### Network-based installation of Ciao Prolog

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/INSTALLATION.md

This one-liner command downloads and executes the Ciao boot script to perform a standard installation. It is compatible with sh-based terminals and installs the system into the ~/.ciaoroot directory by default.

```sh
curl https://ciao-lang.org/boot -sSfL | sh
```

--------------------------------

### Install Ciao components via bundle manager

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/INSTALLATION.md

Use the ciao command-line tool to fetch and install additional components from the bundle catalog. This command requires the Ciao system to be already installed on the host machine.

```sh
ciao get BUNDLENAME
```

--------------------------------

### Configure, Build, and Install Ciao

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/doc/common/InstallCiaoAdv.md

Commands to initialize the Ciao configuration, compile the system components, and perform the final installation into the target directories.

```bash
./ciao-boot.sh configure
./ciao-boot.sh build
./ciao-boot.sh install
```

--------------------------------

### Install Ciao using Network Installer

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Installs the Ciao programming language using a curl-based network installer. This command downloads and executes the installer script, which typically installs Ciao in the user's home directory. It also shows how to install and uninstall additional bundles.

```bash
# Install Ciao using the curl-based network installer
curl https://ciao-lang.org/boot -sSfL | sh

# This installs Ciao by default in ~/.ciaoroot/<ciao_version>
# The development version is installed at ~/.ciaoroot/master

# Install additional bundles from the catalog
ciao get BUNDLENAME

# Uninstall bundles
ciao uninstall ciao_emacs
ciao rm ciao_emacs
```

--------------------------------

### Automate Ciao system uninstallation

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/INSTALLATION.md

This shell script automates the removal of the Ciao master version by executing the uninstall boot script and deleting the associated installation directory. It includes a safety check to remove the root directory only if it is empty.

```sh
( cd ~/.ciaoroot/master; ./ciao-boot.sh uninstall )
rm -rf ~/.ciaoroot/master
rmdir ~/.ciaoroot > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
```

--------------------------------

### Define Basic Ciao Module

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Demonstrates how to define a Ciao module, specifying exported predicates and importing other necessary modules. This example shows the basic structure for creating reusable code components in Ciao.

```prolog
:- module(my_module, [exported_pred/2, another_pred/1], [assertions]).

% Import other modules
:- use_module(library(lists)).
:- use_module(library(aggregates)).

% Define exported predicates
exported_pred(X, Y) :-
    append([1,2,3], [4,5,6], X),
    length(X, Y).

another_pred(Result) :-
    findall(X, member(X, [a,b,c]), Result).
```

--------------------------------

### Constraint Compilation Example in Prolog

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Demonstrates how high-level finite domain (FD) constraints are compiled into primitive ones using indexicals in Prolog. It shows a comparison between a general case and a specialized case where one parameter is known to be ground, resulting in fewer primitive constraints.

```Prolog
'a<>b+c'(X, Y, Z) +:
	X in -{val(Y)+val(Z)},
	Y in -{val(X)-val(Z)},
	Z in -{val(X)-val(Y)}.

'a<>b+t'(X, Y, Z) +:
	X in -{val(Y)+c(Z)},
	Y in -{val(X)-c(Z)}.
```

--------------------------------

### Execute Source Grep with Ciao

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/cmds/grep-transhooks.txt

An example of using the `source_grep` predicate from the `ciaoviz` module to perform syntax analysis on a Ciao source file. It specifies the target module, the root directory, and the output destination. This function is useful for code analysis and debugging.

```prolog
%?- source_grep(syntaxdecl(transhooks), ~ciao_root, '/dev/stdout').
```

--------------------------------

### Perform Input/Output Operations on Streams

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Provides examples of reading and writing character codes and bytes to files using Ciao's io_basic and stream_basic modules. Includes utility predicates for displaying output and managing stream cursors.

```prolog
:- module(io_demo, [read_file_codes/2, write_to_file/2], []).

:- use_module(engine(io_basic)).
:- use_module(engine(stream_basic)).

read_file_codes(FileName, Codes) :- open(FileName, read, Stream), read_all_codes(Stream, Codes), close(Stream).

read_all_codes(Stream, Codes) :- get_code(Stream, Code), ( Code = -1 -> Codes = [] ; Codes = [Code|Rest], read_all_codes(Stream, Rest) ).

write_to_file(FileName, Content) :- open(FileName, write, Stream), write_codes(Stream, Content), close(Stream).

write_codes(_, []) :- !.
write_codes(Stream, [Code|Codes]) :- put_code(Stream, Code), write_codes(Stream, Codes).

demo_display :- display('Hello, World!'), nl, displayq('quoted atom'), nl, tab(4), display('indented'), nl.
```

--------------------------------

### Inlining get_range for Specialized min Predicate

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

This example shows a Prolog predicate 'min/2' that uses 'get_range/2' and 'fd_range:get_min/2'. The ideal scenario is for the compiler to inline 'get_range' to create a specialized version of 'min/2' that directly uses 'fd_var' and 'fd_range:get_min/2'.

```prolog
min(X, Min):-
	get_range(X, Range),
	fd_range:get_min(Range, Min).

min(fd_var(_,R, _), Min):-
	fd_range:get_min(R, Min).

```

--------------------------------

### Access Ciao Help

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/doc/common/InstallCiaoAdv.md

Command to display available configuration options and help information for the Ciao boot script.

```bash
./ciao-boot.sh help
```

--------------------------------

### Load Ciao Modules and Packages

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/cmds/grep-transhooks.txt

Demonstrates how to load specific modules and packages within the Ciao programming environment. This is typically done at the beginning of a script or interactive session to make functionalities available. It requires the Ciao interpreter to be set up correctly.

```prolog
%?- use_module(ciaoviz(source_grep)).
%?- use_module(engine(internals)).
%?- use_package(fsyntax).
```

--------------------------------

### Run N-Queens Benchmark with Statistics (Prolog)

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Executes the N-Queens problem for a specified board size and collects runtime statistics. This snippet demonstrates how to measure the performance of the CLP(FD) solver for a classic constraint satisfaction problem.

```prolog
?- queens(16,R), fd_chain_stats(Calls).
Used 11380 milliseconds in labeling 8 in constraining

Calls = 381045,
R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ?
```

```prolog
?- queens(16,R), fd_chain_stats(Calls).
Used 7228 milliseconds in labeling 4 in constraining

Calls = 241768,
R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ?
```

```prolog
?- queens(16,R).
Used 4180 milliseconds in labeling 8 in constraining
R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ?
```

```prolog
?- queens_old(16,R).
Used 38934 milliseconds
R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ? ;
```

--------------------------------

### Initialize Ciao mode in Emacs

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/doc/common/InstallCiaoAdv.md

Configuration code for the .emacs file to load the Ciao site initialization file. This enables Ciao-specific features within the Emacs editor.

```elisp
(load-file "INSTALL_CIAOROOT/ciao-site-file.el")
(if (file-exists-p "INSTALL_CIAOROOT/ciao-site-file.el")
  (load-file "INSTALL_CIAOROOT/ciao-site-file.el")
)
```

--------------------------------

### Configure shell environment for Ciao

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/doc/common/InstallCiaoAdv.md

Scripts to initialize Ciao environment variables in various shell configuration files. These snippets check for the existence of the ciao-env utility and execute it to set up system paths.

```csh
if ( -x <prefix>/bin/ciao-env ) then
   eval `<prefix>/bin/ciao-env --csh`
endif
```

```bash
if [ -x <prefix>/bin/ciao-env ]; then
   eval "$(<prefix>/bin/ciao-env --sh)"
fi
```

--------------------------------

### Domain Labeling Performance Test (Prolog)

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Tests the performance of domain labeling for lists of varying lengths and ranges. This snippet shows how to set up a constraint satisfaction problem involving domain constraints and labeling, and measure its execution time.

```prolog
?- statistics(runtime,_), length(L, 100), domain(L, 1, 100), all_different(L), labeling(L), statistics(runtime,[_,Time]).
L = [...] ...
Time = 1484.091 ? ;
```

```prolog
?- statistics(runtime,_), length(L, 200), domain(L, 1, 200), all_different(L), labeling(L), statistics(runtime,[_,Time]).
L = [...] ...
Time = 11916.745 ? ;
```

```prolog
?- statistics(runtime,_), length(L, 100), domain(L, 1, 100), all_different(L), labeling(L), statistics(runtime,[_,Time]).
L = [...] ...
Time = 384.024 ? ;
```

```prolog
?- statistics(runtime,_), length(L, 200), domain(L, 1, 200), all_different(L), labeling(L), statistics(runtime,[_,Time]).
L = [...] ...
Time = 2216.139 ? ;
```

--------------------------------

### Exception Handling with catch and throw

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Illustrates structured error handling using catch/3 and throw/1. It demonstrates how to define custom error handlers and manage nested exceptions.

```prolog
:- module(exception_demo, [safe_operation/2, demo_exceptions/0], []).

:- use_module(engine(exceptions)).

safe_operation(Input, Output) :-
    catch(
        risky_computation(Input, Output),
        Error,
        handle_error(Error, Output)
    ).

risky_computation(X, Y) :-
    ( X < 0 -> throw(error(domain_error(non_negative, X), risky_computation/2))
    ; X =:= 0 -> throw(error(evaluation_error(zero_input), risky_computation/2))
    ; Y is sqrt(X)
    ).

handle_error(error(domain_error(_, _), _), default_value).
handle_error(error(evaluation_error(_), _), zero).
handle_error(Error, _) :- throw(Error).

demo_exceptions :-
    catch(throw(my_custom_error), my_custom_error, format("Caught custom error~n", [])),
    catch(throw(error(type_error(integer, foo), context)), error(type_error(Type, Value), _), format("Type error: expected ~w, got ~w~n", [Type, Value])),
    catch(catch(throw(inner_error), outer_error, format("Outer handler~n", [])), inner_error, format("Inner handler~n", []))
```

--------------------------------

### Manage Ciao Projects via CLI

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Common build system commands for compiling Ciao modules, creating standalone executables, and managing bundles.

```bash
# Compile a module to bytecode
ciaoc mymodule.pl

# Create a standalone executable
ciaoc -o myprogram mymodule.pl

# Compile with debugging info
ciaoc -g mymodule.pl

# Load and run in interactive toplevel
ciaosh
?- use_module(mymodule).
?- my_predicate(X).

# Build system commands for bundles
./ciao-boot.sh build        # Build the system
./ciao-boot.sh install      # Install
./ciao-boot.sh uninstall    # Uninstall

# Bundle management
ciao get bundlename         # Fetch and install a bundle
ciao rm bundlename          # Remove a bundle
ciao list                   # List installed bundles
```

--------------------------------

### Run N-Queens Benchmark with CLP(FD) Statistics (Prolog)

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Executes the N-Queens problem and collects detailed statistics using clpfd_stats. This provides insights into the internal workings of the solver, including tell operations and chain calls.

```prolog
?- queens(16,[], R), clpfd_stats.
Used 6380 milliseconds in labeling 4 in constraining
int_tell_succ value: 165696
var_tell_succ value: 77211
var_tell_fail value: 76836
int_tell_fail value: 167156
chain_calls value: 0

R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ? ;
```

```prolog
?- queens(16,[], R), clpfd_stats.
Used 5476 milliseconds in labeling 4 in constraining
int_tell_succ value: 107678
var_tell_succ value: 60355
var_tell_fail value: 60268
int_tell_fail value: 109090
chain_calls value: 0

R = [1,3,5,2,13,9,14,12,15,6,16,7,4,11,8,10] ? ;
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Concurrency and Parallelism

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Demonstrates concurrent execution using threads and the Ciao concurrency library, including parallel mapping and engine calls.

```prolog
:- module(concurrency_demo, [parallel_map/3], []).

:- use_module(library(concurrency)).

:- concurrent result/2.

parallel_map([], _, []).
parallel_map(List, Pred, Results) :-
    retractall_fact(result(_, _)),
    spawn_workers(List, Pred, 0, N),
    collect_results(0, N, Results).

spawn_workers([], _, N, N).
spawn_workers([X|Xs], Pred, I, N) :-
    eng_call(worker(I, X, Pred), create, create, _),
    I1 is I + 1,
    spawn_workers(Xs, Pred, I1, N).

worker(I, X, Pred) :-
    call(Pred, X, Y),
    assertz_fact(result(I, Y)).

collect_results(I, N, []) :- I >= N, !.
collect_results(I, N, [R|Rs]) :-
    I < N,
    retract_fact(result(I, R)),
    I1 is I + 1,
    collect_results(I1, N, Rs).

demo_parallel :-
    eng_call(compute(1, R1), create, wait, _),
    eng_call(compute(2, R2), create, wait, _),
    format("Results: ~w, ~w~n", [R1, R2]).

compute(X, Y) :- Y is X * X.
```

--------------------------------

### Meta Predicate Wrapper for Fast Metacall

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

This Prolog code defines a meta-predicate 'wrapper/1' that uses 'call/1' to execute a goal. It's intended to address the performance issue of 'call_in_module' for finite domain variables, aiming for a faster metacall approach.

```prolog
:- meta_predicate wrapper(:)
wrapper(X) :- call(X).
X = mod:pred(...)

```

--------------------------------

### Solve Constraint Satisfaction Problems with CLP(FD)

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Demonstrates solving classic puzzles like SEND+MORE=MONEY, N-Queens, and Sudoku using the Ciao CLP(FD) library. It utilizes domain constraints and labeling strategies to find solutions.

```prolog
:- module(clpfd_demo, [solve_puzzle/1, nqueens/2], []).

:- use_module(library(clpfd)).

% Classic SEND + MORE = MONEY puzzle
solve_puzzle([S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y]) :-
    Digits = [S,E,N,D,M,O,R,Y],
    Digits in 0..9,           % Domain constraint
    S #\= 0, M #\= 0,         % Leading digits non-zero
    all_different(Digits),    % All different constraint

    % Arithmetic constraint
               1000*S + 100*E + 10*N + D
    +          1000*M + 100*O + 10*R + E
    #= 10000*M + 1000*O + 100*N + 10*E + Y,

    labeling([], Digits).     % Search for solutions

% N-Queens problem
nqueens(N, Queens) :-
    length(Queens, N),
    Queens ins 1..N,
    safe_queens(Queens),
    labeling([ff], Queens).   % First-fail heuristic

safe_queens([]).
safe_queens([Q|Qs]) :-
    safe_from(Qs, Q, 1),
    safe_queens(Qs).

safe_from([], _, _).
safe_from([Q|Qs], Q0, D) :-
    Q0 #\= Q,
    abs(Q0 - Q) #\= D,
    D1 is D + 1,
    safe_from(Qs, Q0, D1).

% Sudoku solver
sudoku(Rows) :-
    append(Rows, Vs), Vs ins 1..9,
    maplist(all_different, Rows),
    transpose(Rows, Cols),
    maplist(all_different, Cols),
    Rows = [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I],
    blocks(A,B,C), blocks(D,E,F), blocks(G,H,I),
    maplist(labeling([ff]), Rows).

blocks([], [], []).
blocks([A,B,C|T1], [D,E,F|T2], [G,H,I|T3]) :-
    all_different([A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I]),
    blocks(T1, T2, T3).

transpose([[]|_], []) :- !.
transpose(Matrix, [Row|Rows]) :-
    maplist(head_tail, Matrix, Row, Tails),
    transpose(Tails, Rows).

head_tail([H|T], H, T).
```

--------------------------------

### Define Assertions and Properties in Ciao

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Demonstrates the use of pred, prop, and regtype assertions to define preconditions, postconditions, and data types for verification. These assertions help in specifying computational properties and documenting predicate behavior.

```prolog
:- module(assertions_demo, [append_lists/3, factorial/2], [assertions]).

:- use_module(engine(basic_props)).

:- pred append_lists(L1, L2, L3)
   : (list(L1), list(L2))
   => list(L3)
   + det
   # "Concatenates @var{L1} and @var{L2} into @var{L3}.".

append_lists([], L, L).
append_lists([H|T1], L2, [H|T3]) :- append_lists(T1, L2, T3).

:- pred factorial(+int, -int) => (int, int) + det # "Computes factorial of @var{N}.".
:- pred factorial(-int, +int) => (int, int) + nondet # "Finds @var{N} whose factorial is @var{F}.".

factorial(0, 1) :- !.
factorial(N, F) :- N > 0, N1 is N - 1, factorial(N1, F1), F is N * F1.

:- prop positive(X) # "@var{X} is a positive number.".
positive(X) :- number(X), X > 0.

:- regtype color/1 # "A color value.".
color(red). color(green). color(blue).

:- trust pred system_call(+atom) + foreign.
```

--------------------------------

### Aggregation Predicates in Ciao Prolog

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Explains how to collect solutions to goals using findall/3, bagof/3, and setof/3. These predicates are essential for batch processing data from logic databases.

```prolog
:- module(aggregation_demo, [demo_aggregates/0], []).

:- use_module(library(aggregates)).

father(bill, tom).
father(bill, ann).
father(bill, john).
father(harry, july).
father(harry, daniel).

demo_aggregates :-
    findall(Child, father(_, Child), AllChildren),
    bagof(Child, father(bill, Child), BillsChildren),
    setof(Child, Father^father(Father, Child), SortedChildren),
    findall(Father-Child, father(Father, Child), Pairs),
    findnsols(2, Child, father(_, Child), FirstTwo),
    findall(X, member(X, [1,2,3]), List, [4,5]),
    setof(Child, father(Father, Child), ChildrenByFather).
```

--------------------------------

### Benchmark CLP(FD) Performance with All-Different Constraint

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Measures the runtime performance of the all_different constraint on a list of variables of a specified length. It utilizes statistics/2 to capture execution time for labeling operations.

```Prolog
?- statistics(runtime,_), length(L, 100), domain(L, 1, 100), all_different(L), labeling(L), statistics(runtime,[_,Time]).
```

--------------------------------

### Ciao Arithmetic Operations with is/2

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Illustrates arithmetic operations in Ciao using the 'is/2' predicate for evaluation and standard comparison operators. It covers basic arithmetic, division, modulo, and other mathematical functions supported by Ciao.

```prolog
:- module(arithmetic_example, [calculate/2, compare_nums/3], []).

% The 'is/2' predicate evaluates arithmetic expressions
% Syntax: Val is Expression
calculate(Expression, Result) :-
    Result is Expression.

% Example usage:
% ?- calculate(24*9 + 6, Ans).
% Ans = 222

% Arithmetic comparison predicates
compare_nums(X, Y, Result) :-
    ( X < Y -> Result = less
    ; X > Y -> Result = greater
    ; X =:= Y -> Result = equal
    ).

% Supported arithmetic operations:
% +, -, *, /, //, rem, mod, abs, sign, **, 
% >>, <<, /\, \/, \, #, exp, log, sqrt, sin, cos, atan, gcd
example_operations :- 
    A is 10 + 5,          % Addition: 15
    B is 10 - 5,          % Subtraction: 5
    C is 10 * 5,          % Multiplication: 50
    D is 10 / 4,          % Float division: 2.5
    E is 10 // 4,         % Integer division: 2
    F is 10 rem 3,        % Remainder: 1
    G is 10 mod 3,        % Modulo: 1
    H is abs(-5),         % Absolute value: 5
    I is 2 ** 10,         % Exponentiation: 1024.0
    J is sqrt(16),        % Square root: 4.0
    K is sin(0),          % Sine: 0.0
    L is gcd(12, 8).      % GCD: 4
```

--------------------------------

### Solve N-Queens Problem with CLP(FD)

Source: https://github.com/ciao-lang/ciao/blob/master/core/library/clpfd/clpfd.org

Executes the N-Queens puzzle solver using the Ciao CLP(FD) library. It demonstrates loading the solver module and retrieving solutions for a given board size.

```Prolog
?- ensure_loaded('/home/egallego/fuentes/ciao/ciao-clpfd/queens.pl').
?- queens(12, R).
```

--------------------------------

### Implement Higher-Order Programming

Source: https://context7.com/ciao-lang/ciao/llms.txt

Illustrates the use of the hiord package for functional-style programming in Ciao. Features include predicate abstractions (lambdas), higher-order predicates like map and foldl, and dynamic predicate invocation via call/N.

```prolog
:- module(hiord_demo, [demo_hiord/0], [hiord]).

:- use_module(library(hiordlib)).
:- use_module(library(lists)).

demo_hiord :-
    map([1,2,3,4], double, Doubled),
    filter([1,2,3,4,5,6], even, Evens),
    foldl([1,2,3,4], 0, add, Sum),
    Pred = append, call(Pred, [1,2], [3,4], Result),
    map([1,2,3], ''(X,Y) :- Y is X*X, Squares).

double(X, Y) :- Y is X * 2.
even(X) :- 0 is X mod 2.
add(X, Acc, NewAcc) :- NewAcc is Acc + X.
```