### Example Cgen Run

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/libcevap/cgen.txt

Demonstrates a complete example run of the Cgen tool, showing class definitions and element modifiers.

```bash
rm  class_x.c  class_x.h  class_y.c  class_y.h
bin/cgen <<+ 
-l class_x
-r -v struct Boss_clasS *boss
-v int x
-r -v struct stat stbuf
-m struct Class_Y *y
-m char *text
-c struct Class_X *master
-c struct Class_X *slave
-b -l struct Class_X *provider
-p -v struct Class_X *last_provider
@
-b -l class_y
-r -v char providername[80]
@
+
```

--------------------------------

### Cdrskin FIFO Buffer Control

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Examples demonstrating the use of 'fs' and 'fifo_start_at' options to control the FIFO buffer size and when it starts filling. These options can influence throughput, especially with high-speed media.

```bash
cdrskin ...  fs=128m  fifo_start_at=20m  ...
```

```bash
cdrskin ...  fifo_start_at=0  ...
```

--------------------------------

### Friendly Program Usage of open-cd-excl

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Examples of how friendly programs should use the open-cd-excl command with various options for opening and accessing CD/DVD drives.

```bash
./open-cd-excl -e -r /dev/sr0
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -e -w /dev/sg1
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -e -w /dev/black-drive
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -f -r /dev/sg1
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -e -f -w /dev/sr0
```

--------------------------------

### Scan for Drives

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Get an overview of available drives and their addresses on the system.

```bash
# cdrskin -scanbus
```

```bash
# cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus
```

```bash
# cdrskin --devices
```

--------------------------------

### Check Drive or Media Info

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Get detailed information about a specific drive or the media loaded within it.

```bash
$ cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive
```

```bash
$ cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip
```

```bash
$ cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -minfo
```

--------------------------------

### Example CDRWIN Cue Sheet File

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

This is an example of a CDRWIN cue sheet file named NIGHTCATS.CUE. It defines catalog information, the audio data file, and details for each track including title, performer, ISRC, and index.

```cue
CATALOG 1234567890123
FILE "audiodata.bin" BINARY
TITLE "Joyful Nights"
  TRACK 01 AUDIO
    FLAGS DCP
    TITLE "Song of Joy"
    PERFORMER "Felix and The Purrs"
    SONGWRITER "Friedrich Schiller"
    ISRC XYBLG1101234
    INDEX 01 00:00:00
  TRACK 02 AUDIO
    FLAGS DCP
    TITLE "Humpty Dumpty"
    PERFORMER "Catwalk Beauties"
    SONGWRITER "Mother Goose"
    ISRC XYBLG1100005
    INDEX 01 08:20:12
  TRACK 03 AUDIO
    FLAGS DCP
    TITLE "Mee Owwww"
    PERFORMER "Mia Kitten"
    SONGWRITER "Mia Kitten"
    ISRC XYBLG1100006
    INDEX 01 13:20:33
```

--------------------------------

### Specifying Write Start Address

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Illustrates how to set the write_start_address option to position a track on a specific block address, useful for media like DVD-RAM.

```bash
cdrskin ... write_start_address=2412m ...
```

--------------------------------

### Get Help Information

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Display help information for cdrskin. Separate commands are used to view cdrecord-compatible options and non-cdrecord specific options.

```bash
$ [cdrskin -help](cdrskin_help)
```

```bash
$ [cdrskin --help](cdrskin__help)
```

--------------------------------

### CD Media ID Format Example

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/mediainfo.txt

Illustrates the format of CD media IDs as returned by libburn, including ATIP lead-in addresses.

```c
burn_disc_get_media_id() encodes both tuples in its reply
parameters as e.g. "97m15s35f/79m59s74f" , "97m15s35f", "79m59s74f"
```

--------------------------------

### Configuring FIFO Buffer Start

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Sets the fifo_start_at option to begin burning after a specified number of bytes are read, rather than waiting for the FIFO to be completely full. This can help with unsteady data streams but risks initial buffer underruns.

```bash
fifo_start_at=<num>
```

--------------------------------

### Ignorant Program Usage of open-cd-excl

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Examples of how ignorant programs might use open-cd-excl, potentially leading to issues, especially when referencing non-standard device paths.

```bash
./open-cd-excl -r /dev/sr0
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -w /dev/sg1
```

```bash
./open-cd-excl -f -w /dev/black-drive
```

--------------------------------

### Build cdrskin from Source

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Build cdrskin from the cloned repository. This involves running bootstrap, configure, and make, followed by a specific script to compile cdrskin.

```bash
cd libburn ; ./bootstrap ; ./configure --prefix /usr ; make ; cdrskin/compile_cdrskin.sh
```

--------------------------------

### Pack Type 0x89 Payload Example

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

This example demonstrates the hexadecimal output for pack type 0x89, which is related to time points within CD tracks. The data is based on Sony example values.

```hexadecimal
89 01 28 00 01 04 00 00 00 00 02 29 30 02 34 3a f3 0c
89 06 29 00 02 04 00 00 00 00 17 0e 19 17 1d 3c 73 92
89 07 2a 00 03 04 00 00 00 00 1c 1e 27 1c 2a 1e 72 20
89 0d 2b 00 04 04 00 00 00 00 37 0d 1a 37 1f 32 0b 62
```

--------------------------------

### Display Help Options for cdrskin

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Use 'cdrskin -help' for cdrecord-compatible options. Use 'cdrskin --help' for cdrskin-specific options. Online documentation is available for both.

```bash
cdrskin -help
```

```bash
cdrskin --help
```

--------------------------------

### Using Pseudo-Drives with cdrskin

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Demonstrates how to use standard output, named pipes, and character devices as targets for write-only operations in cdrskin.

```bash
dev=stdio:/dev/fd/1
dev=stdio:/tmp/named_pipe
dev=stdio:/dev/ptyxy
```

--------------------------------

### Pack Type 0x88 Payload Example

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

This example shows the hexadecimal representation of a pack type 0x88 payload, derived from Sony TOC data. It illustrates the structure for recording track information.

```hexadecimal
88 00 23 00 01 0e 00 3f 02 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 00
88 01 24 00 00 02 00 04 0b 19 08 02 32 0b 2f 3e 67 2d
...
88 0d 27 00 35 18 19 39 03 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 ea af
```

--------------------------------

### Prone to Failure Usage of open-cd-excl

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

An example of a usage pattern for open-cd-excl that is noted as being prone to failure without further explanation.

```bash
./open-cd-excl -e -r /dev/sg1
```

--------------------------------

### List Available Devices

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Use this command to list all available CD/DVD/BD devices recognized by cdrskin. Run as a normal user first, and if not all drives appear, run as superuser.

```bash
cdrskin --devices
```

--------------------------------

### ddlpa occupation for IDE/SCSI devices

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Example output of ddlpa successfully acquiring an exclusive lock on a single-representation device like /dev/hdc.

```text
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_std_by_rdev("/dev/hdc") = "/dev/hdc"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_occupy() O_EXCL : '/dev/hdc'
---------------------------------------------- Lock gained
ddlpa: opened           /dev/hdc
slept 1 seconds of 1
```

--------------------------------

### Get Multi-Session Info

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Retrieve multi-session information required for the -C option of the mkisofs program. This helps in correctly appending sessions.

```bash
$ c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -msinfo 2>/dev/null)
$ mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ...
```

--------------------------------

### open-cd-excl command-line options

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Explains the various command-line options available for the open-cd-excl utility, which allows testing different locking strategies.

```text
Options:
  -e : open O_EXCL
  -f : aquire lock by fcntl(F_SETLK) after sucessful open
  -i : do not wait in case of success but exit 0 immediately
  -r : open O_RDONLY , with -f use F_RDLCK
  -w : open O_RDWR   , with -f use F_WRLCK
  plus the path of the devce file to open.
```

--------------------------------

### Define a List Element

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/libcevap/cgen.txt

Defines a list element with start and end pointers to a listable class, providing methods for list manipulation.

```cgen
-l struct XyZ *list_start
```

```cgen
-v struct XyZ *list_end
```

--------------------------------

### Growing ISO-9660 Filesystems on Overwriteable Media

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Demonstrates the use of the '--grow_overwriteable_iso' option for DVD multi-session writing, inspired by growisofs. This feature allows growing ISO-9660 filesystems on various media types including DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, BD-RE, and regular files.

```bash
cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso ...
```

--------------------------------

### Asserting Write LBA

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/wiki_plain.txt

Ensures that the start block address used during filesystem preparation matches the address used by the burn process. Aborts if they do not match.

```bash
assert_write_lba=0
```

--------------------------------

### Accelerate BD-RE Writing

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Enable stream recording for BD-RE media to achieve full nominal speed after an initial buffer of 250 MB. This optimizes writing performance.

```bash
$ cdrskin ... stream_recording=250m ...
```

--------------------------------

### Grant Read/Write Permissions (Simple)

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

This command grants read and write permissions to all users for the specified devices. This is the simplest but least secure method.

```bash
chmod a+rw /dev/sr0 /dev/hdc
```

--------------------------------

### Compile open-cd-excl utility

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Compile the open-cd-excl utility, which is used to explore open() and fcntl() locking mechanisms on device files.

```bash
cc -g -Wall -o open-cd-excl open-cd-excl.c
```

--------------------------------

### Successful ddlpa occupation log

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Example output demonstrating a successful exclusive lock acquisition by ddlpa. It shows the process of finding and occupying all device representations.

```text
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_std_by_rdev("/dev/scd0") = "/dev/sr0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/sr0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/scd0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/sg0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_occupy()        : '/dev/scd0'
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_occupy() O_EXCL : '/dev/sg0'
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_occupy() O_EXCL : '/dev/sr0'
---------------------------------------------- Lock gained
ddlpa: opened           /dev/sr0
ddlpa: opened siblings: /dev/scd0 /dev/sg0
slept 1 seconds of 300
```

--------------------------------

### Get CD-TEXT Pack for Track

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

Retrieves a specific CD-TEXT pack from a track. This function allows reading back previously set track text data.

```c
int burn_track_get_cdtext(struct burn_track *t, int block,
                            int pack_type, char *pack_type_name,
                            unsigned char **payload, int *length, int flag);
```

--------------------------------

### Cautious Open and fcntl Lock

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

This approach uses a cautious open() with O_NDELAY and acquires a POSIX lock via fcntl(F_SETLK). It's necessary when O_EXCL is too restrictive. Locks are automatically released when any file descriptor referring to the locked file is closed.

```c
std_path = one of the standard device files:
               /dev/sr[0..255] /dev/scd[0..255] /dev/sg[0..255] /dev/hd[a..z]
             or a symbolic link pointing to one of them.
  open( std_path , ... | O_NDELAY)
  fcntl(F_SETLK) and close() on failure
  ... eventually disable O_NDELAY by fcntl(F_SETFL) ...
```

--------------------------------

### Get CD-TEXT Pack for Session

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

Retrieves a specific CD-TEXT pack from a session. This function allows reading back previously set session text data.

```c
int burn_session_get_cdtext(struct burn_session *s, int block,
                              int pack_type, char *pack_type_name,
                              unsigned char **payload, int *length, int flag);
```

--------------------------------

### Grant Read/Write Permissions (Group)

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

This method involves adding users to a group (e.g., 'floppy'), assigning devices to that group, and then granting group read/write access. This is more secure than granting access to all users.

```bash
vi /etc/group
...
floppy:x:19:thomas,scdbackup
...
chgrp floppy /dev/sr0 /dev/hdc
chmod g+rw /dev/sr0 /dev/hdc
```

--------------------------------

### Get CD-TEXT Parameters for Session

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/cdtext.txt

Retrieves the CD-TEXT parameters (character codes, copyrights, languages) previously set for a session. This allows inspection of session text attributes.

```c
int burn_session_get_cdtext_par(struct burn_session *s,
                                  int char_codes[8], int copyrights[8],
                                  int block_languages[8], int flag);
```

--------------------------------

### Blank or Format Media

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/cdrskin/cdrskin_eng.html

Prepare CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, or BD-RE media for use. Supports blanking as needed or full formatting.

```bash
$ cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=as_needed -eject
```

```bash
$ cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite
```

```bash
$ cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential
```

--------------------------------

### Failed ddlpa occupation attempt log

Source: https://github.com/libburnia/libburn/blob/master/doc/ddlp.txt

Example output showing a failed attempt to occupy a device representation after another process has already locked it. This illustrates the 'Device or resource busy' error.

```text
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_std_by_rdev("/dev/NEC") = "/dev/sg0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/sr0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/scd0"
DDLPA_DEBUG: ddlpa_collect_siblings() found "/dev/sg0"
Cannot exclusively open '/dev/sg0'
Reason given    : Failed to open O_RDWR | O_NDELAY | O_EXCL : '/dev/sr0'
Error condition : 16 'Device or resource busy'
```