update position/velocity as the sound source moves
spatial_handle.set_motion(
    [8.0, 0.0, -5.0].into(),  // New position
    [-2.0, 0.0, 0.0].into(),  // Velocity
    false,                     // Set true if teleporting to avoid doppler artifacts
);

// Rotate the listener (quaternion: facing +X instead of -Z)
scene_control.set_listener_rotation(mint::Quaternion {
    s: 0.707,
    v: [0.0, 0.707, 0.0].into(),
});

// Check if sound has finished (including propagation delay)
if spatial_handle.is_finished() {
    println!("Sound has finished");
}

// Sample the scene for stereo output
let mut stereo_output = [[0.0f32; 2]; 512];
scene.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut stereo_output);
```

--------------------------------

### Generate a Sine Wave

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Creates a continuous sine wave at a specified frequency. Sine implements the Seek trait for jumping to specific points in the signal.

```rust
use oddio::{Sine, Signal, Seek};

// Create a 440 Hz sine wave (A4 note)
let mut sine = Sine::new(0.0, 440.0); // phase, frequency_hz

// Sample the signal
let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let mut output = [0.0f32; 1024];
sine.sample(1.0 / sample_rate as f32, &mut output);

// Sine implements Seek, so you can jump ahead
sine.seek(0.5); // Jump forward 0.5 seconds
```

--------------------------------

### Apply Soft Limiting Filters

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Uses Reinhard or Tanh filters to compress signals into the (-1, 1) range to prevent clipping.

```rust
use oddio::{Reinhard, Tanh, Mixer, Signal, MonoToStereo, Sine};

let (mut control, mixer) = Mixer::<[f32; 2]>::new();

// Add many loud signals that might clip
for i in 0..20 {
    control.play(MonoToStereo::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0 + i as f32 * 50.0)));
}

// Apply Reinhard limiting: x / (1 + |x|)
// Distorts quiet sounds less than loud sounds
let mut limited = Reinhard::new(mixer);

// Or use Tanh: tanh(x)
// Distorts quiet sounds less, loud sounds more than Reinhard
// let mut limited = Tanh::new(mixer);

let mut output = [[0.0f32; 2]; 256];
limited.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);
```

--------------------------------

### Convert Mono to Stereo

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Duplicates a mono signal into two channels for stereo output.

```rust
use oddio::{MonoToStereo, Sine, Signal};

let mono_sine = Sine::new(0.0, 440.0);
let mut stereo_sine = MonoToStereo::new(mono_sine);

// Now outputs [f32; 2] frames
let mut output = [[0.0f32; 2]; 256];
stereo_sine.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);
```

--------------------------------

### Downmix Multi-channel to Mono

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Sums all channels of a multi-channel signal into a single mono channel.

```rust
use oddio::{Downmix, Constant, Signal};

// Create a stereo signal
let stereo = Constant::new([0.5f32, 0.3f32]);
let mut mono = Downmix::new(stereo);

// Outputs mono (sum of channels)
let mut output = [0.0f32; 256];
mono.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);
// Each sample will be 0.8 (0.5 + 0.3)
```

--------------------------------

### SpatialScene Buffered Playback

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Use play_buffered for signals that do not implement the Seek trait, such as those with dynamic filters.

```rust
use oddio::{SpatialScene, SpatialOptions, Gain, Sine, Signal};

let (mut scene_control, mut scene) = SpatialScene::new();

// Create a signal with dynamic gain control (cannot implement Seek)
let (mut gain_control, gain_signal) = Gain::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0));

// Use play_buffered for non-seekable signals
let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let mut spatial = scene_control.play_buffered(
    gain_signal,
    SpatialOptions {
        position: [0.0, 0.0, -100.0].into(), // 100m away
        velocity: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0].into(),
        radius: 0.1,
    },
    200.0,  // max_distance: buffer for up to 200m propagation delay
    sample_rate,
    0.1,    // buffer_duration: seconds of extra buffer
);

// Dynamically adjust gain during playback
gain_control.set_gain(-6.0); // Reduce by 6 dB
```

--------------------------------

### Signal Crossfading with Fader

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Performs constant-power crossfades between audio signals.

```rust
use oddio::{Fader, FaderControl, Sine, Constant, Signal};

// Start with a sine wave
let (mut fader_control, mut fader) = Fader::new(Sine::new(0.0, 440.0));

// Crossfade to a different frequency over 2 seconds
fader_control.fade_to(Sine::new(0.0, 880.0), 2.0);

// Sample during the fade
let mut output = [0.0f32; 1024];
fader.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);

// Queue another fade (will start after current fade completes)
fader_control.fade_to(Sine::new(0.0, 220.0), 1.0);
```

--------------------------------

### Playback Speed Adjustment

Source: https://context7.com/ralith/oddio/llms.txt

Adjusts the playback rate of a signal, which directly impacts the pitch.

```rust
use oddio::{Speed, FramesSignal, Frames, Signal};
use std::sync::Arc;

let sample_rate = 44100u32;
let audio = Frames::from_slice(sample_rate, &[0.0f32; 44100]);

let (mut speed_control, mut speed_signal) = Speed::new(FramesSignal::from(audio));

// Double speed (one octave higher)
speed_control.set_speed(2.0);

// Half speed (one octave lower)
speed_control.set_speed(0.5);

// Read current speed
println!("Current speed: {}x", speed_control.speed());

let mut output = [0.0f32; 256];
speed_signal.sample(1.0 / 44100.0, &mut output);
```

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