SAML (crewjam/saml)

SAML

https://github.com/crewjam/saml
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A Go (golang) library that provides a partial implementation of the SAML standard for identity...

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# crewjam/saml - SAML 2.0 Library for Go

This library provides a comprehensive implementation of the SAML 2.0 standard in Go, enabling applications to act as both Service Providers (SP) and Identity Providers (IDP). SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is a standard for identity federation that allows third-party authentication, enabling single sign-on (SSO) across multiple services.

The package supports the Web SSO profile with HTTP-Redirect and HTTP-POST bindings, handles signed and encrypted assertions, and provides middleware for easy integration with Go web applications. It includes the core `saml` package for protocol implementation, `samlsp` for Service Provider middleware helpers, and `samlidp` for Identity Provider services. The library implements the interoperable SAML subset and handles metadata exchange, authentication requests, assertion validation, session management, and single logout flows.

## Service Provider Implementation

### Creating a Basic Service Provider

Complete service provider setup with middleware that protects endpoints and extracts user attributes from SAML assertions.

```go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml/samlsp"
)

func main() {
	// Load X.509 key pair for signing
	keyPair, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	keyPair.Leaf, err = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	// Fetch IDP metadata
	idpMetadataURL, err := url.Parse("https://samltest.id/saml/idp")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	idpMetadata, err := samlsp.FetchMetadata(
		context.Background(),
		http.DefaultClient,
		*idpMetadataURL,
	)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	// Configure service provider
	rootURL, _ := url.Parse("http://localhost:8000")
	samlSP, _ := samlsp.New(samlsp.Options{
		URL:         *rootURL,
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		IDPMetadata: idpMetadata,
	})

	// Protected endpoint
	app := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		displayName := samlsp.AttributeFromContext(r.Context(), "displayName")
		email := samlsp.AttributeFromContext(r.Context(), "mail")
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, %s (%s)!", displayName, email)
	})

	// Mount handlers
	http.Handle("/hello", samlSP.RequireAccount(app))
	http.Handle("/saml/", samlSP)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

// Expected flow:
// 1. User visits /hello
// 2. Redirected to IDP login at https://samltest.id/
// 3. After auth, IDP POSTs SAML response to /saml/acs
// 4. Session cookie created, user redirected to /hello
// 5. Protected content served with user attributes
```

### Advanced Service Provider Configuration

Service provider with custom session handling, request tracking, and signature verification.

```go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml/samlsp"
)

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	idpMetadataURL, _ := url.Parse("https://idp.example.com/metadata")
	idpMetadata, _ := samlsp.FetchMetadata(
		context.Background(),
		http.DefaultClient,
		*idpMetadataURL,
	)

	rootURL, _ := url.Parse("https://myservice.example.com")

	// Advanced configuration
	samlSP, _ := samlsp.New(samlsp.Options{
		EntityID:    "https://myservice.example.com",
		URL:         *rootURL,
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		IDPMetadata: idpMetadata,

		// Force re-authentication
		ForceAuthn: true,

		// Allow IDP-initiated flows
		AllowIDPInitiated:  true,
		DefaultRedirectURI: "/dashboard",

		// Custom cookie settings for sessions
		CookieSecure:   true,
		CookieSameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
		CookieDomain:   ".example.com",
		CookieMaxAge:   time.Hour * 8,

		// Sign authentication requests
		SignRequest: true,
	})

	// Custom error handler
	samlSP.Middleware.OnError = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, err error) {
		http.Error(w, "Authentication failed: "+err.Error(), http.StatusForbidden)
	}

	// Require specific attribute value
	adminOnly := samlsp.RequireAttribute("role", "admin")

	adminHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.Write([]byte("Admin panel"))
	})

	http.Handle("/admin", samlSP.RequireAccount(adminOnly(adminHandler)))
	http.Handle("/saml/", samlSP)
	http.ListenAndServe(":443", nil)
}

// Features demonstrated:
// - IDP-initiated SSO support
// - Force re-authentication for sensitive operations
// - Custom error handling
// - Role-based access control with attribute checks
// - Secure cookie configuration for production
```

### Parsing and Validating SAML Responses

Low-level SAML response parsing with manual assertion validation.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/xml"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
)

func handleACS(sp *saml.ServiceProvider) http.HandlerFunc {
	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		err := r.ParseForm()
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}

		// Track request IDs to prevent replay attacks
		possibleRequestIDs := []string{"id-abc123", "id-def456"}

		// Parse SAML response
		assertion, err := sp.ParseResponse(r, possibleRequestIDs)
		if err != nil {
			// Handle different error types
			if invalidErr, ok := err.(*saml.InvalidResponseError); ok {
				fmt.Printf("Invalid at %s: %v\n", invalidErr.Now, invalidErr.PrivateErr)
				fmt.Printf("Response XML: %s\n", invalidErr.Response)
			}
			if badStatus, ok := err.(saml.ErrBadStatus); ok {
				fmt.Printf("Bad status: %s\n", badStatus.Status)
			}
			http.Error(w, "Invalid SAML response", http.StatusForbidden)
			return
		}

		// Extract user attributes
		userID := assertion.Subject.NameID.Value
		email := ""
		groups := []string{}

		for _, stmt := range assertion.AttributeStatements {
			for _, attr := range stmt.Attributes {
				if attr.Name == "email" && len(attr.Values) > 0 {
					email = attr.Values[0].Value
				}
				if attr.Name == "groups" {
					for _, val := range attr.Values {
						groups = append(groups, val.Value)
					}
				}
			}
		}

		// Validate assertion conditions
		now := time.Now()
		if assertion.Conditions.NotBefore.After(now) {
			http.Error(w, "Assertion not yet valid", http.StatusForbidden)
			return
		}
		if assertion.Conditions.NotOnOrAfter.Before(now) {
			http.Error(w, "Assertion expired", http.StatusForbidden)
			return
		}

		// Create session (implement your own session management)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Authenticated: %s (%s), Groups: %v", userID, email, groups)
	}
}

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	// Manual ServiceProvider setup
	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		MetadataURL: url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/metadata"},
		AcsURL:      url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/acs"},
		IDPMetadata: &saml.EntityDescriptor{}, // Load IDP metadata
	}

	http.HandleFunc("/saml/acs", handleACS(sp))
	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

// Output example:
// Authenticated: user@example.com (user@example.com), Groups: [users developers]
```

### Creating Authentication Requests

Generate SAML authentication requests for both redirect and POST bindings.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"fmt"
	"net/url"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/russellhaering/goxmldsig"
)

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		Key:                keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate:        keyPair.Leaf,
		MetadataURL:        url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/metadata"},
		AcsURL:             url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/acs"},
		SignatureMethod:    dsig.RSASHA256SignatureMethod,
		AuthnNameIDFormat:  saml.EmailAddressNameIDFormat,
		IDPMetadata: &saml.EntityDescriptor{
			EntityID: "https://idp.example.com",
			IDPSSODescriptors: []saml.IDPSSODescriptor{{
				SingleSignOnServices: []saml.Endpoint{
					{
						Binding:  saml.HTTPRedirectBinding,
						Location: "https://idp.example.com/sso",
					},
					{
						Binding:  saml.HTTPPostBinding,
						Location: "https://idp.example.com/sso",
					},
				},
			}},
		},
	}

	// HTTP-Redirect binding (most common)
	redirectURL, err := sp.MakeRedirectAuthenticationRequest("state-123")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("Redirect URL: %s\n", redirectURL.String())

	// HTTP-POST binding
	postHTML, err := sp.MakePostAuthenticationRequest("state-123")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("POST form HTML:\n%s\n", string(postHTML))

	// Low-level: Create custom authentication request
	forceAuthn := true
	req := &saml.AuthnRequest{
		ID:           "id-" + randomID(),
		IssueInstant: time.Now(),
		Version:      "2.0",
		Destination:  "https://idp.example.com/sso",
		Issuer: &saml.Issuer{
			Format: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity",
			Value:  "https://sp.example.com",
		},
		AssertionConsumerServiceURL: "https://sp.example.com/saml/acs",
		ProtocolBinding:             saml.HTTPPostBinding,
		ForceAuthn:                  &forceAuthn,
		NameIDPolicy: &saml.NameIDPolicy{
			AllowCreate: &[]bool{true}[0],
			Format:      &[]string{string(saml.EmailAddressNameIDFormat)}[0],
		},
	}

	// Convert to redirect URL
	reqURL, _ := req.Redirect("relayState", sp)
	fmt.Printf("Custom request URL: %s\n", reqURL.String())
}

func randomID() string {
	return "abc123def456" // In production, use crypto/rand
}

// Output:
// Redirect URL: https://idp.example.com/sso?SAMLRequest=nZFBa8MwDIb...&RelayState=state-123&SigAlg=...&Signature=...
// POST form HTML:
// <form method="post" action="https://idp.example.com/sso" id="SAMLRequestForm">...
// Custom request URL: https://idp.example.com/sso?SAMLRequest=...&RelayState=relayState
```

### Handling Single Logout

Implement single logout (SLO) flows for both service provider and identity provider initiated logout.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml/samlsp"
)

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		MetadataURL: url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/metadata"},
		AcsURL:      url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/acs"},
		SloURL:      url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/slo"},
		IDPMetadata: &saml.EntityDescriptor{
			EntityID: "https://idp.example.com",
			IDPSSODescriptors: []saml.IDPSSODescriptor{{
				SingleLogoutServices: []saml.Endpoint{
					{
						Binding:  saml.HTTPRedirectBinding,
						Location: "https://idp.example.com/slo",
					},
				},
			}},
		},
	}

	samlMiddleware, _ := samlsp.New(samlsp.Options{
		URL:         url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com"},
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		IDPMetadata: sp.IDPMetadata,
		SignRequest: true,
	})

	// SP-initiated logout
	logoutHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		// Get user's NameID from session
		nameID := samlsp.AttributeFromContext(r.Context(), "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:attribute:subject-id")

		// Create logout request
		logoutURL, err := sp.MakeRedirectLogoutRequest(nameID, "")
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}

		// Delete local session
		err = samlMiddleware.Session.DeleteSession(w, r)
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}

		// Redirect to IDP logout
		http.Redirect(w, r, logoutURL.String(), http.StatusFound)
	})

	// IDP-initiated logout (handle LogoutRequest from IDP)
	sloHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		// Parse logout request from IDP
		err := r.ParseForm()
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}

		// For POST binding, parse the LogoutRequest
		// For Redirect binding, parse from query parameter
		if r.Method == "POST" {
			// Handle POST logout request
			// Validate signature, extract NameID, session index
		}

		// Delete local session for the user
		err = samlMiddleware.Session.DeleteSession(w, r)
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}

		// Send LogoutResponse back to IDP
		logoutResponseURL, err := sp.MakeRedirectLogoutResponse("request-id-from-idp", "")
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}

		http.Redirect(w, r, logoutResponseURL.String(), http.StatusFound)
	})

	http.Handle("/logout", samlMiddleware.RequireAccount(logoutHandler))
	http.Handle("/saml/slo", sloHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

// Logout flow:
// 1. User clicks logout button -> /logout
// 2. SP creates LogoutRequest, deletes session, redirects to IDP
// 3. IDP processes logout, sends LogoutResponse
// 4. SP validates response, completes logout
```

## Identity Provider Implementation

### Creating a Basic Identity Provider

Implement a complete identity provider with authentication and assertion generation.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/xml"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml/logger"
)

// SessionProvider returns user session information
type MySessionProvider struct{}

func (sp *MySessionProvider) GetSession(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, req *saml.IdpAuthnRequest) *saml.Session {
	// Check if user is already authenticated (e.g., check cookie)
	cookie, err := r.Cookie("user_session")
	if err != nil {
		// Not authenticated - show login form
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
		w.Write([]byte(`
			<html><body>
			<form method="post" action="/login">
				<input name="username" type="text" placeholder="Username"/>
				<input name="password" type="password" placeholder="Password"/>
				<input type="submit" value="Login"/>
			</form>
			</body></html>
		`))
		return nil
	}

	// User authenticated - return session
	userID := cookie.Value
	return &saml.Session{
		ID:                userID,
		CreateTime:        time.Now(),
		ExpireTime:        time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 8),
		Index:             "session-index-123",
		NameID:            userID,
		NameIDFormat:      string(saml.EmailAddressNameIDFormat),
		SubjectID:         userID,
		Groups:            []string{"users", "developers"},
		UserName:          userID,
		UserEmail:         fmt.Sprintf("%s@example.com", userID),
		UserCommonName:    "John Doe",
		UserSurname:       "Doe",
		UserGivenName:     "John",
		CustomAttributes: []saml.Attribute{
			{
				Name:       "department",
				NameFormat: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic",
				Values: []saml.AttributeValue{
					{Type: "xs:string", Value: "Engineering"},
				},
			},
		},
	}
}

// ServiceProviderProvider looks up registered service providers
type MyServiceProviderProvider struct {
	sps map[string]*saml.EntityDescriptor
}

func (spp *MyServiceProviderProvider) GetServiceProvider(r *http.Request, serviceProviderID string) (*saml.EntityDescriptor, error) {
	sp, ok := spp.sps[serviceProviderID]
	if !ok {
		return nil, os.ErrNotExist
	}
	return sp, nil
}

func main() {
	// Load IDP certificate
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("idp.cert", "idp.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	// Create IDP
	idp := &saml.IdentityProvider{
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		Logger:      logger.DefaultLogger,
		MetadataURL: url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "idp.example.com", Path: "/metadata"},
		SSOURL:      url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "idp.example.com", Path: "/sso"},
		LogoutURL:   url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "idp.example.com", Path: "/slo"},
		ServiceProviderProvider: &MyServiceProviderProvider{
			sps: map[string]*saml.EntityDescriptor{
				"https://sp.example.com": {
					EntityID: "https://sp.example.com",
					SPSSODescriptors: []saml.SPSSODescriptor{{
						AssertionConsumerServices: []saml.IndexedEndpoint{
							{
								Binding:  saml.HTTPPostBinding,
								Location: "https://sp.example.com/saml/acs",
								Index:    1,
							},
						},
					}},
				},
			},
		},
		SessionProvider: &MySessionProvider{},
	}

	// Serve IDP endpoints
	http.Handle("/metadata", http.HandlerFunc(idp.ServeMetadata))
	http.Handle("/sso", http.HandlerFunc(idp.ServeSSO))

	// Metadata endpoint returns IDP configuration
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

// When SP redirects user to /sso:
// 1. ServeSSO parses SAMLRequest
// 2. SessionProvider.GetSession checks authentication
// 3. If not authenticated, show login form
// 4. After login, create SAML assertion
// 5. POST assertion back to SP's ACS URL
```

### Custom Assertion Generation

Create custom SAML assertions with specific attributes and conditions.

```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
)

// CustomAssertionMaker implements saml.AssertionMaker
type CustomAssertionMaker struct{}

func (cam CustomAssertionMaker) MakeAssertion(req *saml.IdpAuthnRequest, session *saml.Session) error {
	// Build custom attributes based on business logic
	attributes := []saml.Attribute{
		{
			FriendlyName: "Email",
			Name:         "email",
			NameFormat:   "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic",
			Values: []saml.AttributeValue{
				{Type: "xs:string", Value: session.UserEmail},
			},
		},
		{
			FriendlyName: "Roles",
			Name:         "roles",
			NameFormat:   "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic",
			Values: []saml.AttributeValue{
				{Type: "xs:string", Value: "admin"},
				{Type: "xs:string", Value: "user"},
			},
		},
	}

	// Add department if present in custom attributes
	for _, attr := range session.CustomAttributes {
		attributes = append(attributes, attr)
	}

	now := time.Now()
	req.Assertion = &saml.Assertion{
		ID:           fmt.Sprintf("id-%x", randomBytes(20)),
		IssueInstant: now,
		Version:      "2.0",
		Issuer: saml.Issuer{
			Format: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity",
			Value:  req.IDP.MetadataURL.String(),
		},
		Subject: &saml.Subject{
			NameID: &saml.NameID{
				Format:          string(saml.EmailAddressNameIDFormat),
				Value:           session.UserEmail,
				NameQualifier:   req.IDP.MetadataURL.String(),
				SPNameQualifier: req.ServiceProviderMetadata.EntityID,
			},
			SubjectConfirmations: []saml.SubjectConfirmation{
				{
					Method: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer",
					SubjectConfirmationData: &saml.SubjectConfirmationData{
						NotOnOrAfter: now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
						Recipient:    req.ACSEndpoint.Location,
						InResponseTo: req.Request.ID,
					},
				},
			},
		},
		Conditions: &saml.Conditions{
			NotBefore:    now.Add(-1 * time.Minute),
			NotOnOrAfter: now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
			AudienceRestrictions: []saml.AudienceRestriction{
				{
					Audience: saml.Audience{
						Value: req.ServiceProviderMetadata.EntityID,
					},
				},
			},
		},
		AuthnStatements: []saml.AuthnStatement{
			{
				AuthnInstant: session.CreateTime,
				SessionIndex: session.Index,
				AuthnContext: saml.AuthnContext{
					AuthnContextClassRef: &saml.AuthnContextClassRef{
						Value: "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport",
					},
				},
			},
		},
		AttributeStatements: []saml.AttributeStatement{
			{Attributes: attributes},
		},
	}

	return nil
}

func randomBytes(n int) []byte {
	// In production, use crypto/rand
	b := make([]byte, n)
	for i := range b {
		b[i] = byte(i)
	}
	return b
}

// Use custom assertion maker:
// idp.AssertionMaker = CustomAssertionMaker{}
```

## Metadata Management

### Fetching and Parsing IDP Metadata

Retrieve and parse identity provider metadata from URLs or files.

```go
package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/xml"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml/samlsp"
)

func main() {
	// Fetch metadata from URL
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	metadataURL, _ := url.Parse("https://idp.example.com/metadata")
	metadata, err := samlsp.FetchMetadata(ctx, http.DefaultClient, *metadataURL)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	fmt.Printf("IDP Entity ID: %s\n", metadata.EntityID)
	fmt.Printf("Valid Until: %s\n", metadata.ValidUntil)

	// Extract SSO URLs
	for _, descriptor := range metadata.IDPSSODescriptors {
		fmt.Println("Single Sign-On Services:")
		for _, sso := range descriptor.SingleSignOnServices {
			fmt.Printf("  %s: %s\n", sso.Binding, sso.Location)
		}

		fmt.Println("Certificates:")
		for _, keyDescriptor := range descriptor.KeyDescriptors {
			if keyDescriptor.Use == "signing" {
				fmt.Printf("  Signing cert: %s\n",
					keyDescriptor.KeyInfo.X509Data.X509Certificates[0].Data[:60]+"...")
			}
		}
	}

	// Parse metadata from file
	metadataBytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile("idp-metadata.xml")
	metadata2, err := samlsp.ParseMetadata(metadataBytes)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	// Handle EntitiesDescriptor (multiple entities)
	// ParseMetadata automatically handles both EntityDescriptor and EntitiesDescriptor

	// Marshal metadata back to XML
	output, _ := xml.MarshalIndent(metadata2, "", "  ")
	fmt.Printf("Metadata XML:\n%s\n", string(output))
}

// Output:
// IDP Entity ID: https://idp.example.com
// Valid Until: 2025-01-15 10:30:00 +0000 UTC
// Single Sign-On Services:
//   urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Redirect: https://idp.example.com/sso
//   urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST: https://idp.example.com/sso
// Certificates:
//   Signing cert: MIIDXTCCAkWgAwIBAgIJAKZ...
```

### Generating Service Provider Metadata

Generate and serve service provider metadata for IDP registration.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/xml"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/russellhaering/goxmldsig"
)

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		EntityID:              "https://sp.example.com",
		Key:                   keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate:           keyPair.Leaf,
		MetadataURL:           url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/metadata"},
		AcsURL:                url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/acs"},
		SloURL:                url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/slo"},
		AuthnNameIDFormat:     saml.EmailAddressNameIDFormat,
		MetadataValidDuration: 48 * time.Hour,
		SignatureMethod:       dsig.RSASHA256SignatureMethod,
		LogoutBindings:        []string{saml.HTTPRedirectBinding, saml.HTTPPostBinding},
		IDPMetadata:           &saml.EntityDescriptor{}, // Set to avoid nil pointer
	}

	// Generate metadata
	metadata := sp.Metadata()

	fmt.Printf("Entity ID: %s\n", metadata.EntityID)
	fmt.Printf("Valid Until: %s\n", metadata.ValidUntil)

	// Inspect SP configuration
	for _, desc := range metadata.SPSSODescriptors {
		fmt.Printf("AuthnRequestsSigned: %v\n", *desc.AuthnRequestsSigned)
		fmt.Printf("WantAssertionsSigned: %v\n", *desc.WantAssertionsSigned)

		fmt.Println("Assertion Consumer Services:")
		for _, acs := range desc.AssertionConsumerServices {
			fmt.Printf("  [%d] %s: %s\n", acs.Index, acs.Binding, acs.Location)
		}

		fmt.Println("Single Logout Services:")
		for _, slo := range desc.SingleLogoutServices {
			fmt.Printf("  %s: %s\n", slo.Binding, slo.Location)
		}
	}

	// Serve metadata endpoint
	http.HandleFunc("/saml/metadata", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		buf, _ := xml.MarshalIndent(metadata, "", "  ")
		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/samlmetadata+xml")
		w.Write(buf)
	})

	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

// curl http://localhost:8000/saml/metadata > sp-metadata.xml
// Upload sp-metadata.xml to IDP for registration

// Output:
// Entity ID: https://sp.example.com
// Valid Until: 2025-01-10 10:00:00 +0000 UTC
// AuthnRequestsSigned: true
// WantAssertionsSigned: true
// Assertion Consumer Services:
//   [1] urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST: https://sp.example.com/saml/acs
//   [2] urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Artifact: https://sp.example.com/saml/acs
// Single Logout Services:
//   urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-Redirect: https://sp.example.com/saml/slo
//   urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST: https://sp.example.com/saml/slo
```

## Advanced Features

### Working with Encrypted Assertions

Handle encrypted SAML assertions with automatic decryption.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
)

func main() {
	keyPair, _ := tls.LoadX509KeyPair("myservice.cert", "myservice.key")
	keyPair.Leaf, _ = x509.ParseCertificate(keyPair.Certificate[0])

	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		Key:         keyPair.PrivateKey.(*rsa.PrivateKey),
		Certificate: keyPair.Leaf,
		MetadataURL: url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/metadata"},
		AcsURL:      url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "sp.example.com", Path: "/saml/acs"},
		IDPMetadata: &saml.EntityDescriptor{
			EntityID: "https://idp.example.com",
			IDPSSODescriptors: []saml.IDPSSODescriptor{{
				KeyDescriptors: []saml.KeyDescriptor{
					{
						Use: "encryption",
						KeyInfo: saml.KeyInfo{
							X509Data: saml.X509Data{
								X509Certificates: []saml.X509Certificate{
									{Data: "MIIDXTCCAkWgAwIBAgIJAKZ..."},
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			}},
		},
	}

	http.HandleFunc("/saml/acs", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		err := r.ParseForm()
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}

		// ParseResponse automatically handles encrypted assertions
		// It will decrypt using sp.Key if the assertion is encrypted
		assertion, err := sp.ParseResponse(r, []string{"request-id-123"})
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, "Failed to parse encrypted response", http.StatusForbidden)
			return
		}

		// Assertion is now decrypted and validated
		userID := assertion.Subject.NameID.Value
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Decrypted user ID: %s", userID)
	})

	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

// IDP encrypts assertions using SP's public certificate
// SP automatically decrypts using its private key during ParseResponse
// Encryption provides confidentiality for sensitive user attributes
```

### Custom Signature Verification

Implement custom signature verification logic for special requirements.

```go
package main

import (
	"crypto/x509"
	"fmt"

	"github.com/beevik/etree"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	dsig "github.com/russellhaering/goxmldsig"
)

// CustomSignatureVerifier implements saml.SignatureVerifier
type CustomSignatureVerifier struct {
	trustedCerts []*x509.Certificate
}

func (csv *CustomSignatureVerifier) VerifySignature(validationContext *dsig.ValidationContext, el *etree.Element) error {
	// Custom verification logic
	// Example: Allow only specific signature algorithms

	sigEl := el.FindElement("./Signature")
	if sigEl == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("no signature found")
	}

	methodEl := sigEl.FindElement("./SignedInfo/SignatureMethod")
	if methodEl == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("no signature method found")
	}

	algorithm := methodEl.SelectAttrValue("Algorithm", "")

	// Only allow SHA-256 or stronger
	allowedAlgorithms := []string{
		dsig.RSASHA256SignatureMethod,
		dsig.RSASHA384SignatureMethod,
		dsig.RSASHA512SignatureMethod,
	}

	allowed := false
	for _, alg := range allowedAlgorithms {
		if algorithm == alg {
			allowed = true
			break
		}
	}

	if !allowed {
		return fmt.Errorf("signature algorithm %s not allowed", algorithm)
	}

	// Perform standard validation
	_, err := validationContext.Validate(el)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("signature validation failed: %w", err)
	}

	return nil
}

func main() {
	sp := &saml.ServiceProvider{
		// ... standard configuration ...
		SignatureVerifier: &CustomSignatureVerifier{},
	}

	// When ParseResponse is called, it will use the custom verifier
	// This allows enforcing organizational security policies
	_ = sp
}

// Use cases:
// - Enforce minimum signature algorithm strength
// - Add custom certificate validation logic
// - Implement certificate pinning
// - Log signature verification for audit trails
```

### Attribute Mapping and Session Management

Extract and map SAML attributes to application-specific user models.

```go
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/crewjam/saml"
	"github.com/crewjam/saml/samlsp"
)

// User represents your application's user model
type User struct {
	ID          string
	Email       string
	FirstName   string
	LastName    string
	Roles       []string
	Department  string
	LoginTime   time.Time
}

func mapAssertionToUser(assertion *saml.Assertion) (*User, error) {
	user := &User{
		ID:        assertion.Subject.NameID.Value,
		LoginTime: time.Now(),
	}

	// Extract attributes from assertion
	for _, stmt := range assertion.AttributeStatements {
		for _, attr := range stmt.Attributes {
			if len(attr.Values) == 0 {
				continue
			}

			switch attr.Name {
			case "email", "mail", "emailAddress":
				user.Email = attr.Values[0].Value

			case "givenName", "firstName":
				user.FirstName = attr.Values[0].Value

			case "surname", "lastName", "familyName":
				user.LastName = attr.Values[0].Value

			case "department":
				user.Department = attr.Values[0].Value

			case "roles", "groups", "memberOf":
				for _, val := range attr.Values {
					user.Roles = append(user.Roles, val.Value)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Validate required fields
	if user.Email == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("email attribute required")
	}

	return user, nil
}

func main() {
	samlSP, _ := samlsp.New(samlsp.Options{
		// ... configuration ...
	})

	// Custom ACS handler with attribute mapping
	http.HandleFunc("/saml/acs", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		r.ParseForm()
		assertion, err := samlSP.ServiceProvider.ParseResponse(r, []string{})
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, "Authentication failed", http.StatusForbidden)
			return
		}

		// Map SAML attributes to user model
		user, err := mapAssertionToUser(assertion)
		if err != nil {
			http.Error(w, "Invalid attributes", http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}

		// Create application session (example using JWT or database)
		sessionToken := createAppSession(user)

		// Set session cookie
		http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
			Name:     "app_session",
			Value:    sessionToken,
			Path:     "/",
			MaxAge:   28800, // 8 hours
			HttpOnly: true,
			Secure:   true,
			SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
		})

		http.Redirect(w, r, "/dashboard", http.StatusFound)
	})

	// Protected endpoint using mapped user
	http.HandleFunc("/dashboard", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		cookie, err := r.Cookie("app_session")
		if err != nil {
			http.Redirect(w, r, "/login", http.StatusFound)
			return
		}

		user := getUserFromSession(cookie.Value)
		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(user)
	})

	http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

func createAppSession(user *User) string {
	// Implement your session management (JWT, Redis, database, etc.)
	return "session-token-123"
}

func getUserFromSession(token string) *User {
	// Retrieve user from session
	return &User{Email: "user@example.com"}
}

// Output example:
// {"ID":"user@example.com","Email":"user@example.com","FirstName":"John",
//  "LastName":"Doe","Roles":["admin","users"],"Department":"Engineering",
//  "LoginTime":"2025-01-08T10:00:00Z"}
```

## Summary

This SAML library provides production-ready implementations for both Service Providers and Identity Providers in Go applications. The core `saml` package handles low-level protocol operations including request/response parsing, signature verification, encryption/decryption, and metadata management. The `samlsp` package offers high-level middleware for Service Providers with session management, request tracking, and attribute handling built-in.

Key integration patterns include: (1) Using the `samlsp.Middleware` for simple SP integration with automatic session handling; (2) Implementing custom `SessionProvider` and `AssertionMaker` interfaces for fine-grained control over authentication flows; (3) Leveraging the `ServiceProvider` and `IdentityProvider` structs directly for maximum flexibility; (4) Handling encrypted assertions transparently through the library's built-in cryptographic operations. The library supports all major SAML bindings (HTTP-Redirect, HTTP-POST, HTTP-Artifact, SOAP), signature algorithms (RSA-SHA256/384/512, ECDSA), and encryption standards, making it suitable for enterprise SSO deployments with strict security requirements.