Pine Script (mmmy/pine-script-doc-v6)

Pine Script

https://github.com/mmmy/pine-script-doc-v6
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Pine Script is a programming language developed by TradingView for creating custom technical...

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# Pine Script v6 Documentation

Pine Script is TradingView's proprietary programming language designed for creating custom technical analysis indicators, strategies, and alerts on financial charts. It enables traders and developers to build sophisticated trading tools that execute on TradingView's servers, analyzing market data in real-time and on historical data. The language features a specialized type system with qualifiers (const, input, simple, series) that determine when values are available during script execution, making it uniquely suited for time-series financial data processing.

The core functionality centers around three main script types: indicators for visualization and analysis, strategies for backtesting trading systems, and libraries for sharing reusable code. Pine Script provides extensive built-in functions for technical analysis (moving averages, oscillators, pattern recognition), data requests from multiple symbols and timeframes, visual drawing tools (lines, labels, boxes, tables), and alert systems for automated notifications. Version 6 is the current latest version, offering the most advanced features including enhanced type system controls, dynamic requests, and comprehensive charting capabilities.

## Script Declaration

Declares the script type and sets global properties for indicators, strategies, or libraries.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("My Indicator", shorttitle="MI", overlay=true, format=format.price, precision=2)

// Or for a strategy
//@version=6
strategy("My Strategy", overlay=true, default_qty_type=strategy.percent_of_equity, default_qty_value=100)

// Or for a library
//@version=6
// @description Provides utility functions for technical analysis
library("MyLibrary", overlay=true)
```

## Input Functions

Creates user-configurable inputs that appear in the script's Settings/Inputs tab, allowing customization without code changes.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Input Demo", overlay=true)

// Integer input with constraints
lengthInput = input.int(14, "RSI Length", minval=1, maxval=100, step=1, tooltip="Period for RSI calculation")

// Float input with options dropdown
factorInput = input.float(1.5, "BB Factor", options=[1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0])

// Boolean toggle
showMAInput = input.bool(true, "Show Moving Average", inline="ma_settings", group="Display Options")
maColorInput = input.color(color.blue, "MA Color", inline="ma_settings", group="Display Options")

// String selection
maTypeInput = input.string("SMA", "MA Type", options=["SMA", "EMA", "WMA", "VWMA"])

// Source input (allows selecting price or another indicator's output)
sourceInput = input.source(close, "Source")

// Symbol and timeframe inputs
symbolInput = input.symbol("AAPL", "Symbol")
tfInput = input.timeframe("1D", "Timeframe")

// Time input with interactive confirmation
startTimeInput = input.time(timestamp("2024-01-01"), "Start Date", confirm=true)

// Apply inputs
rsi = ta.rsi(sourceInput, lengthInput)
ma = switch maTypeInput
    "SMA" => ta.sma(close, lengthInput)
    "EMA" => ta.ema(close, lengthInput)
    "WMA" => ta.wma(close, lengthInput)
    "VWMA" => ta.vwma(close, lengthInput)

plot(rsi, "RSI")
plot(showMAInput ? ma : na, "MA", maColorInput)
```

## Plot Functions

Displays data series on the chart with various styles including lines, histograms, columns, and shapes.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Plot Demo", overlay=false)

// Basic line plot
rsi = ta.rsi(close, 14)
plot(rsi, "RSI", color.blue, linewidth=2)

// Conditional coloring
rsiColor = rsi > 70 ? color.red : rsi < 30 ? color.green : color.gray
plot(rsi, "Colored RSI", rsiColor, style=plot.style_line)

// Histogram style with base reference
volumeChange = ta.change(volume)
plot(volumeChange, "Volume Change", volumeChange > 0 ? color.green : color.red, style=plot.style_histogram)

// Columns style (like volume bars)
plot(volume, "Volume", color.new(color.blue, 70), style=plot.style_columns)

// Area plot
plot(rsi, "RSI Area", color.new(color.purple, 80), style=plot.style_area, histbase=50)

// Step line
plot(ta.highest(high, 20), "Highest", color.orange, style=plot.style_stepline)

// Circles and crosses for discrete points
bullishCross = ta.crossover(rsi, 30)
bearishCross = ta.crossunder(rsi, 70)
plot(bullishCross ? rsi : na, "Buy Signal", color.lime, style=plot.style_circles, linewidth=4)
plot(bearishCross ? rsi : na, "Sell Signal", color.red, style=plot.style_cross, linewidth=4)

// Plot with display control
plot(rsi, "Hidden Plot", display=display.none) // Calculated but not shown

// Horizontal reference lines
hline(70, "Overbought", color.red, linestyle=hline.style_dashed)
hline(30, "Oversold", color.green, linestyle=hline.style_dashed)
hline(50, "Midline", color.gray)
```

## Technical Analysis Functions

Built-in functions for calculating common technical indicators including moving averages, oscillators, and volatility measures.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("TA Functions Demo", overlay=true)

length = input.int(14, "Length")
src = input.source(close, "Source")

// Moving Averages
smaValue = ta.sma(src, length)           // Simple Moving Average
emaValue = ta.ema(src, length)           // Exponential Moving Average
wmaValue = ta.wma(src, length)           // Weighted Moving Average
vwmaValue = ta.vwma(src, length)         // Volume Weighted MA
almaValue = ta.alma(src, length, 0.85, 6) // Arnaud Legoux MA

// Oscillators
rsiValue = ta.rsi(src, length)           // Relative Strength Index
[macdLine, signalLine, histLine] = ta.macd(src, 12, 26, 9) // MACD
stochK = ta.stoch(close, high, low, length) // Stochastic %K
cciValue = ta.cci(src, length)           // Commodity Channel Index
mfiValue = ta.mfi(hlc3, length)          // Money Flow Index

// Volatility
atrValue = ta.atr(length)                // Average True Range
trValue = ta.tr                          // True Range (current bar)
[bbMiddle, bbUpper, bbLower] = ta.bb(src, length, 2.0) // Bollinger Bands

// Trend Detection
risingTrend = ta.rising(src, length)     // True if rising over length bars
fallingTrend = ta.falling(src, length)   // True if falling over length bars
crossOver = ta.crossover(emaValue, smaValue)  // True when first crosses above second
crossUnder = ta.crossunder(emaValue, smaValue) // True when first crosses below second

// Highest/Lowest
highestHigh = ta.highest(high, length)   // Highest high over length bars
lowestLow = ta.lowest(low, length)       // Lowest low over length bars
highestBarOffset = ta.highestbars(high, length) // Bars since highest (negative)

// Cumulative and Running
cumVolume = ta.cum(volume)               // Cumulative sum
changeValue = ta.change(src)             // Difference from previous bar
percentRank = ta.percentrank(src, length) // Percentile rank

// Plot selected indicators
plot(smaValue, "SMA", color.blue)
plot(emaValue, "EMA", color.red)
plot(bbUpper, "BB Upper", color.gray)
plot(bbLower, "BB Lower", color.gray)
```

## Strategy Functions

Functions for creating backtestable trading strategies with entry, exit, and position management.

```pine
//@version=6
strategy("Strategy Demo", overlay=true, default_qty_type=strategy.percent_of_equity, default_qty_value=10)

// Inputs
fastLength = input.int(10, "Fast MA")
slowLength = input.int(20, "Slow MA")
stopLossPercent = input.float(2.0, "Stop Loss %")
takeProfitPercent = input.float(4.0, "Take Profit %")

// Calculate indicators
fastMA = ta.sma(close, fastLength)
slowMA = ta.sma(close, slowLength)

// Entry conditions
longCondition = ta.crossover(fastMA, slowMA)
shortCondition = ta.crossunder(fastMA, slowMA)

// Entry orders with custom alert messages
if longCondition
    strategy.entry("Long", strategy.long, alert_message="Long entry at " + str.tostring(close))

if shortCondition
    strategy.entry("Short", strategy.short, alert_message="Short entry at " + str.tostring(close))

// Exit with stop loss and take profit
longStopPrice = strategy.position_avg_price * (1 - stopLossPercent / 100)
longTakeProfitPrice = strategy.position_avg_price * (1 + takeProfitPercent / 100)
shortStopPrice = strategy.position_avg_price * (1 + stopLossPercent / 100)
shortTakeProfitPrice = strategy.position_avg_price * (1 - takeProfitPercent / 100)

if strategy.position_size > 0
    strategy.exit("Long Exit", "Long", stop=longStopPrice, limit=longTakeProfitPrice)

if strategy.position_size < 0
    strategy.exit("Short Exit", "Short", stop=shortStopPrice, limit=shortTakeProfitPrice)

// Close all positions
if ta.crossover(ta.rsi(close, 14), 80)
    strategy.close_all("RSI Overbought")

// Access strategy metrics
// strategy.position_size     - Current position size
// strategy.position_avg_price - Average entry price
// strategy.opentrades        - Number of open trades
// strategy.closedtrades      - Number of closed trades
// strategy.netprofit         - Net profit

// Plot
plot(fastMA, "Fast MA", color.green)
plot(slowMA, "Slow MA", color.red)
plotshape(longCondition, "Buy", shape.triangleup, location.belowbar, color.green)
plotshape(shortCondition, "Sell", shape.triangledown, location.abovebar, color.red)
```

## Alert Functions

Creates alert conditions and triggers for real-time notifications when specific conditions are met.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Alert Demo", overlay=true)

// Calculate indicators
rsi = ta.rsi(close, 14)
sma20 = ta.sma(close, 20)
sma50 = ta.sma(close, 50)

// Detect conditions
goldenCross = ta.crossover(sma20, sma50)
deathCross = ta.crossunder(sma20, sma50)
rsiOverbought = ta.crossover(rsi, 70)
rsiOversold = ta.crossunder(rsi, 30)

// alert() function - Modern approach, works in indicators and strategies
// Supports dynamic messages and multiple frequencies
if goldenCross
    alert("Golden Cross detected! Price: " + str.tostring(close) + ", RSI: " + str.tostring(rsi, "#.##"), alert.freq_once_per_bar)

if deathCross
    alert("Death Cross detected! Price: " + str.tostring(close), alert.freq_once_per_bar_close)

// Alert for any significant move
if math.abs(ta.change(close) / close[1]) > 0.02
    alert("Price moved more than 2%", alert.freq_all)

// alertcondition() function - Legacy approach, indicators only
// Creates selectable conditions in the alert dialog
// Message must be constant string, but can use placeholders
alertcondition(goldenCross, "Golden Cross Alert", "SMA20 crossed above SMA50. Close: {{close}}")
alertcondition(deathCross, "Death Cross Alert", "SMA20 crossed below SMA50. Close: {{close}}")
alertcondition(rsiOverbought, "RSI Overbought", "RSI crossed above 70. RSI value: {{plot_0}}")
alertcondition(rsiOversold, "RSI Oversold", "RSI crossed below 30")

// Compound condition alert
alertcondition(goldenCross and rsi < 50, "Golden Cross + RSI Low", "Bullish signal confirmed")

// Plot for reference in alertcondition placeholders
plot(rsi, "RSI", display=display.none)
plot(sma20, "SMA20", color.green)
plot(sma50, "SMA50", color.red)
```

## Arrays

One-dimensional collections for storing multiple values of the same type with dynamic sizing.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Array Demo", overlay=true)

// Array declaration and creation
var array<float> prices = array.new<float>(0)        // Empty array using var for persistence
var pricesLegacy = array.new_float(0)                // Legacy syntax (deprecated)
var colors = array.from(color.red, color.green, color.blue) // Create with initial values

// Add elements
if barstate.isconfirmed
    array.push(prices, close)          // Add to end
    // array.unshift(prices, close)    // Add to beginning
    // array.insert(prices, 0, close)  // Insert at index

// Limit array size (keep last 100 values)
if array.size(prices) > 100
    array.shift(prices)                // Remove first element

// Read elements
if array.size(prices) > 0
    firstPrice = array.get(prices, 0)           // Get first
    lastPrice = array.get(prices, -1)           // Get last (negative index)
    // Or use methods:
    // firstPrice = prices.first()
    // lastPrice = prices.last()

// Modify elements
if array.size(prices) > 0
    array.set(prices, 0, close)        // Set value at index

// Array statistics
if array.size(prices) >= 10
    avgPrice = array.avg(prices)       // Average
    maxPrice = array.max(prices)       // Maximum
    minPrice = array.min(prices)       // Minimum
    sumPrice = array.sum(prices)       // Sum
    medianPrice = array.median(prices) // Median
    stdDev = array.stdev(prices)       // Standard deviation

    plot(avgPrice, "Avg Price", color.purple)
    plot(maxPrice, "Max Price", color.green)
    plot(minPrice, "Min Price", color.red)

// Search and check
if array.size(prices) > 0
    hasValue = array.includes(prices, close)     // Check if value exists
    idx = array.indexof(prices, close)           // Find index of value (-1 if not found)

// Sorting
var sortedPrices = array.copy(prices)            // Create copy
array.sort(sortedPrices, order.ascending)        // Sort ascending
// array.reverse(sortedPrices)                   // Reverse order

// Loop through array
string info = ""
for i = 0 to math.min(array.size(prices) - 1, 4)
    info += str.tostring(array.get(prices, i), "#.##") + "\n"

// Alternative: for...in loop
// for price in prices
//     info += str.tostring(price) + "\n"

// Display
if barstate.islast
    label.new(bar_index, high, "Last 5 prices:\n" + info)
```

## Request Functions

Retrieves data from different symbols, timeframes, or financial data sources.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Request Demo", overlay=true)

// Request data from higher timeframe
dailyClose = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close)
weeklyHigh = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1W", high)

// Request from different symbol
btcClose = request.security("BINANCE:BTCUSDT", timeframe.period, close)
spyClose = request.security("SPY", "1D", close)

// Request with custom expression (calculated on the requested timeframe)
dailyRSI = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", ta.rsi(close, 14))
dailyBB = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", ta.bb(close, 20, 2.0))

// Request multiple values using tuple
[dailyOpen, dailyHigh, dailyLow, dailyCloseVal] = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", [open, high, low, close])

// Non-repainting higher timeframe request
indexHighTF = barstate.isrealtime ? 1 : 0
indexCurrTF = barstate.isrealtime ? 0 : 1
nonRepaintingDaily = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close[indexHighTF])[indexCurrTF]

// Request from lower timeframe (returns array)
lowTFCloses = request.security_lower_tf(syminfo.tickerid, "1", close)
if array.size(lowTFCloses) > 0
    avgLowTF = array.avg(lowTFCloses)

// Request with gaps control
dailyWithGaps = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close, gaps=barmerge.gaps_on)
dailyNoGaps = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close, gaps=barmerge.gaps_off)

// Extended session data
extendedTicker = ticker.modify(syminfo.tickerid, session=session.extended)
extendedClose = request.security(extendedTicker, timeframe.period, close)

// Financial data requests
if timeframe.period == "1D"
    earnings = request.earnings(syminfo.tickerid, earnings.actual)
    dividends = request.dividends(syminfo.tickerid, dividends.gross)

// Plot
plot(dailyClose, "Daily Close", color.blue, linewidth=2)
plot(nonRepaintingDaily, "Non-Repainting Daily", color.orange)
plotcandle(dailyOpen, dailyHigh, dailyLow, dailyCloseVal)
```

## Drawing Functions

Creates visual elements on the chart including lines, labels, boxes, and tables.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Drawing Demo", overlay=true, max_lines_count=500, max_labels_count=500)

// Lines
var line trendLine = na
if barstate.islast
    // Delete old line and create new
    line.delete(trendLine)
    trendLine := line.new(bar_index - 20, low[20], bar_index, low,
                          color=color.blue, width=2, style=line.style_solid)

// Horizontal line extending both directions
if ta.crossover(close, ta.sma(close, 50))
    line.new(bar_index, close, bar_index + 1, close,
             extend=extend.both, color=color.green, style=line.style_dashed)

// Labels
if ta.crossover(ta.rsi(close, 14), 30)
    label.new(bar_index, low, "Oversold\nRSI: " + str.tostring(ta.rsi(close, 14), "#.#"),
              style=label.style_label_up, color=color.green, textcolor=color.white,
              size=size.normal, yloc=yloc.belowbar)

if ta.crossunder(ta.rsi(close, 14), 70)
    label.new(bar_index, high, "Overbought",
              style=label.style_label_down, color=color.red, textcolor=color.white,
              yloc=yloc.abovebar)

// Boxes (rectangles)
var box supportBox = na
if barstate.islast
    box.delete(supportBox)
    float support = ta.lowest(low, 20)
    float resistance = ta.highest(high, 20)
    supportBox := box.new(bar_index - 20, resistance, bar_index, support,
                          border_color=color.purple, bgcolor=color.new(color.purple, 90),
                          border_width=2, border_style=line.style_dashed)

// Tables (fixed position on chart)
var table infoTable = table.new(position.top_right, 2, 4, bgcolor=color.new(color.gray, 80))
if barstate.islast
    table.cell(infoTable, 0, 0, "Metric", text_color=color.white, text_halign=text.align_left)
    table.cell(infoTable, 1, 0, "Value", text_color=color.white, text_halign=text.align_right)
    table.cell(infoTable, 0, 1, "Price", text_color=color.white)
    table.cell(infoTable, 1, 1, str.tostring(close, format.mintick), text_color=color.green)
    table.cell(infoTable, 0, 2, "RSI", text_color=color.white)
    table.cell(infoTable, 1, 2, str.tostring(ta.rsi(close, 14), "#.##"), text_color=color.yellow)
    table.cell(infoTable, 0, 3, "Volume", text_color=color.white)
    table.cell(infoTable, 1, 3, str.tostring(volume, format.volume), text_color=color.blue)

// Polylines (connected series of points)
var polyline pl = na
if barstate.islast
    polyline.delete(pl)
    points = array.new<chart.point>()
    for i = 0 to 9
        array.push(points, chart.point.from_index(bar_index - i * 5, high[i * 5]))
    pl := polyline.new(points, line_color=color.orange, line_width=2)
```

## User-Defined Functions

Creates reusable custom functions to encapsulate calculations and logic.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("User Functions Demo", overlay=true)

// Single-line function
sma(src, len) => ta.sma(src, len)

// Multi-line function with documentation
//@function Calculates a custom oscillator based on price momentum
//@param source The source series
//@param fastLen Fast period length
//@param slowLen Slow period length
//@returns The oscillator value between -100 and 100
customOsc(float source, int fastLen, int slowLen) =>
    fastMA = ta.ema(source, fastLen)
    slowMA = ta.ema(source, slowLen)
    momentum = fastMA - slowMA
    normalized = 100 * momentum / slowMA
    math.max(-100, math.min(100, normalized))

// Function returning multiple values (tuple)
//@function Calculates Bollinger Bands
//@returns Tuple of [middle, upper, lower]
calcBB(float src, int length, float mult) =>
    basis = ta.sma(src, length)
    dev = mult * ta.stdev(src, length)
    [basis, basis + dev, basis - dev]

// Function with default parameters
emaWithDefault(float src, int length = 20) =>
    ta.ema(src, length)

// Function using method syntax declaration
//@function Checks if value is within range
method inRange(float val, float lower, float upper) =>
    val >= lower and val <= upper

// Recursive-like pattern using var
//@function Calculates all-time high
allTimeHigh(float source) =>
    var float ath = source
    ath := math.max(ath, source)
    ath

// Using the functions
osc = customOsc(close, 12, 26)
[bbMiddle, bbUpper, bbLower] = calcBB(close, 20, 2.0)
ema20 = emaWithDefault(close)
ema50 = emaWithDefault(close, 50)
ath = allTimeHigh(high)

// Using method syntax
rsi = ta.rsi(close, 14)
inNeutralZone = rsi.inRange(40.0, 60.0)

// Plot
plot(osc, "Custom Osc", color.purple)
plot(bbMiddle, "BB Middle", color.gray)
plot(bbUpper, "BB Upper", color.blue)
plot(bbLower, "BB Lower", color.blue)
plot(ath, "All Time High", color.green, style=plot.style_stepline)
bgcolor(inNeutralZone ? color.new(color.gray, 90) : na)
```

## Libraries

Creates reusable, shareable functions that can be imported into other Pine scripts.

```pine
//@version=6
// @description Provides utility functions for technical analysis and risk management
library("TradingUtils", overlay=true)

// Exported function - must declare parameter types
//@function Calculates position size based on risk percentage
//@param accountSize Total account size
//@param riskPercent Risk percentage per trade (e.g., 2.0 for 2%)
//@param entryPrice Entry price
//@param stopPrice Stop loss price
//@returns Position size in units
export calcPositionSize(float accountSize, float riskPercent, float entryPrice, float stopPrice) =>
    riskAmount = accountSize * (riskPercent / 100)
    priceRisk = math.abs(entryPrice - stopPrice)
    priceRisk > 0 ? riskAmount / priceRisk : 0.0

// Exported function returning simple values (for use in non-series contexts)
//@function Creates a formatted ticker ID string
export makeTickerId(simple string exchange, simple string symbol) =>
    exchange + ":" + symbol

// Exported user-defined type
//@type Represents a trade signal
//@field direction 1 for long, -1 for short, 0 for neutral
//@field strength Signal strength from 0 to 100
//@field price Suggested entry price
export type TradeSignal
    int direction = 0
    float strength = 0.0
    float price = na

// Exported function using custom type
//@function Generates a trade signal based on RSI
export generateRSISignal(float rsiValue, float overbought = 70.0, float oversold = 30.0) =>
    signal = TradeSignal.new()
    if rsiValue < oversold
        signal.direction := 1
        signal.strength := (oversold - rsiValue) / oversold * 100
    else if rsiValue > overbought
        signal.direction := -1
        signal.strength := (rsiValue - overbought) / (100 - overbought) * 100
    signal

// Demo usage in the library itself
posSize = calcPositionSize(10000, 2.0, close, close * 0.95)
signal = generateRSISignal(ta.rsi(close, 14))

if barstate.islast
    label.new(bar_index, high, "Position Size: " + str.tostring(posSize, "#.##") +
              "\nSignal: " + str.tostring(signal.direction))
```

```pine
// Example: Importing and using a library in another script
//@version=6
indicator("Using Library Demo", overlay=true)

// Import the library (username/libraryName/version as alias)
import TradingView/TradingUtils/1 as utils

// Use exported functions
accountSize = input.float(10000, "Account Size")
riskPercent = input.float(2.0, "Risk %")
stopDistance = input.float(0.02, "Stop Distance %")

entryPrice = close
stopPrice = close * (1 - stopDistance)
positionSize = utils.calcPositionSize(accountSize, riskPercent, entryPrice, stopPrice)

// Use exported type and function
rsi = ta.rsi(close, 14)
signal = utils.generateRSISignal(rsi)

// Display
if barstate.islast
    label.new(bar_index, high,
              "Pos Size: " + str.tostring(positionSize, "#.##") +
              "\nDirection: " + str.tostring(signal.direction) +
              "\nStrength: " + str.tostring(signal.strength, "#.#") + "%")
```

## String Functions

Functions for manipulating and formatting text strings.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("String Demo")

// String creation and concatenation
symbol = syminfo.ticker
tf = timeframe.period
info = "Symbol: " + symbol + " | TF: " + tf

// str.format() - Powerful formatting with placeholders
price = close
change = ta.change(close)
changePercent = change / close[1] * 100
formatted = str.format("Price: {0,number,#.##} | Change: {1,number,percent}", price, changePercent / 100)

// Number formatting options
priceStr = str.format("{0,number,#.####}", close)          // 4 decimals
intStr = str.format("{0,number,integer}", 123.456)         // Rounds to integer
currencyStr = str.format("{0,number,currency}", 1234.56)   // $1,234.56
percentStr = str.format("{0,number,percent}", 0.1234)      // 12%

// str.tostring() - Simple conversion
priceString = str.tostring(close)                          // Default formatting
priceFormatted = str.tostring(close, "#.##")               // Custom format
priceFixed = str.tostring(close, format.mintick)           // Symbol's tick precision
volumeStr = str.tostring(volume, format.volume)            // Abbreviated volume (1.5M)

// Time formatting
timeStr = str.format_time(time, "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm", syminfo.timezone)
dateOnly = str.format_time(time, "MMM dd, yyyy", "UTC")

// String inspection and manipulation
length = str.length(symbol)                                // Character count
upper = str.upper(symbol)                                  // UPPERCASE
lower = str.lower(symbol)                                  // lowercase
hasUSD = str.contains(symbol, "USD")                       // Check substring
startsBTC = str.startswith(symbol, "BTC")                  // Check prefix
endsUSDT = str.endswith(symbol, "USDT")                    // Check suffix

// String search and extraction
pos = str.pos(symbol, "BTC")                               // Find position (-1 if not found)
sub = str.substring(symbol, 0, 3)                          // Extract substring

// String splitting and joining
parts = str.split("BTC,ETH,SOL", ",")                      // Split into array
joined = array.join(parts, " | ")                          // Join array to string

// Replace
replaced = str.replace(symbol, "USDT", "USD", 0)           // Replace first occurrence
replacedAll = str.replace_all(info, "|", "-")              // Replace all occurrences

// Display
var label infoLabel = label.new(na, na, "")
if barstate.islast
    label.set_xy(infoLabel, bar_index, high)
    label.set_text(infoLabel,
                   formatted + "\n" +
                   "Time: " + timeStr + "\n" +
                   "Volume: " + volumeStr)
```

## Maps (Dictionaries)

Key-value data structures for associating unique keys with values.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Map Demo", overlay=true)

// Create a map
var map<string, float> priceMap = map.new<string, float>()
var map<int, string> signalMap = map.new<int, string>()

// Put values
if barstate.isfirst
    map.put(priceMap, "support", ta.lowest(low, 20))
    map.put(priceMap, "resistance", ta.highest(high, 20))
    map.put(priceMap, "pivot", (high + low + close) / 3)

    map.put(signalMap, 1, "Strong Buy")
    map.put(signalMap, 0, "Neutral")
    map.put(signalMap, -1, "Strong Sell")

// Update values each bar
map.put(priceMap, "current", close)
map.put(priceMap, "sma20", ta.sma(close, 20))

// Get values
support = map.get(priceMap, "support")
resistance = map.get(priceMap, "resistance")
currentSMA = map.get(priceMap, "sma20")

// Check if key exists
hasSupport = map.contains(priceMap, "support")

// Get all keys and values
keys = map.keys(priceMap)    // Returns array<string>
values = map.values(priceMap) // Returns array<float>

// Map size
numEntries = map.size(priceMap)

// Remove entry
// removedValue = map.remove(priceMap, "pivot")

// Clear all entries
// map.clear(priceMap)

// Put all from another map
var map<string, float> additionalLevels = map.new<string, float>()
map.put(additionalLevels, "fib382", close * 0.382)
map.put(additionalLevels, "fib618", close * 0.618)
map.put_all(priceMap, additionalLevels)

// Iterate over map using keys
if barstate.islast
    info = "Price Levels:\n"
    for key in keys
        value = map.get(priceMap, key)
        info += key + ": " + str.tostring(value, "#.##") + "\n"
    label.new(bar_index, high, info)

// Plot levels
plot(nz(support), "Support", color.green, style=plot.style_stepline)
plot(nz(resistance), "Resistance", color.red, style=plot.style_stepline)
```

## Matrix Functions

Two-dimensional data structures for advanced mathematical operations and data organization.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Matrix Demo")

// Create matrices
var matrix<float> priceMatrix = matrix.new<float>(3, 4, 0.0)  // 3 rows, 4 columns, filled with 0
var matrix<int> signals = matrix.new<int>(2, 2)                // 2x2, filled with na

// Set individual values
if barstate.isfirst
    matrix.set(priceMatrix, 0, 0, open)    // row 0, col 0
    matrix.set(priceMatrix, 0, 1, high)    // row 0, col 1
    matrix.set(priceMatrix, 0, 2, low)     // row 0, col 2
    matrix.set(priceMatrix, 0, 3, close)   // row 0, col 3

// Get values
val = matrix.get(priceMatrix, 0, 0)

// Matrix dimensions
rows = matrix.rows(priceMatrix)           // 3
cols = matrix.columns(priceMatrix)        // 4
elements = matrix.elements_count(priceMatrix) // 12

// Fill entire matrix or region
matrix.fill(signals, 0)                   // Fill all with 0
matrix.fill(signals, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1)       // Fill region [0:1, 0:1] with 1

// Row and column operations
row0 = matrix.row(priceMatrix, 0)         // Get row as array
col0 = matrix.col(priceMatrix, 0)         // Get column as array
matrix.add_row(priceMatrix, 0, array.from(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)) // Insert row at index
matrix.add_col(priceMatrix, 0, array.from(1.0, 2.0, 3.0))      // Insert column at index

// Statistical functions (for numeric matrices)
var m = matrix.new<float>(2, 2)
if barstate.isfirst
    matrix.set(m, 0, 0, 1)
    matrix.set(m, 0, 1, 2)
    matrix.set(m, 1, 0, 3)
    matrix.set(m, 1, 1, 4)

maxVal = matrix.max(m)                    // Maximum value
minVal = matrix.min(m)                    // Minimum value
avgVal = matrix.avg(m)                    // Average
sumVal = matrix.sum(m)                    // Sum
medVal = matrix.median(m)                 // Median

// Matrix operations
var m2 = matrix.copy(m)                   // Create copy
transposed = matrix.transpose(m)          // Transpose
// product = matrix.mult(m, m2)           // Matrix multiplication
// inverse = matrix.inv(m)                // Inverse (if exists)
// det = matrix.det(m)                    // Determinant

// Reshape and resize
// matrix.reshape(m, 1, 4)                // Reshape to 1x4
// matrix.resize(m, 3, 3, 0.0)            // Resize to 3x3, fill new with 0

// Sort
matrix.sort(m, 0, order.ascending)        // Sort by column 0

// Display matrix
if barstate.islast
    label.new(bar_index, high, "Matrix:\n" + str.tostring(m) +
              "\nMax: " + str.tostring(maxVal) +
              "\nAvg: " + str.tostring(avgVal))
```

## Type System and Qualifiers

Pine Script uses type qualifiers (const, input, simple, series) to control when values are available and whether they can change.

```pine
//@version=6
indicator("Type System Demo", overlay=true)

// CONST - Known at compile time, never changes
const string INDICATOR_TITLE = "My Indicator"
const int DEFAULT_LENGTH = 14
const float PI = 3.14159

// INPUT - Set before script runs, doesn't change during execution
// Returned by input.*() functions
lengthInput = input.int(DEFAULT_LENGTH, "Length")
sourceInput = input.source(close, "Source")

// SIMPLE - Determined on first bar, constant thereafter
// Most syminfo.* and timeframe.* variables
simple string symbol = syminfo.ticker
simple string exchange = syminfo.prefix
simple int barCount = syminfo.type == "crypto" ? 100 : 50

// SERIES - Can change on every bar (most flexible)
// All price data, calculations, etc.
series float price = close
series float sma = ta.sma(close, lengthInput)
series bool crossUp = ta.crossover(close, sma)

// Type hierarchy (weaker → stronger): const < input < simple < series
// A parameter accepting "simple" also accepts "const" and "input"
// A parameter accepting "series" accepts all qualifiers

// Explicit type declarations
float myFloat = 1.5
int myInt = 10
bool myBool = true
string myString = "text"
color myColor = color.red

// Array type declaration
array<float> myArray = array.new<float>(0)

// User-defined type
type PriceLevel
    float price
    string label
    color lineColor = color.gray

// Create instance
var PriceLevel support = PriceLevel.new(price=ta.lowest(low, 20), label="Support", lineColor=color.green)

// na (Not Available) - represents missing/undefined value
float maybePrice = close > open ? close : na
plot(maybePrice)  // Plots nothing when na

// Check for na
if not na(maybePrice)
    label.new(bar_index, maybePrice, "Valid")

// nz() - Replace na with default
float safePrice = nz(maybePrice, 0.0)  // Use 0 if na

// Type casting
int rounded = int(close)               // float to int (truncates)
float asFloat = float(bar_index)       // int to float
string priceStr = str.tostring(close)  // to string
bool isUp = bool(close > open ? 1 : 0) // int to bool
```

Pine Script v6 provides a comprehensive platform for creating sophisticated trading tools on TradingView. The main use cases include developing custom technical indicators that combine multiple analysis techniques, building and backtesting automated trading strategies with detailed performance metrics, creating alert systems for real-time trade notifications, and publishing reusable libraries for the trading community. The language's time-series-native design makes it particularly effective for financial analysis where historical patterns inform current decisions.

Integration patterns typically involve combining multiple data sources using request.security() for multi-timeframe analysis, creating modular code with user-defined functions and libraries, and building interactive dashboards using tables and dynamic drawings. Scripts can be designed to work together through the library import system, allowing teams to share standardized calculations while individual traders customize the presentation and alert logic. The strong typing system with qualifiers ensures reliable execution, while the extensive built-in function library covers most technical analysis needs without external dependencies.